‫

אصא
אدوא
א ‪K‬د‪
L‬دم‪ J‬م‪K‬د‪ J L‬د‪L‬‬

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‫  ‪  # $%‬‬

‫‪ 1-2‬‬

‫ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻲ ﰱ ‪ æ@ …b;Ƚa‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﻭﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺷﻴﻮﻋﹰﺎ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﹰﺎ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺃﺳﻬﻞ ﻭﺃﺑﺴﻂ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﰱ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺋﻪ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﺩﻗﻬﺎ ﰱ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗـﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻣﻌﻈـﻢ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻛﺄﺳﺎﺱ ﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﳌﺎ ﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺠﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻭﺩﻻﻟـﺔ‬
‫ﻫﺎﻣﺔ ﰱ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﻻ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﻭﺃﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲢﻤﻞ ﺃﲪـﺎﻝ ﺍﻟـﺸﺪ ﳑـﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﺪﻯ ﲢﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰱ ﺿﺒﻂ ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻧﻈﺮﹰﺍ ﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟـﺸﺪ ﻭﺑـﲔ ﺍﳋـﻮﺍﺹ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﳚﺮﻯ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪﻳﺔ ﻭﻏﲑ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪﻳﺔ ﻭﲡﺪﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻧﺎﺩﺭﹰﺍ ﻣﺎ ﳚﺮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ )ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ( ﻧﻈﺮﹰﺍ ﻟﻀﻌﻔﻬﺎ ﰱ ﲢﻤﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻭﻷﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﻫﻰ ﻟﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﺃﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻲ ﳚﺮﻯ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ‬
‫ﲪﻞ ﺷﺪ ﳏﻮﺭﻯ ﰱ ﺇﲡﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﺇﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﱃ ﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒـﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﲝﻴـﺚ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺗﺪﺭﳚﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮ ﺣﱴ ﺍﻻ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭ ﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‪.‬‬

‫‪  !"

     2-2‬‬

‫ﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺳﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺼﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﲪﻞ ﺍﻟـﺸﺪ ﺃﳘﻴـﺔ ﺧﺎﺻـﺔ ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻷﺧﺺ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﺇﻥ ﺷﺎﺀ ﺍﷲ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺳﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺑﺄﻧﻮﺍﻋﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﻭ‬
‫ﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺼﻔﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪Ductile Materials@òÜîĐ½a@òîã†È½a@…aì½a@Úì܍@òa‰…@QMRMR‬‬

‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺇﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻯ ﺃﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﺇﱃ ﲪﻞ ﺷـﺪ )‪ (P‬ﻳﺘﺰﺍﻳـﺪ‬
‫ﺗﺪﺭﳚﻴﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ )‪ ،(١-٢‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﶈﻤﻠﺔ ﳛﺪﺙ ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ‪.‬‬

‫‪٣١‬‬
‫
אصא
אدوא
א ‪K‬د‪
L‬دم‪ J‬م‪K‬د‪ J L‬د‪L‬‬

‫‪A‬‬
‫‪A1‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪L‬‬ ‫‪∆L‬‬

‫‪L1‬‬

‫‘‪@ @†’Ûbi@ÝîàznÛa@HQMRI@ÝØ‬‬

‫ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﰎ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮ )‪ (P‬ﻭﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ )‪ (∆L‬ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﲪﻞ ﻭﰎ ﺗـﺪﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺘـﺎﺋﺞ‬
‫ﻭﺭﺳﻢ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻛﺎﳌﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ )‪ ،(٢-٢‬ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﳒﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮ ﻭﺍﻻﺳـﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎﻥ ﺣﱴ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ )‪ (A‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﺤﻰ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄـﺔ )‪(A‬‬
‫ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﻭﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺣﱴ ﲡﺪ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻠﻨﻘﻄﺔ )‪ (B‬ﲢﺪﺙ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺫﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ ﻭﺗﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻊ ﺛﺒﻮﺕ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺧﻀﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﻛﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ )‪ (B‬ﺑﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﲢﺪﺙ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻣـﺼﺎﺣﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻜﻞ ﲪﻞ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﻭﲟﻌﺪﻝ ﺃﻛﱪ ﳑﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﳛﺪﺙ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ )‪ (0–A‬ﻛﻤـﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﺳـﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺧﻂ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻛﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (٢-٢‬ﻭﺍﳌﺒﲔ ﺑﺎﳉﺰﺀ )‪ (B-C‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺣﱴ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ )‪ (C‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﲪـﻞ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ )‪ .(B-C‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﻗﺺ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒـﹰﺎ ﺑـﻨﻔﺲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻳﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ ‪‬ﺎ ﻃﻮﻟﻴﹰﺎ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺑﺎﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﻷﻗﺼﻰ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺃﻯ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ )‪ (C‬ﻣﺒﺎﺷـﺮﺓ‬
‫ﳛﺪﺙ ﺗﺮﻛﺰ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑ ﰱ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻗﺼﲑ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺭﻗﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺗﻜـﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﰱ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﻧﺲ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﺘﻈﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺪﻥ ﺃﻯ ﳛﺪﺙ ﰱ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺿﻌﻒ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﻭﻫـﺬﺍ ﺍﻟـﻨﻘﺺ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑ ﰱ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﲢﻤﻞ ﺃﲪﺎﻝ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﺿﺔ ﳍﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ )‪ (C‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻟﻜﻰ ﲢﺘﻔﻆ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻳﻘـﻞ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ )‪ (D‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺼﺤﻮﺑﹰﺎ ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﰱ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻗﺺ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﰱ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺣﱴ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ )‪ (D‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﲟﻨﺤﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ .(٢-٢‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ‬
‫ﺗﻔﺴﲑ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻈﻮﺍﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﱴ ﲢﺪﺙ ﻷﻯ ﻣﻌﺪﻥ ﻣﻄﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﳊﻈﺔ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺣﱴ ﺍﻻ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻰ‪:‬‬

‫‪٣٢‬‬
‫
אصא
אدوא
א ‪K‬د‪
L‬دم‪ J‬م‪K‬د‪ J L‬د‪L‬‬

‫ﺍﳊﻤﻞ‬
‫‪C‬‬

‫‪D‬‬

‫‪A B‬‬

‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ‬

‫‘‪@ @@ÝîĐß@æ†È½@òÛbĐnüaë@Ýà§a@óäzäß@@HRMRI@ÝØ‬‬

‫‪   -1‬‬

‫ﳛﺪﺙ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺗﺴﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺗﻪ ﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺗﻜﺴﺮ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﻟـﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﳑـﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﻐﲑﹰﺍ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺃﻯ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺗﻐﲑ ﰱ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺗﺸﺎﺑﻜﻬﺎ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﻟـﻚ‬
‫ﻣﺼﺤﻮﺏ ﺑﺎﻧﺰﻻﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﻭﻫﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺳـﻚ ﺧـﻼﻝ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﳊﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺰﻳﺌـﺎﺕ ﻭﻫـﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﳜﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺪﻥ ﻵﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻧﺰﻻﻕ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻛﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻫﻮ ﻳﺒﲔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(٣-٢‬‬
‫  ا‬

‫  ا‬

‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻻﻧﺰﻻﻕ‬

‫‘‪@ @ô‰ìª@†’Û@ò™ŠÈß@ñ‰ìÜi@åß@õŒu@ÖüŒãg@HSMRI@ÝØ‬‬

‫‪٣٣‬‬
‫
אصא
אدوא
א ‪K‬د‪
L‬دم‪ J‬م‪K‬د‪ J L‬د‪L‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺧﻀﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﻫﻮ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻰ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻻﻧﺰﻻﻕ ﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺯﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻗﺼﲑﺓ ﺣـﱴ ﻳـﺼﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺗﺰﺍﻥ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻠﺪ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﱃ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﰱ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣـﺎ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺣﱴ ﺗﺼﻞ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻠﺪ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﱃ ﻓﻴﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﰱ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘـﺔ ﻭﻳﺒـﺪﺃ ﰱ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﺣﱴ ﳛﺪﺙ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺪﻥ ﻛﻠﻪ ﺗﺼﻠﺪ ﺇﻧﻔﻌﺎﱃ ﻳﻮﻗﻒ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﻛﻠﻪ‪.‬‬

‫‪    -2‬‬

‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻔﺴﲑ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻠﺪ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﱃ ﰱ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺰﻻﻕ ﻟﻠﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﻓﺈ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﻨﻜﺴﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺟـﺰﺍﺀ‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﹰﺎ ﻗﺮﺏ ﺍﳊﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻣـﻊ ﺍﻵﺧـﺮ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺒﺒﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻣﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪﺓ ﻟﻼﻧﺰﻻﻕ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻧﺰﻻﻕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﳐﺘﻠﻔـﺔ‬
‫ﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻧﺰﻻﻕ ﺟﺰﺉ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻧﺰﻻﻕ ﺍﳉﺰﺉ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋـﻦ ﺫﻟـﻚ‬
‫ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﺼﻠﺪﻩ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱃ ﺗﻮﻗﻒ ﺍﻻﻧﺰﻻﻕ‪.‬‬

‫‬ ‫‪!"  -3‬‬

‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻔﺴﲑ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺒﺔ ﺑﺄ‪‬ﺎ ﺇﻧﺰﻻﻕ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﺿﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻗﻮﺓ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻘﺺ ﺃﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱴ ﲤﻴﻞ ‪ ٤٥‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﲪﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﻧﺰﻻﻕ ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ‬
‫ﲢﻤﻴﻞ ﺷﺪ ﻏﲑ ﳏﻮﺭﻱ ﻛﻤﺎ ﰱ ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ (٤-٢‬ﻭﻟﻜﻰ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺇﺗﺰﺍﻥ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻻﺑﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻳـﺼﺎﺣﺐ‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻏﲑ ﺍﶈﻮﺭﻯ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ‪ ٤٥‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﱴ ﳛﺘﻔﻆ ﲟﺤﻮﺭﻳﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﺭﺍﻥ‬
‫ﰱ ﻧﻘﺺ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﺃﻯ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺭﻗﺒﺔ ‪‬ﺎ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻣﻔﺎﺟﺌـﺔ‬
‫ﰱ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻩ‬
‫‪٤٥‬‬

‫ﻩ‬
‫‪٤٥‬‬

‫‘‪@ @ÉĐÔ½a@ñŠí†nŽß@òäîÈÛ@òjÓŠÛa@të†y@HTMR@I@ÝØ‬‬

‫‪٣٤‬‬
‫
אصא
אدوא
א ‪K‬د‪
L‬دم‪ J‬م‪K‬د‪ J L‬د‪L‬‬

‫‪$%&' (' )* +%,   -4‬‬

‫ﳛﺪﺙ ﺍ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻞ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﲪﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﳋﻄﻮﺗﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺘﲔ‪:‬‬

‫‪Separation‬‬ ‫('&‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻭﺍﻟﱴ ﳛﺪﺙ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ ﰱ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻭﻫـﻰ ﻣﻨﻄﻘـﺔ‬
‫ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺒﺔ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﲪﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻭﳛـﺪﺙ ﻋﻨـﺪﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻌﺪﻯ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﰱ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﲤﺎﺳـﻚ ﻟﻠﻤﻌـﺪﻥ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺒﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻳﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﰱ ﺟﻌﻞ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻘﻄـﻊ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺒﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺈﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻛﺒﲑ ﰱ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻭﺳﻂ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﻭﻧﻘﻞ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺗﺪﺭﳚﻴﺎ ﰱ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳊﺮﻭﻑ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻛﺜﲑﹰﺍ ﻋﻦ ﻭﺳﻂ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﺒﲔ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺷﻜﻞ‬
‫)‪ ،(٥-٢‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﰱ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﲤﺎﺳﻚ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﺍﻷﻣـﺮ ﺍﻟـﺬﻯ‬
‫ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻻ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﺑﺎﻻﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩﻯ‬
‫‪σmax‬‬ ‫‪σaverage‬‬

‫‘‪@ @†‘@kîšÓ@òjÓŠÛ@ô‰ìa@…bèu⁄a@Éí‹ìm@HUMRI@ÝØ‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺒﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﳚﻌﻞ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺒﺔ ﻋﺒـﺎﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﺇﺣﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﰱ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﻭﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺒﺔ ﰱ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﳏﻮﺭﻯ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﻭﰱ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﰱ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﶈـﻮﺭﻯ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺃﻛﱪ ﺑﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻰ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺳـﺒﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﺑﺎﻻﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ ﰱ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻭﺳﻂ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﻫﻮ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩﻱ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻟﻘﺺ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳـﺼﺎﺣﺐ‬
‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﺇﻧﺰﻻﻕ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﺪﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ‪.‬‬

‫‪٣٥‬‬
 ‫
אصא
אدوא
א ‪K‬د‪
L‬دم‪ J‬م‪K‬د‪ J L‬د‪L‬‬

‫(*() ‪Sliding‬‬

‫ﻭﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱴ ﳛﺪﺙ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﺇﻧﺰﻻﻕ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﰱ ﻣﻨﻄﻘـﺔ ﺣـﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﳌﻘﻄـﻊ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺒﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ ﰱ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﺈﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﺑﺪﻭﺭﻩ ﻳﺆﺩﻯ‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﻧﺰﻻﻕ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻻ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ‪ ٤٥‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻷﻓﻘـﻰ‬
‫ﺃﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﻷﻗﺼﻰ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺇﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺴﺮ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﺑﻜﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﺄﺱ ﻭﺍﳌﺨﺮﻭﻁ )‪ (Cup and Cone failure‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑـﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫)‪ ،(٦-٢‬ﻭﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﰱ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻣﻦ ﳑﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻧﻈﺮﹰﺍ ﻷﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺒﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻻﻧﺰﻻﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﺋﻠﺔ ‪ ٤٥‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺃﻯ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻗﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻛﺴﺮ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻫﻮ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺺ‪ ،‬ﺃﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﰱ ﲢﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﰱ ﲢﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺸﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ‬ ‫‪Cup‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻜﺄﺱ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﰱ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻧﺰﻻﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺒﺔ‬ ‫‪o٤٥‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺮﻭﻁ‬
‫‪Cone‬‬

‫‘‪@ @†’Ûa@óÏ@òÜîĐ½a@æ…bȽa@‰bîèãa@HVMRI@ÝØ‬‬

‫‪@ @òЖÔÛa@òîã†È½a@…aì½a@Úì܍@òa‰…@RMRMR‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﲢﻤﻴﻞ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻔﺔ ﲝﻤﻞ ﺷﺪ ﻳﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺗﺪﺭﳚﻴﺎ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺛﺔ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ ،(٧-٢‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻼﺣﻆ ‪‬ﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﻋـﺪﻡ ﺗﻮﺍﺟـﺪ ﺃﻯ ﻓﺘـﺮﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺗﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺃﻯ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻀﻮﻉ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﺛﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻤـﻞ‬
‫ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻗﻮﺭﻧﺖ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠﺔ ‪.‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺭﻗﺒﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﳛﺪﺙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﲎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺑـﺴﺒﺐ‬
‫ﺇﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﺃﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻔﺔ ﺗﻜﺴﺮ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻌﺘـﱪ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﰱ ﲢﻤﻞ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﰱ ﲢﻤﻞ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ‪٠‬‬

‫‪٣٦‬‬
‫
אصא
אدوא
א ‪K‬د‪
L‬دم‪ J‬م‪K‬د‪ J L‬د‪L‬‬

‫ﺍﳊﻤﻞ‬
‫ﲪﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ‬
‫ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﲪﻞ‬

‫ا  دة 
‬
‫ا  دة 
‬

‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ‬

‫‘‪@ @Ñ–Ó@æ†È½@òÛbĐnüaë@Ýà§a@óäzäß@HWMRI@ÝØ‬‬
‫@@‬

‫‪@ @òÜîĐ½a@Ñ–ã@òîã†È½a@…aì½a@Úì܍@òa‰…@SMRMR‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﻌﺮﺽ ﻗﻀﻴﺐ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺪﻥ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻣﻄﻴﻞ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﻋﺎﱃ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺇﱃ ﲪﻞ ﺷﺪ ﻳـﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺗـﺪﺭﳚﻰ ﰒ‬
‫ﺗﻘﺎﺱ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﲪﻞ ﻭﻳﺮﺳﻢ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﲔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ )‪(٨-٢‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﻟﻪ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺪﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻞ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺃﲪـﺎﻝ ﻭﻟﻜـﻦ‬
‫ﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺧﻀﻮﻉ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺜﻴﻼ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﻗﺪﺡ ﻭﳐﺮﻭﻁ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﺮﻗﺒﺔ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻭﺿﻮﺣﹰﺎ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻤﻞ‬

‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ‬

‫‘‪@ @ÝîĐß@Ñ–ã@æ†È½@òÛbĐnüaë@Ýà§a@óäzäß@HXMRI@ÝØ‬‬

‫‪٣٧‬‬
‫
אصא
אدوא
א ‪K‬د‪
L‬دم‪ J‬م‪K‬د‪ J L‬د‪L‬‬

‫‪@ @@†’Ûa@óÏ@òÐÜn‚½a@æ…bȽa@ŠŽ×@püby@´i@òã‰bÔ½a@TMRMR‬‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﺴﺮ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺃﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟـﺸﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﻧـﺰﻻﻕ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺃﻭ ﻛﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﳛﺘﻮﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻜـﺴﺮ‬
‫ﺑﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺍﻟﱴ ﲢﺪﺙ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ ﺃﻭﻣﻦ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﺍﻟﱴ ﲢﺪﺙ ﺍﻻﻧﺰﻻﻕ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﺒﲔ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(٩-٢‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬

‫‪f = P/A‬‬
‫‪q‬‬ ‫‪f‬‬ ‫‪q‬‬ ‫‪f‬‬
‫‪f = q = P/2A‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‘‪@ @†’Ûa@pbäîÈi@ŠŽØÛa@ÝØ‘@HYMRI@ÝØ‬‬

‫ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﻟﻼﻧﺰﻻﻕ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﻨﻜﺴﺮ ﺑﺎﻻﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ‬
‫ﲤﺎﺳﻚ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺼﺤﻮﺑﹰﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﺟﺪﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﰱ ﻫـﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﻗﺼﻔﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﲪﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘـﱪﺓ ﻣﺜـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﻟﻼﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﻨﻜﺴﺮ ﺑﺎﻻﻧﺰﻻﻕ ﺑﻔﻌﻞ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ ﻭﻳﻜـﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻣﺼﺤﻮﺑﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻭﻧﻘﺺ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﰱ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﺃﻯ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺭﻗﺒﺔ ﻗﺒـﻞ ﺣـﺪﻭﺙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﰱ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻄﻴﻼ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ‪ ٤٥‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﶈـﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﻮﱃ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺼﺤﻮﺑﺎ ﰱ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺑﺈﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺎﻗﻰ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﻭﻳﻜـﻮﻥ ﺷـﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﻛﺄﺱ ﻭﳐﺮﻭﻁ ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻯ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺣﺎﻟـﺔ ﺍﳌﻌـﺪﻥ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻪ ﻟﻼﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻪ ﻟﻼﻧﺰﻻﻕ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﻳﻜﺴﺮ ﺃﻭﻻ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣـﺔ ﺍﻷﻗـﻞ ﰒ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﺑﺎﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻷﻛﱪ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺄﺱ ﻭﺍﳌﺨﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﻧـﺴﺒﻴﺎ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻒ ﻣﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﻋﺎﱃ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑـﻮﻥ‪ .‬ﺍﻟـﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (١٠-٢‬ﻳﻮﺿـﺢ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺼﻔﺔ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﲪﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺣﱴ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ‬
‫ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ‪٠‬‬
‫‪٣٨‬‬
‫
אصא
אدوא
א ‪K‬د‪
L‬دم‪ J‬م‪K‬د‪ J L‬د‪L‬‬

‫ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻣﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﻋﺎﱄ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ‬

‫ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ‪Load‬‬
‫)‪Semi-Ductile Material (High Tensile Steel‬‬

‫ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻱ‬

‫)‪Ductile Material (Mild Steel‬‬

‫ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻗﺼﻔﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮ‬

‫)‪Brittle Material (Cast Iron‬‬

‫@@‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ‪Elongation‬‬

‫@@‬
‫‘‪@ @òЖÔÛaë@òÜîĐ½a@Ñ–ãë@òÜîĐ½a@æ…bÈàÜÛ@òÛbĐnüaë@Ýà§a@óäzäß@HQPMRI@ÝØ‬‬

‫ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﰱ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‪:‬‬
‫)‪(Form‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ )‪(Texture‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ )‪(Color‬‬ ‫•‬

‫ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺪﻗﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﰱ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻛﺴﺮﻫﺎ ﰱ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻓﻤﺜﻼ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻄـﺮﻯ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﻛﺄﺱ ﻭﳐﺮﻭﻁ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺧﺸﻨﺎ ﰱ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌـﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ‬
‫ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻪ ﻣﻠﻤﺲ ﻧﺎﻋﻢ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳊﺮﻭﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﳋﺸﻦ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺩﺍﻛـﻦ‬
‫ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﻻﻣﻊ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﰱ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻭﻉ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻴﻔﻰ ﻣﺘﻘﻄﻊ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮ ﻳﻜـﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻣﺴﻄﺤﺎ ﻭﳏﺒﺒﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺤﺺ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻞ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺿﻌﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻭﺟﻬﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻭﺍﳌﻤﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﳏﻮﺭﻯ ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﻛﺴﺮﹰﺍ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﺛﻞ ﳛـﺪﺙ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﻡ ﲡﺎﻧﺲ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﺪ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻮﺏ ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﺠﻮﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﺍﺋﺐ‪ .‬ﺃﻣـﺎ ﰱ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﻌﺮﺿﺖ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﱴ ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﳐﺘﻠﻔـﺔ ﻳﻼﺣـﻆ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﺑﺴﻄﺤﻪ ﻋﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﺧﻄﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﺗﺘﻼﻗﻰ ﰱ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻋﻨـﺪ ﻣﻨﺘـﺼﻒ ﺍﳌﻘﻄـﻊ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻭﺗﺘﺠﻪ ﻗﻄﺮﻳﹰﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﻤﻰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺃﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﻮﺀ ﻣﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ‪.‬‬

‫‪٣٩‬‬
‫
אصא
אدوא
א ‪K‬د‪
L‬دم‪ J‬م‪K‬د‪ J L‬د‪L‬‬

‫‪ # ,-  ./ 3-2‬‬

‫ﻟﻠﺨﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﰱ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﺳﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﰱ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻔـﺴﲑ‬
‫ﺃﻫﻢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻰ‪:‬‬

‫‪@ @Proportional Limit@@kbänÛa@†y@…bèug@QMSMR‬‬

‫ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻫﻮ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺃﻛﱪ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺒﲔ ﺃﻭ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻹﺟﻬـﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﺩﻗﺔ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻣـﺪﻯ‬
‫ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻭﻳﻌﲔ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﹰﺎ ﺑﺮﺳﻢ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻹﺟﻬـﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﳋﻂ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻻ ﳝﻜـﻦ ﺍﻋﺘﺒـﺎﺭﻩ ﺣـﺪﹰﺍ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺘﺨﺬ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﰱ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻷﻥ ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣـﻦ ﻣـﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﳊﻤـﻞ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻭﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﻮﻗﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻴـﺎﱏ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺒﲔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(١١-٢‬‬

‫‪Elastic Limit@@òã늽a@†y@…bèug@RMSMR‬‬

‫ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻛﱪ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺗﺘﺤﻤﻠﻪ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﺸﺮﻁ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺑﻘﺎﺀ ﺃﻯ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺯﻭﺍﻝ ﻫـﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺽ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﻤـﺔ ﺑﻌـﺪ ﺯﻭﺍﻝ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻯ ‪ %٠,٠١‬ﻣﻦ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳊﺪ ﺑـﲔ ﺭﺟـﻮﻉ ﺍﳌـﺎﺩﺓ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺯﻭﺍﻝ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮ ﻭﺑﲔ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺭﺟﻮﻋﻬﺎ ﲤﺎﻣﹰﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﰱ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻌـﺎﺩﻥ ﻣﺜـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﻭﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻳﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﲤﺎﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻟﻪ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻠﻴﻼ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻀﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟـﺸﻜﻞ)‪.(١١-٢‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﺄﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻫﻮ ﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺇﳘﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻭﺫﻟـﻚ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﱪ ﺣﺪﹰﺍ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ "ﺟﻮﻧﺴﻮﻥ" ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺘـﺒﲔ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (١٢-٢‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻳﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﳌـﻨﺤﲎ ﻟﻠﺤﻤـﻞ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ‪ %٥٠‬ﺍﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺑﺪﺍﻳـﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴـﻞ‬
‫ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺗﻌﲔ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﺍﳊﻤـﻞ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻷﺻﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ‪.‬‬

‫‪٤٠‬‬
 ‫
אصא
אدوא
א ‪K‬د‪
L‬دم‪ J‬م‪K‬د‪ J L‬د‪L‬‬

‫ﺍﳊﻤﻞ‬
‫إ&‪%‬د ا‪"#$‬ع ا ( ‪Upper Yield‬‬

‫إ&‪%‬د ا‪"#$‬ع ا د ‪Lower Yield‬‬

‫  او
‪Elastic Limit‬‬
‫  ا ‪Proportional‬‬

‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ‬

‫‘‪@ @ÝîĐß@æ†È½@ÞbÈÐãüaë@…bèu⁄a@óäzä½@Ê욨aë@òã늽a@òÔĐäß@HQQMRI@ÝØ‬‬

‫ﳝﺜﻞ ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ (١٢-٢‬ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ )‪ (O–A–B‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟـﺸﺪ ﻭﻋﻨـﺪ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﳌﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﳉﺰﺀ )‪ (O-A‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺘﻌﻴﲔ ﺣﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻳﺮﺳﻢ ﺍﳋﻂ )‪ (O-D‬ﻟﻪ ﻣﻴﻞ ‪ %٥٠‬ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻂ )‪ (O-E‬ﺃﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ )‪(D-F‬‬
‫ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﻣﺮﺓ ﻭﻧﺼﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ )‪ ،(F-E‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺭﺳﻢ ﳑﺎﺱ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺤﲎ ﻭﻳﻮﺍﺯﻯ ﺍﳋﻂ )‪ (O-D‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﻘﻄﻌﺔ‬
‫ﰱ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ )‪ ، (C‬ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺱ )‪ (C‬ﻭﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﻫﻮ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺟﻮﻧﺴﻮﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ‪Load‬‬

‫‪1.5X‬‬
‫‪X‬‬
‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪D‬‬
‫‪E‬‬

‫‪B‬‬
‫\\ \\‬

‫ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫‪C‬‬

‫‪Proportional Limit‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬

‫‪O‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ‪Elongation‬‬

‫‘‪@ @BæìŽãìuB@òÔíŠĐi@kbänÛa@†y@´Èm@HQRMRI@ÝØ‬‬

‫‪٤١‬‬
‫
אصא
אدوא
א ‪K‬د‪
L‬دم‪ J‬م‪K‬د‪ J L‬د‪L‬‬

‫‪Yield@@Ê욨a@…bèug@SMSMR‬‬

‫ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﳛﺪﺙ ﻋﻨﺪﻩ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰱ ﺍﳊﻤـﻞ‬
‫ﺃﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻳﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﻳﺘﺒﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ (١١-٢‬ﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﲤﺜﻞ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ‪ ،‬ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﰱ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ‪،‬‬
‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﳓﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺃﻗﻞ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﰱ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺇﺟﻬـﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﻭﻃﻰ ﻭﳛﺪﺙ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﺗﻐﲑ ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻅ ﰱ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﲑ‬
‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺪﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﻳﺘﻐﲑ ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﻭﻏﲑﻫـﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣـﺎ‬
‫ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﻭﻃﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺪﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺘﻪ ﺃﺳﺎﺳـﻴﺔ ﻣـﻦ ﺧـﺼﺎﺋﺺ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺪﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﻭﻃﻰ‪.‬ﻭﳝﻜـﻦ ﺗﻌـﻴﲔ ﺇﺟﻬـﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﻭﻃﻰ ﻣﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﲪﻞ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻋﻨﺪﻩ ﻳﺴﻘﻂ ﺫﺭﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﳚﺮﻯ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎﻛﻴﻨﺔ ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻮﻟﺐ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﺭﺍﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻻﺗﺰﺍﻥ ﻣﻊ ﲪﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﻣﻊ ﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻲ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘـﺮﺹ ﺍﳌـﺪﺭﺝ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﺆﺷﺮ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺪﻭﻝ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻓﺈﻥ ﲪﻞ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺣﺐ ﻟﺜﺒﻮﺕ ﺍﳌﺆﺷﺮ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻫﺘـﺰﺍﺯﺓ‬
‫ﻗﻠﻴﻼ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺛﺒﻮﺕ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﻭﺗﻐﲑﻩ ﻗﻠﻴﻼ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﻧﻈﺮﹰﺍ ﳊﺎﻟـﺔ ﻋـﺪﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺗﺰﺍﻥ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﲪﻞ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻗﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﻳﺴﺠﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺆﺷﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺛﺒﺎﺗﻪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﺗﻐﲑ ﻓﺠﺎﺋﻰ ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻅ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﰱ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺣـﺪﻭﺙ‬
‫ﺧﻀﻮﻉ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑ ﻫﻮ ﲪﻞ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﻭﻃﻰ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﺗﻼﺣﻆ ﺗﺴﺎﻗﻂ ﺍﻟﻘﺸﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺪﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪ ﻭﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺗﺸﻘﻘﺎﺕ ﲤﻴﻞ ﺑﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ‪ ٤٥‬ﺩﺭﺟـﺔ ﻣـﻊ‬
‫ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﲪﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺗﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٥‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺳﻄﺤﻬﺎ ﻣﺼﻘﻮﻝ ﻻﻣـﻊ‬
‫ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﺗﻄﻬﺮ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺯﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺤﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ‪ ٤٥‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﲪﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ‪ ،‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺘـﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻛﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﰱ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻹﻇﻬﺎﺭ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻭﻳﺮﺍﻋـﻰ ﺍﺳـﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬
‫ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﻟﻴﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﻟﻠﺸﺪ ﰱ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ‪‬ﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳـﺪ‬
‫ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺃﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪٤٢‬‬
‫
אصא
אدوא
א ‪K‬د‪
L‬دم‪ J‬م‪K‬د‪ J L‬د‪L‬‬

‫ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ‬
‫ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ =‬
‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻥ‬

‫ﻭﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻥ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﺗﺘﺮﻭﺍﺡ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﺑﲔ ‪ ٣ : ٢‬ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻋﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺇﺟﻬـﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﻟﻴﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﰱ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻳﺮﺟﻊ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﻳﻘﺘـﺮﺏ ﻛـﺜﲑﹰﺍ ﰱ‬
‫ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺪﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﻭﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﻣﻌﻤﻠﻴﹰﺎ ﺑﺪﻗﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪Proof Strength@@æbàšÛa@…bèug@TMSMR‬‬

‫ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﰱ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﱴ ﳍﺎ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧـﺔ ﻭﻟـﻴﺲ ﳍـﺎ ﻣﻨﻄﻘـﺔ‬
‫ﺧﻀﻮﻉ‪ .‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺼﻒ ﻣﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱴ ﳍﺎ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟـﺪ‬
‫‪‬ﺎ ﺃﻯ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ‪ ،‬ﻭﰱ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻳﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧـﺔ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﲢﻮﻻ ﺗﺪﺭﳚﻴﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻀﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ ،(١٣-٢‬ﺃﻯ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟـﺪ ﳍـﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺧﻀﻮﻉ ﻭﻧﻈﺮﹰﺍ ﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ‪‬ﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﻠﺰﻡ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻳﻌـﱪ ﻋـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﰱ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺑﺈﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ‪Stress‬‬

‫‪Proof Strength‬‬
‫‪B‬‬

‫\\‬
‫\\‬

‫‪O‬‬
‫‪Strain‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ‬
‫‪0.002 of Gage Length‬‬
‫‪ ٠,٠٠٢‬ﻣﻦ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬

‫‘‪@ @æbàšÛa@…bèug@†í†znÛ@ÞbÈÐãüaë@…bèuüa@óäzäß@HQSMRI@ÝØ‬‬

‫‪٤٣‬‬
‫
אصא
אدوא
א ‪K‬د‪
L‬دم‪ J‬م‪K‬د‪ J L‬د‪L‬‬

‫ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﳛﺪﺙ ﰱ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ‪ .‬ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻼ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﺘﻌـﻴﲔ‬
‫ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ‪%٠,٢ : %٠,١‬ﻣﻦ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺗﺒﻌﺎ ﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﻭﻟﺘﻌﻴﲔ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟـﻀﻤﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﻗﻴﻊ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻭﻟـﺘﻜﻦ ﻋﻨـﺪ‬
‫‪ %٠,٢‬ﻣﻦ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ‪ ،٠,٠٠٢‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﶈـﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻰ ﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (١٣-٢‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺭﺳﻢ ﺧﻂ ﻳﻮﺍﺯﻯ ﺍﳋﻂ ﺍﳌـﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻟﻠﻤـﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻟﺒﻴـﺎﱏ‬
‫ﻟﻺﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻟﻴﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﰱ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻰ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ‪.‬‬

‫‪Elasticity@òã늽a@UMSMR‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻫﻰ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺴﺘﺮﺟﻊ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺯﻭﺍﻝ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﺣﺎﻟـﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧـﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﲢﺪﺙ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﻭﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﳊﻤـﻞ ﻭﺍﻹﺳـﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﲟـﻨﺤﲎ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺧﻂ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻭﲤﺜﻞ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﲢﺖ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺧﻂ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﲟﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪Stiffness@@òiý–Ûa@VMSMR‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺑﺔ ﻫﻰ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﲑ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺑﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺃﻯ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﻟﻼﺳـﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫‪(Young’s‬‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻘﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺑﺔ ﲟﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ )‪ (Modulus of Elasticity‬ﻭﻳـﺴﻤﻰ ﻣﻌـﺎﻳﺮ ﻳـﺎﻧﺞ‬
‫)‪ Modulus‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰱ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻣﻘﺴﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰱ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺃﻯ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬

‫‪σ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ‬
‫‪ E = ε‬ﺍﳌﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﻣﻌـﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺑﺔ = ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ =‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﲟﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻂ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻭﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧـﺔ ﻫـﻰ ﻭﺣـﺪﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﺻﻼﺑﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﳍﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻘﺎﺱ ﺻﻼﺑﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﳍﺎ ﺧﻂ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﲟﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺑﻌﺪ ﲤﺜﻴﻠﺔ ﺑﻮﺍﺳـﻄﺔ ‪@Šíb;Èß‬‬
‫‪ (Initial Tangent Modulus) µ‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺱ ﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻵﻧﻔﻌـﺎﻝ‬
‫‪@ ëþa@÷b;ànÛa‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ‪ Ý@ ;•þa@òĐÔã‬ﺃﻯ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺒﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (١٤-٢‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺻﻼﺑﺔ ﻣﺜـﻞ ﻫـﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﻯ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻣﻌﲔ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ‪ (Tangent Modulus) ÷bànÛa@ŠíbÈß‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺱ ﳌﻨﺤﲎ‬

‫‪٤٤‬‬
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אصא
אدوא
א ‪K‬د‪
L‬دم‪ J‬م‪K‬د‪ J L‬د‪L‬‬

‫ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ‪Stress‬‬
‫‪D‬‬
‫‪B‬‬

‫‪A‬‬
‫‪σ‬‬
‫‪θ‬‬
‫‪γ ε‬‬
‫‪C‬‬
‫‪σ‬‬
‫‪E = tan θ = ε‬‬
‫‪O‬‬
‫‪γ‬‬ ‫‪γ‬‬
‫‪Strain‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ‬

‫‘‪@ @óäzä½bi@áîÔnŽß@Á@b@†uìí@ü@Ûa@æ…bÈàÜÛ@òã늽a@ŠíbÈß@´îÈm@HQTMRI@ÝØ‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﲔ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﻭﻟﻴﻜﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄـﺔ ‪A‬‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﰱ ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ (١٤-٢‬ﻭﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﻼﺑﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻣﻌﲔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ‪@ÉbÔÛa@ŠíbÈß‬‬
‫)‪ (Secant Modulus‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻂ )‪ (O B‬ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﺑﲔ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﲔ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﻑ‪ .‬ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧـﺔ‬
‫¶‪ (Chord Modulus) ŠmìÛa@ŠíbÈ‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻂ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﺑﲔ ﻧﻘﻄﺘﲔ ﳏﺪﺩﺗﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﻣﺜـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺘﲔ ِ ‪ ٠ D ، C‬ﻭﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻭﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﻛﱪﻯ ﰱ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺑﺘﺄﺛﲑ‬
‫ﺍﻷﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ‪.‬‬

‫‪@ @Resilience@@òîÇìuŠÛa@WMSMR‬‬
‫‪Šqû½a@Ýà§a@Þaë‹@†Èi@òîãbq@bèÈuŠí@áq@ÝîàznÛa@†äÇ@bèãŒn±@æc@æ†ÈàÜÛ@åع@ónÛa@òÓbĐÛa@òîà×@óç@òîÇìuŠÛa‬‬
‫ﻭ ﻫﻰ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﰱ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺪﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻘﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺑﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﳌﺒـﺬﻭﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴـﻞ‬
‫ﻹﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺣﱴ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @NkbänÛa@†y@†äÇ@òÛbĐnüa@F@kbänÛa@†§@ÝibÔ½a@Ýà§a@½@]@òîÇìuŠÛa‬‬
‫ﺃﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﺜﻠﺚ ﲢﺖ ﺍﳋﻂ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﱏ ﻟﻠﺤﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺘﺒﲔ ﰱ ﺷﻜﻞ )‪.(١٥-٢‬‬

‫‪٤٥‬‬
 ‫
אصא
אدوא
א ‪K‬د‪
L‬دم‪ J‬م‪K‬د‪ J L‬د‪L‬‬

‫ﺃ‬

‫ا* ‪Load‬‬
‫ا‪%&,‬د ‪Stress‬‬

‫ا&"(
‬
‫"ق او
‬
‫‪Hyper‬‬
‫‪Elastic‬‬
‫ا&"(
ا
‬
‫‪Resilience‬‬
‫‪Elastic Resilience‬‬
‫‪ 0.‬ا&"(
‬
‫‪Modulus of Resilience‬‬

‫ﺏ‬
‫ا‪./‬ل ‪Strain‬‬ ‫ا ‪Deformation‬‬

‫‘‪@ @òîÇìuŠÛa@ŠíbÈßë@òîÇìuŠÛa@HQUMRI@ÝØ‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﻌﺘﱪ ‪ (Modulus of Resilience) ò@ ;îÇìuŠÛa@ŠíbÈß‬ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻘﺴﻮﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺠـﻢ‬

‫ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪@ @kbänÛa@†y@†äÇ@ÞbÈÐãüa@F@…bèu⁄a@½@]@òîÇìuŠÛa@ŠíbÈß‬‬
‫ﺃﻯ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﺪﺭ ﺑﺎﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﲢﺖ ﺍﳋﻂ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻹﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻛﻤـﺎ ﻫـﻮ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ .(١٥-٢‬ﺃﻣﺎ ‪ (Hyper–Elastic Resilience) ò@ ;ã늽a@†y@ÖìÏ@òîÇìuŠÛa‬ﻓﻬـﻰ‬
‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻳﺮﺟﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮ ﻭﻫﻰ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﳌﺒﺬﻭﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴـﻞ‬
‫ﻓﻮﻕ ﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻰ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﲡﻌﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﻯ ﲪﻞ ﻭﺗﻘﺎﺱ ﺑﺎﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﲢﺖ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﳊﻤـﻞ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﻫﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﶈﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﲞﻂ ﻳﻮﺍﺯﻯ ﺧﻂ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻭﺃﻳـﻀﺎ ﺑـﺎﳋﻂ ﺍﳌـﻮﺍﺯﻯ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺱ ﺍﳌﺒﲔ ﻟﻠﺤﻤﻞ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ .(١٥-٢‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻫﻰ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﲢﺖ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ ﲢﺖ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪@ @@@@Toughness@@@òãbn½a@XMSMR‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ‪ ò@ ;ãbn½a‬ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﺬﻭﻟﺔ ﺑﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺪ ﺣﱴ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﺗﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺪﻥ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻰ ﺃﻯ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﳌﺒﺬﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﺣﱴ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﺃﻯ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﰱ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﳍـﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺣﱴ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ‪ ،‬ﺃﻯ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﲢﺖ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟـﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫)‪ .(١٦-٢‬ﺃﻣﺎ ‪ (Modulus of Toughness) ò@ ;ãbn½a@ŠíbÈß‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﺪﻡ ﻣﻘﺴﻮﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﲢﺖ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﺒﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫)‪ (١٦-٢‬ﻓﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﱪﺕ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﻟﻸﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻧﻴﺎﻣﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺃﻯ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣـﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺼﺪﻡ‪.‬‬

‫‪٤٦‬‬
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אصא
אدوא
א ‪K‬د‪
L‬دم‪ J‬م‪K‬د‪ J L‬د‪L‬‬

‫‪ 5( 6‬ا‪"4‬ن‬
‫ا‪%&,‬د ‪Stress‬‬

‫‪ 7" 6‬ا‪"4‬ن‬

‫ ‪ 0‬زه‬
‫‪ 8$ 6‬ا‪"4‬ن‬

‫ا‪./‬ل ‪Strain‬‬ ‫ا‪./‬ل ‪Strain‬‬ ‫ا‪./‬ل ‪Strain‬‬

‫‘‪@ @òÐÜn«@æ…bȽ@òãbn½a@ŠíbÈß@HQVMRI@ÝØ‬‬

‫@@‬

‫‪@ @Hysteresis @@òîÐÜ‚nÛa@YMSMR‬‬

‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﲢﻤﻴﻞ ﻣﻌﺪﻥ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﲝﻤﻞ ﻣﻌﲔ ﰒ ﺃﺯﻳﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﰒ ﺃﻋﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣـﻨﺤﲎ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻗﺪ ﳛﺘﻮﻯ ﰱ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﺸﻮﻃﺔ )‪ (Loop‬ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻄـﲔ ﻣﻨﺤـﻨﲔ‬
‫ﺑﺪﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻂ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻛﺎﳌﻌﺘﺎﺩ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ ،(١٧-٢‬ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷﻧـﺸﻮﻃﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻻﻧﺸﻮﻃﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﻔﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻧﺸﻮﻃﺔ ﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻔﻘﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺯﻭﺍﻝ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﰒ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺗﻪ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ا‪%&,‬د ‪Stress‬‬

‫ا‪
$‬‬
‫‪Hystersis‬‬

‫ا‪./‬ل ‪Strain‬‬

‫‘‪@ @ôŠĐÛa@kÜ–ÜÛ@òîÐÜ‚nÛa@HQWMSI@ÝØ‬‬
‫‪٤٧‬‬
‫
אصא
אدوא
א ‪K‬د‪
L‬دم‪ J‬م‪K‬د‪ J L‬د‪L‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﻳﻠﺰﻡ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﺪﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻫﺎ ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﹰﺎ ﰱ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺘﺮﺍﻛﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﻘﻮﺩﺓ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﻭﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴـﻞ‬
‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻀﻌﻒ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻸﲪﺎﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﱴ ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ‪‬ـﺎ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ‪.‬‬

‫‪Strength@@òßëbÔ½a@QPMSMR‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﲔ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﲔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻭﳘﺎ‪:‬‬

‫‪. !' -!" )* (-. / 0!10 -1‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﱴ ﳍﺎ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﺃﻯ ﺍﻟﱴ ﳍﺎ ﺣﺪ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻭﺣﺪ ﻣﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﻨﻄﻘـﺔ‬
‫ﺧﻀﻮﻉ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﱴ ﳍﺎ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺧﻀﻮﻉ ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳋـﻀﻮﻉ ‪‬ـﺎ‬
‫ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻰ‪:‬‬

‫ﲪﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﲪﻞ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ‬

‫=‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﰱ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ =‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻭﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﰱ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻟﺘﻌﻴﲔ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻰ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺘـﺸﻐﻴﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﺫﻟـﻚ‬
‫ﺑﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺃﻣﺎﻥ ﳛﺪﺩﻩ ﺍﳌﺼﻤﻢ ﺃﻭ ﻛﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‪٠‬‬

‫ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ‬

‫=‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻰ= ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ=‬
‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻥ‬

‫‪/ 3 1 0!1' -2‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﲔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ ﻟﻠﺸﺪ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﻻ ﺗﻌﱪ ﺑﺪﻗﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ ﻟﻮﺟـﻮﺩ ﺗﻐـﲑ‬
‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻅ ﲟﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﲪﻞ ﺷﺪ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻨﺪﻩ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﰱ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻔﺔ ﻓﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ ﳑﺜﻠﺔ ﲤﺎﻣﺎ ﻷﻗﺼﻰ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻳﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﳍـﺎ ﺍﳌﻌـﺪﻥ ﻷﻥ ﺍﳌﻘﻄـﻊ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻐﲑ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﺇﻻ ﺑﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﳘﺎﳍﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﻷﻗﺼﻰ ﻫﻮ ﲪﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ‬
‫ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ٠‬ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ ﻟﻠﺸﺪ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﻷﻗﺼﻰ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﺗﻌﺮﺿﺖ ﻟﻪ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻣﻘﺴﻮﻣﹰﺎ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻄﻊ‪.‬‬

‫‪٤٨‬‬
‫
אصא
אدوא
א ‪K‬د‪
L‬دم‪ J‬م‪K‬د‪ J L‬د‪L‬‬

‫ﺃﻗﺼﻰ ﲪﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ ﻟﻠﺸﺪ =‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ‬

‫‪Ductility@@òîÛìĐà½a@QQMSMR‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﲔ ﺍﳌﻤﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﰱ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﲝﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠـﻨﻘﺺ ﰱ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ – ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬

‫× ‪١٠٠‬‬ ‫‪ -١‬ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ =‬
‫ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻰ‬

‫‪Elongation % = Li – L0 x 100‬‬
‫‪L0‬‬

‫‪ -٢‬ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻘﺺ ﰱ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ =‬

‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻄﻊ – ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺃﺻﻐﺮ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ‬

‫× ‪١٠٠‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻄﻊ‬

‫‪A0 – Ai‬‬
‫‪Reduction of area %‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪A0‬‬
‫‪x 100‬‬

‫ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﳑﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻨـﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﲟﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺃﻛﱪ ﺍﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ‪.‬‬

‫‪Elongation@@òÛbĐnüa@@QRMSMR‬‬

‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﺤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﺗﻘـﺴﻴﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺎ ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﲪﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮ ﰱ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻌﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﶈﻤﻠﺔ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﻭﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺍﲡﻬﻨﺎ ﻟﻠﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺒﺔ ﰒ ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺣﱴ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻴﺤﻘﻖ ﺃﻛﱪ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(١٨-٢‬‬

‫‪٤٩‬‬
‫
אصא
אدوא
א ‪K‬د‪
L‬دم‪ J‬م‪K‬د‪ J L‬د‪L‬‬

‫‪٢٤‬‬ ‫‪٨٠‬‬

‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ )‪(%‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ‪ -‬ﻣﻢ‬ ‫‪٢٠‬‬ ‫‪٧٠‬‬
‫‪٦٠‬‬
‫‪١٦‬‬ ‫‪٥٠‬‬
‫‪١٢‬‬ ‫‪٤٠‬‬
‫‪٨‬‬ ‫‪٣٠‬‬
‫‪٤‬‬ ‫‪٢٠‬‬
‫‪٠‬‬ ‫‪١٠‬‬
‫‪٠‬‬
‫‪٠ ٢ ٤ ٦ ٨ ١٠ ١٢ ١٤ ١٦ ١٨‬‬
‫ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ )ﺳﻢ(‬
‫ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻣﻘﺴﻢ ﺇﱃ ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ‬
‫(‪2 0 '4 56 1 0‬‬ ‫
‪0( 1 2 3‬‬

‫‘‪@ @òÛbĐnüa@óÜÇ@òäîÈÛa@Þì@qdm@HQXMRI@ÝØ‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻳﺘﺒﲔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻼﺳـﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳـﺐ‬
‫ﺗﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎ ﻋﻜﺴﻴﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ ،(١٨-٢‬ﻭﻳﺘﻀﺢ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻃـﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑ ﻟﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺪﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺇﺟـﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﺧﺘﺒـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻰ ﳚﺐ ﺗﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ) ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ( ﻟﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺭﻓﺾ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﰱ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﳚـﺐ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻛﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺷﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺒﺔ ﺑﻜﺎﻣﻠﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻯ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﰱ ﺣﻮﺍﱃ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻧﺼﺖ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻗـﻴﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺜﻠﺚ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﻂ ﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﻭﻳﻠﺰﻡ‬
‫ﺇﳘﺎﻝ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﻮ ﺣﺪﺙ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﻗﺮﺏ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ‪‬ﺎﻳﱵ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺻـﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﻻ ﺗﻌـﱪ ﺗﻌـﺒﲑﹰﺍ‬
‫ﺻﺤﻴﺤﹰﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺪﻯ ﳑﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﲢـﺖ ﺗـﺄﺛﲑ‬
‫ﺃﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﻧﻮﻋﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﻫﻰ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎ ﳚﺐ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻬﻤﲔ ﳘﺎ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻷﻃـﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴـﺎﺱ ﰱ‬
‫ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ‪٠‬‬
‫‪@ @òÛbĐnüa@òÛ…bÈß MQ‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺗﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻭﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻃﺮﺩﻳﺎ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪∆L1 = α.L‬‬
‫‪ = α‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‪٠‬‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪ = L‬ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‪:‬‬

‫‪٥٠‬‬
‫
אصא
אدوא
א ‪K‬د‪
L‬دم‪ J‬م‪K‬د‪ J L‬د‪L‬‬

‫ﻭﺗﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻌﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﰱ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟـﱴ ﺗـﺰﺩﺍﺩ‬
‫ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﻜﱪ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻭﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻃﺮﺩﻳﹰﺎ ﻣـﻊ ﺍﳉـﺬﺭ ﺍﻟﺘـﺮﺑﻴﻌﲕ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻄﻊ‪.‬‬
‫‪∆L2 = β Ao‬‬
‫‪ = Ao‬ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‪:‬‬
‫‪ = β‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻰ‬
‫‪∆L = ∆L1 + ∆L2‬‬ ‫‪= αL + β Ao‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻰ‬
‫‪∆L‬‬ ‫‪αL + β Ao‬‬
‫= ‪Elongation %‬‬ ‫= ‪× 100‬‬ ‫‪× 100‬‬
‫‪L‬‬ ‫‪L‬‬

‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ β ، α‬ﺛﻮﺍﺑﺖ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺛﻮﺍﺑﺖ ﹸﺃﻧﻮﻳﻦ )‪ (Unwin’s Constants‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻌـﻴﲔ ﻗﻴﻤﺘـﻬﻤﺎ‬

‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﹰﺎ ﺑﺮﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﱏ ﺑﲔ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﺛﺒﻮﺕ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻰ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﺒﲔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (١٩-٢‬ﻳﺼﻒ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﻃﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ )‪ (Ao, α , β‬ﺃﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻭﻫﻰ‪∆L = β Ao + αL :‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺘﻀﺢ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﳋﻂ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺘﻐﲑﻳﻦ )‪ ، (L) ، (∆L‬ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪α, β‬‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫‪β Ao‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﱏ ﺣﻴﺚ )‪ (α‬ﻫﻰ ﻣﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﻂ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﻢ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﳋﻂ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻣﻊ ﳏﻮﺭ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﲟﻌﻠﻮﻣﻴﺔ )‪ (Ao‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ )‪.(β‬‬
‫ا‪∆L)
/‬‬

‫‪∆L = β Ao + αL‬‬
‫∆( ‪Elongation‬‬

‫ ا‪ 7$‬ا;? = ‪α‬‬

‫‪β √Ao‬‬

‫<"ل ا;س )‪Gage Length (L‬‬

‫‘‪@ @@òÛbĐnüaë@÷bîÔÛa@Þì@´i@òÓýÈÛa@óäzäß@@HQYMRI@ÝØ‬‬
‫@@‬
‫‪٥١‬‬
‫
אصא
אدوא
א ‪K‬د‪
L‬دم‪ J‬م‪K‬د‪ J L‬د‪L‬‬

‫‪@ @†’Ûa@‰bjnü@òîbîÔÛa@pbäîÈÛa MR‬‬

‫ﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻗﻴﻤـﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘـﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ‬
‫‪Ao‬‬
‫ﺫﺍﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﺃﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳉﺬﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﻌﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻊ ﻃـﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴـﺎﺱ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫‪L‬‬
‫ﻭﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻧﻪ ﰱ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻳﻠﺰﻡ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﱪﺓ ﻋـﻦ ﳑﻄﻮﻟﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﺗﻐﲑ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻠﺰﻡ ﰱ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻴﻨـﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺫﺍﺕ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺽ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺑﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒـﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺣﺪﺩﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﻋﺘﱪﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻـﻔﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ‪ Ao ، L‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪L= 5.65‬‬ ‫‪Ao‬‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ‬
‫‪L = 11.3‬‬ ‫‪Ao‬‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻠﺔ‬
‫‪@ @@Z@µg@ñŠí†nŽ½a@pbÇbĐÔÛa@pa‡@pbäîÈÛa@òÛby@óÏ@ô…ûí@ÙÛ‡ë‬‬

‫‪L = 5 do‬‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ‬

‫‪L = 5 do : 10 do‬‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‬
‫‪L = 10 do‬‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻠﺔ‬

‫‪٥٢‬‬
‫
אصא
אدوא
א ‪K‬د‪
L‬دم‪ J‬م‪K‬د‪ J L‬د‪L‬‬

‫‪@ @(Poisson’s Ratio)@æìaìi@òjŽã@@QSMSMR‬‬

‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺷﺪ ﳏﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (٢٠-٢‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﲢﺪﺙ ﺇﺳـﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫ﰱ ﺇﲡﺎﻩ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﻭﻳﻘﺎﺑﻠﻬﺎ ﻧﻘﺺ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﰱ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﲔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﰎ ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﰱ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﱄ ﺍﶈﻮﺭﻱ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﰱ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﻓـﺈﻥ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻮﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪εb‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻰ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻮﻥ )‪= (µ‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﱃ ‪εL‬‬

‫‪L1 – L‬‬
‫= ‪εb‬‬ ‫‪b1 - b‬‬
‫= ‪εL‬‬
‫‪b‬‬ ‫‪L‬‬

‫ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻮﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺍﺑﺖ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﰱ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧـﺔ ﻭﺗﺘـﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻗﻴﻤﺘـﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻷﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺑﲔ ‪ ٠,٣٦ : ٠,٢٥‬ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺣﻮﺍﱃ ‪ ٠,٢٩‬ﻟﻠﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻜـﻮﻥ ﻗﻴﻤـﺔ ﻧـﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻮﻥ ﰱ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺪﻭﻧﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﳌﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ‪ .٠,٥‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻌـﻴﲔ ﻧـﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻮﻥ ﰱ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪E‬‬
‫=‪G‬‬
‫)‪2 (1+µ‬‬
‫• ‪ = E‬ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ‬
‫• ‪ = G‬ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﳉﺴﺎﺀﺓ‬
‫• ‪ = µ‬ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻮﻥ‬

‫‪b1‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬

‫‪L‬‬ ‫‪∆L‬‬

‫‪L1‬‬

‫‘‪@ @æìaìi@òjŽã@HRPMRI@ÝØ‬‬

‫‪٥٣‬‬
 ‫
אصא
אدوא
א ‪K‬د‪
L‬دم‪ J‬م‪K‬د‪ J L‬د‪L‬‬

‫‪@ @@ô…bÈÛa@ÞbÈÐãüaë@…bèu⁄a@@QTMSMR‬‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻺﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﲟﻌﻠﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻰ ﻟﻠﺤﻤﻞ ﺍﳌـﺆﺛﺮ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻪ ﺣﱴ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﲪﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺍﶈﻮﺭﻯ )‪(P‬‬

‫ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻯ ‪= σ‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ )‪(Ao‬‬

‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ )‪(∆L‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻯ ‪= ε‬‬
‫ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻰ )‪(L o‬‬

‫ﻭﻧﻈﺮﹰﺍ ﻷﻥ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ )‪ (Ao‬ﻭﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻰ )‪ (Lo‬ﻗﻴﻢ ﺛﺎﺑﺘـﺔ ﻓـﺈﻥ ﻣـﻨﺤﲎ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻯ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﳝﺎﺛﻞ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻴﺔ ﻛﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻀﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ .(٢١-٢‬ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ ﰱ ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﳋـﻮﺍﺹ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺃﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ‪.‬‬

‫;و
ا‬
‫ا‪%&,‬د‬

‫ا&‪%‬د ا‪"#$‬ع‬
‫  ا‬
‫;
او
ا
‬ ‫;
او
‬
‫‪Elastic-Plastic State‬‬ ‫‪Plastic State‬‬

‫;
او
‬
‫‪Elastic State‬‬

‫ا‪./‬ل‬
‫‘‪@ @ÝîĐß@æ†È½@ô…bÈÛa@ÞbÈÐãüaë@…bèu⁄a@óäzäß@HRQMRI@ÝØ‬‬

‫‪٥٤‬‬
‫
אصא
אدوא
א ‪K‬د‪
L‬دم‪ J‬م‪K‬د‪ J L‬د‪L‬‬

‫‪@ @óÔîÔ§a@ÞbÈÐãüa@…bèu⁄a@óäzäß@@QUMSMR‬‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎ ﻟﺘﻌﻴﲔ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺟﺪﻧﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻗﻴﻢ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻟﻴـﺴﺖ ﺩﻗﻴﻘـﺔ ﰱ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﻔﻮﻕ ﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﺃﻯ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﻭﺣﱴ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ‪ð…@ b;ÈÛa‬‬
‫ﻫﻮ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ )‪ (P‬ﻣﻘﺴﻮﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ )‪ (Ao‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ‬
‫‪ ó@ ;ÔîÔ§a‬ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻫﻮ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ )‪ (P‬ﻣﻘﺴﻮﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣـﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺃﻗـﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺳﻴﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ‪ .‬ﻧﻈﺮﹰﺍ ﻷﻥ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻄﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻰ ﻭﺗﻨﻘﺺ ﺑﻮﺿﻮﺡ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺒﺔ ﻭﺗﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﺣﱴ ﻛـﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨـﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ‪ óÔîÔ§a‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ‪ ô…bÈÛa‬ﳑﺎ ﻳﻔﻴـﺪ ﰱ ﻣﻌﺮﻓـﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ‪٠‬‬

‫ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﰱ ﺃﻯ ﳊﻈﺔ )‪(Pi‬‬

‫ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻰ ‪= σ t‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ )‪(Ai‬‬

‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻼﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺑﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﰱ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗـﻊ‬
‫ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻛﻞ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰱ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﻯ‬
‫ﲪﻞ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺑﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﲔ ‪‬ﺎﻳﱴ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳊﻤـﻞ ﺍﻟـﺴﺎﺑﻖ‬
‫ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺃﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﻯ ﲪﻞ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺑﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻃﻮﻝ ﳜﺘﻠﻒ ﰱ ﻗﻴﻤﺘـﻪ ﻋـﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻴﻠﻪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﰱ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺣـﺪ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻅ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺭﺳﻢ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻰ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻰ ﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺪﻥ ﻣﻄﻴﻞ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ‬
‫ﺃﺳﻴﺔ )‪ (σ = b εc‬ﰱ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﺣﱴ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺒﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻋﻨـﺪ ﺍﳋـﻀﻮﻉ‬
‫ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﺻﻔﺮﹰﺍ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﹰﺎ ﻷﻥ ‪ do = di‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺻﻔﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺈﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻰ ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﻋﻨﺪ ‪‬ﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﺻـﻐﲑ‬
‫ﺟﺪﹰﺍ ﻭﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﻣﻌﺪﻭﻣﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﳘﺎﳍﺎ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺒﺔ ﺣﱴ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺧﻂ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ )‪ (σ = k ε+m‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻀﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(٢٢-٢‬‬

‫‪٥٥‬‬
 ‫
אصא
אدوא
א ‪K‬د‪
L‬دم‪ J‬م‪K‬د‪ J L‬د‪L‬‬

‫‪B‬‬

‫ا‪%&,‬د ا*;;‪5‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻇﺮﺓ‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫ﳊﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻇﺮﺓ‬
‫ﻷﻗﺼﻰ ﲪﻞ‬

‫ا‪./‬ل ا*;;‪5‬‬

‫‘‪@ @ÝîĐß@æ†È½@óÔîÔ§a@ÞbÈÐãüaë@…bèu⁄a@óäzäß@HRRMRI@ÝØ‬‬

‫‪@ @NïÔîÔ§a@ÞbÈÐãüaë@…bèu⁄a@óäzäß@ë@ô…bÈÛa@ÞbÈÐãüaë@…bèu⁄a@ózäß@´i@ÖŠÐÛa@|™ìí@ïmŁa@Þ놦aë‬‬

‫‪< '(8 9: $;$‬‬ ‫‪7 '(8 9: $;$‬‬

‫• ﻗﻴﻢ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺻـﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﰱ ﺣـﺪﻭﺩ • ﻗﻴﻢ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻓﻮﻕ‬
‫ﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻭﻓﻮﻕ ﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﺗﻌﻄﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ‬
‫ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ‬
‫• ﻳﻔﻴﺪ ﰱ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﻳﻔﻴﺪ ﰱ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﰱ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ‪.‬‬
‫• ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌـﺎﺩﻥ ﰱ • ﺗﻔﻴﺪ ﰱ ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌـﺎﺩﻥ‬
‫ﺑﻘﻴﻢ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻭﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﺑﺪﻗﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻮﻕ‬
‫ﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻭﻟﻜـﻦ • ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻷﻯ ﺗﻐﲑ‬
‫ﰱ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺳـﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﺎﻧـﺖ ﻓﻠﺰﻳـﺔ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﳋـﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬
‫• ﻳﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩ ﻣﻨﻪ ﰱ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﻌـﺎﺩﻥ ﰱ • ﻳﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﰱ ﺃﻋﻤـﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘـﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﺪﻧـﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻔﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ‪.‬‬
‫• ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﺃﺳـﻬﻞ • ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﺩﻗﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴـﺔ ﰱ ﺗﻮﻗﻴﻌـﻪ‬
‫ﻭﺭﲰﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺼﻌﺐ ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩﻩ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫ﰱ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻗﻴﻊ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪٥٦‬‬
‫
אصא
אدوא
א ‪K‬د‪
L‬دم‪ J‬م‪K‬د‪ J L‬د‪L‬‬

‫‪, #  .> 1 ?@

A B 4-2‬‬

‫ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﰱ ﺇﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪@ @@†öaŒÛa@ÞbÈÐãüa@MQ‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﲢﻤﻴﻞ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﰒ ﺃﺯﻳﻞ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ﰒ ﺃﻋﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺣﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﺃﻯ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﻧﺘﺠﺖ‬
‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰱ ﲢﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﰱ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﺋﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﺋﺪﺓ ﰱ ﲢﺴﲔ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﰱ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﺜـﻞ ﺍﻟـﺴﻼﺳﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻜـﺎﺑﻼﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺳﲑ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻀﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ‪ æ@ bàš;Ûa@Þb»c‬ﰒ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻌﺪ ‪‬ﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘـﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻭﻗﺒـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﺤﺴﲔ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪@ @@…‰bjÛa@óÜÇ@ÝîÌ’nÛa@MR‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ ﻫﻮ ‪@òã늽a@†y@ÖìÏ@æ†È½a@Ýîà¤‬ﰒ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﲢﻤﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﺋﺪ ﻭﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻪ ﲢﺴﲔ ﰱ ﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﻭﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﻳﺼﺎﺣﺒﻪ‬
‫ﻧﻘﺺ ﰱ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻤﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻔﻴﺪ ﺣـﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘـﺸﻐﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ ﰱ ﲢﺴﲔ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻟﻠﻜﺒﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻴﺎﻳﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫‪@ @@æ†È½bi@æìiŠØÛa@ôìnª@MS‬‬
‫ﺗﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻘﺺ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ ﺗﺒﻌﺎ ﻟﺘﻐﲑ ﳏﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ‪،‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﺗﺆﺩﻯ ﺇﱃ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰱ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻭﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﻭﺇﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻭﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﰱ ﻧﻘﺺ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻤﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ‪.‬‬

‫‪@ @@ñ‰aŠ§a@òu‰…@MT‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﻌﺖ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻋﻦ ‪ ٢٥٠‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﺗﻘﻞ ﺑﻴﻨﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻤﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻋﻜﺴﻴﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﳌﻤﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫ﺗﻨﺎﺳﺒﹰﺎ ﻃﺮﺩﻳﹰﺎ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

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‫‪@ @‰bjnüa@õbäqc@ÝîàznÛa@òÇŠ@MU‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﺗﺄﺛﲑﹰﺍ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﹰﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﻠﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻳﻜـﻮﻥ ﻣـﺼﺤﻮﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰱ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻭﻧﻘﺺ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻤﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻔﺔ ﻓﻼ ﺗﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﻛﺜﲑﹰﺍ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ‪.‬‬

‫‪@ @òîÛbÈÛa@ñ‰aŠ§a@pbu‰…@óÏ@ÝîàznÛa@ñ†ß@MV‬‬
‫ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﻣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﰱ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻧﻘﺼﹰﺎ ﻭﺍﺿﺤﹰﺎ ﰱ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ‪.‬‬

‫‪@ @òí‰aŠ§a@pýßbȽa@MW‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﱴ ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﺻﻮﺭﹰﺍ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪:‬‬
‫• ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻤﲑ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﻟﱴ ﲢﺴﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻭﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﻭﺍﳌﻤﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﺰﻳﻞ ﺍﻻﺟﻬـﺎﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﺨﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻘﻴﺔ ‪ :‬ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻘﻠﻞ ﺍﳌﻤﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻊ ‪ :‬ﲢﺴﻦ ﻛﺜﲑﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻭﺍﳌﻤﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪@ @xbnã⁄a@ÖŠ@MX‬‬
‫ﻼ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻟﻔﻨﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ‬
‫ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺗﺄﺛﲑﹰﺍ ﻫﺎﻣﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﰱ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻓﻤﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ ﲡﻌﻞ ﺧﻮﺍﺻﻪ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﲤﺎﻣﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻠﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻟﻔﻨﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒـﺎﺭﺩ ﺣﻴـﺚ‬
‫ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺟﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻼﺩﺓ ﻭﺗﻘﻞ ﺍﳌﻤﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒـﺎﺭﺩ ﻋﻨـﻬﺎ ﻋـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ‪.‬‬

‫‪@ @ÙöbjŽÛa@óÏ@óÜ•þa@æ†ÈàÜÛ@pbÏb™⁄a@òjŽã@MY‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﹸﺃﺿﻴﻒ ﻣﻌﺪﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺳﺒﻴﻜﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻓـﺈﻥ ﺧﻮﺍﺻـﻬﺎ ﰱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﲤﺎﻣﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ‪.‬‬

‫‪@ @‰bjnüa@òäîÇ@ÉĐÔß@ÝØ‘@MQP‬‬
‫ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺣﻴﺚ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﻻﺧـﺘﻼﻑ ﺷـﻜﻞ‬
‫ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻊ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺘﻪ ﰱ ﻛﻞ ﺣﺎﻟـﺔ ﻓـﺈﻥ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﺗﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﻭﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺪﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻌﻄﻰ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌـﺴﺘﺪﻳﺮ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣـﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻄﻴﻞ‪.‬‬

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‫‪@ @†’ÜÛ@òîÇìäÛa@òßëbÔ½a@MQQ‬‬
‫ﻳﻠﺰﻡ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﺎﻛﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﰱ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﳍﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﺳـﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺼﺤﻮﺑﺔ ﲞﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻬﻤﺔ ﰱ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﰱ ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻯ ﻟﻪ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺷﺪ ﻟﻮﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻰ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺪ ﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ‬
‫ﺑﺎﳌﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺪ‪.‬‬

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