SPREAD SPECTRUM

TECHNIQUES
UNIT-V
 Introduction

 Generation of PN Sequences

 Properties of PN sequences

 Direct sequence spread spectrum

 Frequency Hopping spread spectrum

INTRODUCTION- DEFINITION
 Spread Spectrum is a means of transmission in
which the data of interest occupies a
bandwidth in excess of the minimum
bandwidth necessary to the send the data.
 The spreading is accomplished before
transmission through the use of a code that is
independent of the data sequence.
 The same code used in the receiver to de-spread the
received signal so that the original data may be
recovered
APPLICATIONS

 Military Purpose
 Resistance to jamming

 Mobile radio environment

 Multipath rejection

 Multiple access Communication

 Number of independent user required to share a
common channel
PSEUDO-NOISE SEQUENCE(PN
SEQUENCE)
 A PN sequence is defined as a coded sequence of
1’s and 0’s with certain autocorrelation
properties.
 Linear Shift Registers – Ex-OR Gate.

 Maximum length Sequence

 A Maximum length sequence – generated is

always periodic with period of
N=2m-1
m – Length of the shift register.
PROPERTIES OF MAXIMUM LENGTH
SEQUENCE
Property -1
In each period – number of 1’s is always one more
than number of 0’s – Balance Property.
Property – 2
Among the runs of 1’s and 0’s in each period of
maximum length sequence, one-half the runs of each
kind are of length one, one fourth are of length two,
one-eight are of length three, and so on. – Run
Property –
Total Run=(N+1)/2
Property – 3
The autocorrelation function of a maximum length
sequence is periodic and binary valued – correlation
property.
GENERATION OF PN SEQUENCE
SHIFT REGISTER LENGTH
Shift Register Length, m Feedback Taps
2 [2,1]

3 [3,1]

4 [4,1]

5 [5,2], [5,4,2,1]
IDEAL MODEL OF SPREAD SPECTRUM
TRANSMISSION MODEL
RECEIVER
 PN sequence waveform is denoted by c(t).
 Let the bits of the maximum length sequence
occur at the rate Rc.
 Duration of every bit is ,

 Period of the waveform c(t) is given as

 Tb= N Tc
SPREAD SPECTRUM TYPES
1.Direct Sequence spread spectrum

2. Frequency Hopped spread spectrum

DSSS
 Convert binary data sequence in to
polar NRZ form which is followed by
two stages of modulation
 PN sequence
 BPSK
DS/SS- BPSK - Transmitter
DS/SS BPSK- Receiver
Data – Spreading code
DS/SS –BPSK - OUTPUT
DSSS
RECEIVER
FHSS-FREQUENCY HOPPING
 FHSS is a method of transmitting radio signals by
rapidly switching a carrier among many frequency
channels, using a pseudorandom sequence known to both
transmitter and receiver.

 Bluetooth
 Typical applications for FHSS include cellular deployments
for fixed Broadband Wireless Access (BWA)

 MFSK/MPSK-Multiple Frequency shift keying and

Multiple phase shift keying
FREQUENCY HOP SPREAD SPECTRUM-
FHSS
•One alternative method is to force the jammer to
cover a wider spectrum by randomly hopping the
data modulated carrier from one sequence to next.

•Carrier hops randomly from one frequency to

another is called FHSS.
•Slow Frequency Hopping
Several Symbols are transmitted on each frequency
•

hop
•Fast Frequency Hopping
Carrier frequency will change or hop several times
•
during the transmission of one symbol
 Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum FH/SS

Carrier Hop randomly from one frequency to another

frequency - Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum

Common Modulation – MFSK – FH/MFSK

Types
1) Slow Frequency Hopping – Several Symbols are transmitted on each
frequency hop

2) Fast Frequency Hopping – Carrier Frequency will change or hop

several times during the transmission of one symbol
FH/SS TRANSMITTER
FH/SS RECEIVER
SLOW FREQUENCY HOPPING
FAST FREQUENCY HOPPING
 A PN sequence is generated using LFSR with
number of stages equal to 10. Chip rate is 10^3
per sec.
 PN sequence length
 Chip duration
 Period of PN sequence.
 N= 2^m-1= 2^10-1=1023
 Tc= 1/10^3

 Period= N*Tc=1023*1ms=1023 ms.

COMPARE DSSS AND FHSS
 DSSS
 DSSS provides 11 Mbps capacity links
 The most limiting factor, multipath, may be
minimized by using the technology for short
distances or in point to point applications

 FHSS
 FHSS provides only 3 Mbps capacity links,
 The technology allows easy cellular point- to-
multipoint deployment, providing excellent reliability
INITIAL STATE OF THE REGISTER IS 1000.
FIND THE OUTPUT SEQUENCE.
PN SEQUENCE