ITC BÉTON Pg.

1. T-BEAM

Design of beam section for bending

(EC2 EN1992-1-1:2004, EC0 EN1990:2002, )
b d C2
hf As2
bxh=0.250x0.500 m, Med=200.00 kNm,
beff=1.250 m, hf=0.180 m Msd
Fcd
Ved= 0.00 kN, Ned= 0.00 kN Nsd
h d
Reinforced concrete design
Vsd

Concrete-Steel class: C25/30-S400 (EC2 §3) As1 S1

Fsd
Environmental class : XC1 (EC2 §4.4.1) Cnom d
bw
Concrete cover : Cnom=40 mm (EC2 §4.4.1)
γc=1.50, γs=1.15 (EC2 Table 2.1N)
fcd=αcc·fck/γc=1.00x25/1.50=16.67 MPa (EC2 §3.1.6)
fctd=αct·fctk0.05/γc=1.00x1.8/1.50=1.20 MPa (EC2 §3.1.6)
fyd=fyk/γs=400/1.15=348 MPa (EC2 §3.2.7)
Modulus of elasticity of concrete Ecm=31.0GPa

2. Dimensions and loads

Beam web width bw=0.250 m, beam height h=0.500 m

Effective flange width beff=1.250 m, slab thickness hf=0.180 m
Effective depth of cross section d1=Cnom+  s+1.1  =40+8+1.1x16=66mm, d2=66mm, d=500-66=434mm

Ultimate limit state (ULS)

Bending moment Med=200.00kNm, Shear Ved=0.00kN, Axial force Ned=0.00kN (compression)
Serviceability limit state (SLS)
Bending moment Med=140.00kNm, Shear Ved=0.00kN, Axial force Ned=0.00kN (compression)

3. Ultimate limit state (ULS), design for bending (EC2 EN1992-1-1:2004, §6.1, §9.2.1)

Effective depth of cross section d1=Cnom+  s+1.1  =40+8+1.1x16=66mm, d=500-66=434mm

Reinforcement for bending (only tension reinforcement is needed)
Dimensioning for bending: Allgower,G.-Avak,R. Bemessungstafeln nach Eurocode 2
fur Rechteck und Plattenbalkenquerschnitte, In: Beton - und Stahlbetonbau 87 (1992)
Med=200.00kNm beff=1250mm d=434mm Kd= 3.43 x/d=0.08 εc2/εs1=-1.8/20.0 ks=2.96, As1=13.65cm²
x=0.08x434=35<hf=180mm neutral axis within the depth of top flange
Minimum longitudinal tension reinf., As>=0.26bd·fctm/fyk, (As,min= 1.84cm²) (EC2 §9.2.1.1.1)
Maximum tension or compression reinf., As<=0.04Ac , (As,max=50.00cm²) (EC2 §9.2.1.1.3)

Reinforcement for bending: + (13.60cm²) (bottom)

3.1. Ultimate moment capacity of cross section (EC2 EN1992-1-1:2004, §6.1)

bw=250mm, h=500mm, bf=1250mm, hf=180mm, d=434mm, As1=1360mm², As2=0mm²

εc2=-1.80‰, εs1=19.87‰, As1/b·d=0.00251(0.251%)
x/d=εc2/(εc2+εs1)=1.80/(1.80+19.87)=0.083, x=36.1mm
ar=0.630, ka=0.369, Fc=ar·b·x·fcd=Fs1=473.69kN, As1=Fs1/fyd=1361mm²
z=d-ka·x=([1-ka·εc2/(εc2+εs1)]d, z/d=1.0-0.369x0.083=0.969, z=421.1mm,
Kd²=1/(0.630·0.083·0.969·16.67)=1.183 mm²/N, Kd=1.087
-6
Bending capacity Mr=b·d²/Kd²=[10 ]x1250x434²/1.183=200.00kNm
x=36.1 mm<= Hf= 180mm neutral axis in flange
Bending capacity (εc2/εs1=1.80/19.87) Mr =200.00kNm

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4. Shear between web and flanges (EC2 EN1992-1-1:2004, §6.2.4)

Fc=Fs=0.001x1360x348=473 kN
ΔFd=Fc·(beff-bw)/(2beff)=473.0x(1250-250)/(2x1250)=189kN
Beam span L=3.00 m, Δx=1.00x3.00/4=0.75 m (EC2 §5.3.2.1)
Vrdmax=ν·hf·fcd·sinθ·cosθ, fcd=16.67Mpa, θ=26.5°
ν=0.6(1-fck/250)=0.54 (EC2 Eq.6.6N)
Vrdmax=0.54x180x16.67xsin26.5°xcos26.5°=647kN/m (EC2 Eq.6.22)
ΔFd/Δx=189/0.75=252<=Vrdmax=647 kN/m, the check is verified
Transverse reinforcement per unit length Asf/sf (EC2 Eq.6.21)
Asf/sf=10x252/(348xcot26.5°)= 3.61cm²/m
Minimum reinforcement: Asmin=ρwmin·hc·b (EC2 §9.2.2.5)
ρwmin=0.08  fck/fyk=0.08  25/400=0.0010
Asmin=ρwmin·hc·b= 0.0010x18.0x100= 1.80cm²/m
Transverse reinforcement Asf/sf=  ( 3.65cm²/m)

ΔFd/Δx=252>0.40·hf·Fctd=0.40x180x1.20=86 kN/m (EC2 §6.2.4.5)

In case of transverse flexural reinforcement from plate bending,
the steel area should be the greater or half the above, plus
the required for transverse bending (EC2 §6.2.4.5)

5. Serviceability limit state (SLS) (EC2 EN1992-1-1:2004, §7)

Med(SLS)=140.00 kNm
Final creep coefficient φ(  ,tο)=3.22 (EC2 §3.1.4, Annex B)
Total shrinkage strain εcs=-0.30‰
γc=1.00, γs=1.00 (EC2 §2.4.2.4.2)
Modulus of elasticity of concrete Ecm=31.0GPa, Eceff=31.0/(1+3.22)=7.35GPa=7350MPa (EC2 Eq.7.20)
Modulus of elasticity of steel Es=200GPa=200000MPa
Modular ratio Es/Ec=200/31.0=6.45, effective Es/Ec,eff=200/7.35=27.21
Tension reinforcement: + (13.60cm²)
Reinforcement ratio ρ=Αs1/(b·d)=1360/(1250x434)=0.003

5.1. State I (uncracked section) (SLS)

Bending stiffness of uncracked section, EI=(200/27.21)x(0.001x6.733)=49486 kNm²
Ai=Ac+(n-1)(As1+As2), e=(n-1)(As1·y1s-As2·y2s)/Ai, I=Ic+b·h·e²+(As1·y1s²+As2·y2s²)(n-1)
S=As.y2s=(0.001)²x1360x0.235=(0.001)x0.320 m³ , y2=301mm, y2s=y2-d2=301-66=235mm (EC2 Eq.7.21)
Curvature due to moment 1/rM=140.00/49486=(0.001)x2.829 (1/m)
Curvature due to shrinkage 1/rcs=(0.001x0.30)x27.21x(0.320/6.733)=(0.001)x0.388(1/m)
Total curvature 1/r=(0.001)x2.829+(0.001)x0.388=(0.001)x3.217(1/m)
Cracking moment, Mcr=fctm·(I/y2)=2.6x(6.733/0.301)=58.19 kNm

5.2. State II (fully cracked section) (SLS)

ρ=As/(b·d)=0.003, n=αe=27.21, n·ρ=0.082, ξ=0.596, α=0.331, x=α·d=0.144m
Bending stiffness of fully cracked section, EI=ξ·Es·As·d²=0.596x200x1360x0.434²=30573 kNm²
y2=(1-α)d=291mm, εs=y2·M/EI=(0.001)x291x140.00/30573=1.33
S=As.y2=(0.001)²x1360x0.291=(0.001)x0.395 m³ (EC2 Eq.7.21)
Curvature due to moment 1/rM=140.00/30573=(0.001)x4.579 (1/m)
Curvature due to shrinkage 1/rcs=(0.001x0.30)x27.21x(0.395/4.160)=(0.001)x0.480(1/m)
Total curvature 1/r=(0.001)x4.579+(0.001)x0.480=(0.001)x5.059(1/m)
Med=140.00 kNm, εc/εs=0.66/1.33, x=144mm, σs=266 N/mm²

5.3. Checking deflections by calculation (SLS) (EN1992-1-1, §7.4.3)

ζ=1-0.50·(Mcr/Med)²=1-0.50x(58.19/140.00)²=0.91 (Eq.7.19)
Final curvature (1/r)=0.91x(0.001x5.059)+(1-0.91)x(0.001x3.217)=(0.001)x4.900(1/m) (Eq.7.18)

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5.4. Minimum reinforcement areas (SLS) (EC2 EN1992-1-1:2004, §7.3.2)

Minimum reinforcement areas As,min=kc·k·fct,eff·Act/σs (EC2 Eq.7.1)

b=0.250m, beff=1.250m, h=0.500m, d=0.434m, x=0.144m,  =16mm
Ned=0.00kN, σc=(Ned/bh)=0.0N/mm², σs=fyd=348N/mm²
Act=(h-x)·b=(500-144)x250=89098 mm²
max(h,b1)=1mm, fctm=2.60N/mm², Act=89098mm², k=0.86, kc=0.40, k1=1.50
Minimum reinforcement, As,min=0.40x0.86x2.60x89098/348=229mm²

5.5. Calculation of crack width (SLS) (EC2 EN1992-1-1:2004, §7.3.3)

wk=sr,max·(εsm-εcm) (EC2 Eq.7.8)

εsm-εcm=[σs-kt·(fct,eff/ρeff)(1+αe·ρeff)]/Es >=0.6 σs/Es (EC2 Eq.7.9)
σs=266N/mm², short term loading:Es/Ec=6.45, kt=0.6, long term loading:Es/Ec=27.21, kt=0.4
Aceff=0.333(h-x)b=0.333x(500-144)x250=29670 mm² (§7.3.2.3)
ρeff=As/Ac,eff=1360/29670=0.046
εsm-εcm=[266-0.4x(2.6/0.046)(1+27.21x0.046)]/200=1.08‰ >= 0.6x266/200=0.80‰
sr,max=k3·(Cnom+  s)+k1·k2·k4·  / ρeff (EC2 Eq.7.11)
 =16mm, k1=0.8, k2=(e1+e2)/2e1=0.5, k3=3.4, k4=0.425
sr,max=3.4x48.00+0.8x0.5x0.425x16/0.046=222.54 mm
wk=sr,max·(εsm-εcm)=222.54x0.001x1.08=0.24 mm
wk=0.24mm<=0.40mm=wmax, Environmental class: XC1, Crack width under limit

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