Name:- Tushar Nepale

SE (B)
Sub:- Internet of Things
ROLL NO:- 88

Case study:- 1

Topic: Various Sensors and Their Internal Operation

Introduction:

Sensors play a vital role in our daily lives by converting physical or chemical
properties into electrical signals. These electrical signals are processed and used to
control various devices, machines, and systems. There are various types of sensors
available in the market, and each sensor has a unique operating principle.

Body: Here are some examples of various sensors and their internal operation:

1. Temperature Sensor: Temperature sensors measure the temperature of the

surrounding environment and convert it into electrical signals. The most
common type of temperature sensor is the thermistor. A thermistor is a
resistor that changes its resistance as the temperature changes. The resistance
change is then converted into electrical signals.
2. Pressure Sensor: Pressure sensors measure the pressure of the surrounding
environment and convert it into electrical signals. The most common type of
pressure sensor is the piezoresistive sensor. A piezoresistive sensor contains a
thin layer of piezoresistive material that changes its resistance as the pressure
changes. The resistance change is then converted into electrical signals.
3. Light Sensor: Light sensors measure the amount of light present in the
surrounding environment and convert it into electrical signals. The most
common type of light sensor is the photodiode. A photodiode is a
semiconductor device that converts light into electrical current. The amount of
current produced is proportional to the amount of light present.
4. Motion Sensor: Motion sensors detect motion in the surrounding environment
and convert it into electrical signals. The most common type of motion sensor
is the passive infrared sensor. A passive infrared sensor detects changes in
temperature caused by movement. The sensor then converts the temperature
changes into electrical signals.
5. Humidity Sensor: Humidity sensors measure the humidity of the surrounding
environment and convert it into electrical signals. The most common type of
 humidity sensor is the capacitive sensor. A capacitive sensor measures the
capacitance of a material that changes with humidity. The capacitance change
is then converted into electrical signals.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, sensors are an essential component of various devices and

systems. The internal operation of each sensor varies based on its operating
principle. Understanding the internal operation of sensors is crucial for selecting the
right sensor for a particular application and for designing the appropriate electronic
circuitry for processing the sensor output.