Saint Theresa College of Tandag,

Inc.College of Criminology
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Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND SCOPE

Background of the Study

COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by a newly

discovered strain of coronavirus; a type of virus known to cause

respiratory infections in human. This new strain was unknown

before December 2019, when an outbreak of a pneumonia of

unidentified cause emerged in Wuhan, China. Although for most

people COVID-19 causes only mild illness, it can make some people

very ill. More rarely, the disease can be fatal for older people,

and those with pre-existing medical conditions such as high blood

pressure, heart problems or diabetes appear to be more

vulnerable. The COVID-19 virus spreads primarily through droplets

of saliva or discharge from the nose when an infected person

coughs or sneezes, so it’s important that you also practice

respiratory etiquette (for example, by coughing into a flexed

elbow).

COVID 19 pandemic served as a great threat to the Philippine

community that challenged our government, health systems, and

institutions. Philippines - as one of the third world country

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with challenged health system was very vulnerable on this disease

and Philippines still continue to face public health challenges

specially on facing this kind of pandemic. Despite the challenge,

the Philippine government is taking several steps to control the

spread of the virus; including travel restrictions, closure of

schools and colleges, as well as training schools of the

Philippines National Police. Likewise, lockdowns per City and

Barangay was implemented to contain the spread of the virus and

intensive contact tracing were made to ensure that not everyone

will be affected. Different Administrative Orders and Executive

Orders were served to help contain and eliminate the virus.

Drawing from experiences of previous pandemics, the Philippine

government conducted contact tracing and imposed a travel ban

covering foreigners from China, Hong Kong and Macau after reports

of the first few cases and deaths due to COVID-19. In the

succeeding weeks, it issued another travel ban covering

foreigners from South Korea and Taiwan. However, these bans were

only briefly successful as the number of confirmed cases

increased in the weeks that followed. While the bans prevented

potentially infected people from spreading the disease in the

Philippines, travelers from other countries where the disease was

already spreading but not subject to the travel bans were not

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tested. No other interventions were done until early community

transmission was reported on March 6 and after the WHO declared

COVID-19 as a pandemic on March 11 (researchgate.net, 2020). The

Philippine government responded to both developments by declaring

a ‘community quarantine’ for Metro Manila and other cities

beginning March 15 until April 14, and was made even more

stringent by extending the quarantine to the whole country. This

quarantine consisted of the following measures: social

distancing; suspension of classes; closure of sea, air, and land

travel; establishment of checkpoints for temperature screening;

temporary closure of non-essential business establishments;

encouragement of work-from-home arrangements; and prohibition of

mass gatherings and non-essential public events. However, as the

days go by the number of cases still increases day by day and the

government responded to these reactions by implementing an

‘enhanced community quarantine’ in Metro Manila and other greatly

affected cities. The enhanced community quarantine consisted of:

strict home quarantine in all households; suspension of all forms

of public transportation; regulation of the provision for food

and essential health services; and implementation of a heightened

presence of uniformed personnel enforcing quarantine procedures.

In addition, curfews were implemented from 8:00 PM to 5:00 AM

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(researchgate.net, 2020). As of today, ECQ to some cities were

lifted and was on Community Quarantine or declared the new normal

but strict COVID 19 protocols were still implemented and people

were reminded to be more careful in going outside and strengthen

their immune system for them not to be easily affected by the

virus.

COVID 19 had also a great effect in the Philippines economy,

the ongoing coronavirus impact is expected to result in a subdued

growth for the economy in 2020. Ruben Carlo Asuncion, chief

economist for Union Bank of the Philippines, noted that the

coronavirus outbreak could cost the Philippine economy $600m or

0.8% of economic growth if it lasts for six months, as quoted by

CNN Philippines. Furthermore, COVID 19 had also impacted the

Philippines businesses and tourist spot because of the

implemented travel bans and inter – region lock downs. Nearly

half of the Filipinos was also reported to be jobless because of

the pandemic, Social Weather Stations (SWS), a reputable

Philippine polling firm, found that 45.4 percent of the country’s

workforce was unemployed or had lost jobs during the pandemic,

easily breaking a nationwide jobless record of 34.4 percent set

back in March 2012 (www.news.cnn, 2020). But amidst the ongoing

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chaos made by this pandemic, we the Filipinos remained resilient

and is optimistic that we can overcome from this dilemma.

Along with the several EO implemented by the government to

help prevent the spread of the virus was the inter-barangay and

inter-region lockdowns which our region - CARAGA and our Barangay

is facing right now. As we have observed, we in our Barangay are

very cooperative to the Orders being issued. There are

checkpoints being made upon entry and exit in the area,

temperature checks are done upon entry in certain areas that had

high cases of COVID 19 and our Local Government Units were

working hand in hand to eliminate roadblocks and challenges with

regards to implementation of Orders. The community understands

the need for inspections and checkpoints and people are also

concerned of each other’s need and make sure that no one gets

left behind.

We, the researchers hope that this study will give

enlightenment on the real situation that our country is facing

right now and will encourage everyone to cooperate and help fight

against this pandemic. In addition, the researchers undertake the

study in order to determine to what extent the health protocols

are enforced for the prevention of the spread of corona virus in

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Tandag City.

Theoretical Framework

This study is based on the theory that health protection

among people is an utmost responsibility of the government for a

stronger and more progressive nation (Flavier, 2007).

According to Richards (2020), depending on the COVID-19

threat, law enforcement’s role may include enforcing public

health orders (e.g., quarantines or travel restrictions),

securing the perimeter of contaminated areas, securing health

care facilities, controlling crowds, investigating scenes of

suspected biological terrorism, and protecting national

stockpiles of vaccines or other medicines. In a large-scale

incident, such as a pandemic, law enforcement resources will

quickly become overwhelmed, and law enforcement officials will

have to balance their resources and efforts between these new

responsibilities and everyday service demands. All of this may

have to be accomplished with a greatly diminished workforce, as

officers and their families may become infected and ill, and some

personnel may determine that the risk of continuing to report to

work is just too great to themselves or their families. A

department’s ability to respond effectively to any emergency—

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public health or otherwise—greatly depends on its preparedness,

and this is directly linked to the law enforcement agency’s

planning and its partnerships.

According to Yucel (2020), suggested that, city leaders need

to work with their law enforcement leaders to make sure officers

have clear guidance on the proper procedures regarding the

isolation and detention of infected community members. Law

enforcement officers should be provided information about how to

detain or isolate a person who is perceived as having an

infectious disease, including how to handle situations when a

person fails to comply. Policies should clearly stipulate how to

handle arrests. Law enforcement may also need to identify a

location other than the local jail for detention and isolation of

individuals who do not comply with health emergency declarations.

These locations should ensure that social distancing guidelines

are followed.

According to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

(CDC) (2020), they had outlined protective recommendations for

first responders, such as law enforcement officers, who

anticipate they may come into contact with persons infected with

COVID-19. These CDC recommendations include: wearing PPE, such as

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disposable gloves, disposable gowns or coveralls, particulate

respirator [N-95 designation or higher, that is approved by the

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH); if

N-95 respirators are unavailable, a facemask was listed as an

alternative until supply chains are restored], and eye protection

(such as goggles or a disposable face shield). Furthermore, the

CDC (2020) recommends that, should an officer come into contact

with an individual during apprehension, they should clean and

disinfect all gear prior to reusing, follow procedure to properly

contain and dispose of the PPE, and follow procedure to properly

contain and launder clothing. If agencies and officers follow

these recommendations, the CDC estimated that the health risk for

law enforcement personnel would remain low (CDC, 2020).

The virus is compelling a range of reactions from law

enforcement, the courts, and corrections that also signal

research opportunities. Law enforcement in some places face

shortages in personal protective equipment and access to testing

while increasingly and somewhat ironically tasked with more virus

generated risky work however, our enforcers still do the best

that they can to cater to our countries needs by enacting

enforced EO’s thru boundary checkpoints, scrutinizing thoroughly

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the people who are in or out of checkpoints and also taking the

lead in making our country safe from terrorists.

Conceptual Framework

Similar to man-made or naturally-occurring critical

incidents that cause physical damage, such as terrorism,

hurricanes, or earthquakes, a virus pandemic affects how local

law enforcement agencies operate in various ways (Brito, Luna, &

Sanberg). Most critical incidents, though, only affect a limited

geographic area and do not last very long, allowing other non-

affected agencies to aid the community throughout the most severe

phases of the incident (Brito et. al). 

Box one (1) of the Schematic Diagram shows the profile of

respondents and their functions and responsibilities in the

implementation of the health protocols amid COVID-19.

Box two (2) indicates the implementation of guidelines and

directives on health protocols providing future responses to

COVID-19 pandemic.

Relating the two sets of variables based on the analysis and

interpretation of the gathered data once their study will be

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conducted, the output expected is towards the containment of the

spread of corona virus and the maintenance of public order.

I. Profile of Implementation of the

Respondents Guidelines and

Directives on Health
 Age
Protocols as to:
 Gender
Containment of the
 Highest Educational  Traffic
Spread of
Attainment Management
Coronavirus and
 Work Status  Area of
Maintenance of
II. Functions and Assignment
Public Order
Responsibilities of the  Quarantine

Respondents Facilities

 Travel
 Health Regulations
Restrictions
 Safety Regulations
 Contact Tracing

 Wearing of

Protective Gears
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Figure 1. The Schematic Diagram of the Study

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to determine the status of enforcing the

health protocols amid COVID-19 by the law enforcement agencies in

Tandag City. It suggests measures towards the containment of the

spread of corona virus and maintenance of public order.

It seeks to answer the following sub-problems:

1. What is the profile of respondents as to:

1.1 Age;

1.2 Gender;

1.3 Highest Educational Attainment, and

1.4 Work Status?

2. How are the functions and responsibilities in the

implementation of health protocols carried out as to:

2.1 Health Regulations, and

2.2 Safety Regulations?

3. How effective is the implementation of guidelines and

directives on health protocols as to:

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3.1 Traffic Management;

3.2 Area of Assignment;

3.3 Quarantine Facilities;

3.4 Travel Restrictions;

3.5 Contact Tracing, and

3.6 Wearing of Protective Gears?

4. Is there a significant relationship between the profile of

respondents and the implementation of guidelines and directives

on health protocols?

5. Is there a significant relationship between the functions and

responsibilities of the respondents and the implementation of

guidelines and directives on health protocols?

6. What problems are encountered in the implementation of the

health protocols?

7. What measures can be recommended to contain the spread of

corona virus and maintain public safety and order?

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Hypotheses

HO1: There is no significant relationship between the

profile of respondents and the implementation of guidelines and

directives on health protocols.

HO2: There is no significant relationship between the

functions and responsibilities of the respondents and the

implementation of guidelines and directives on health protocols

Significance of the Study

This study is significant to the following groups:

Community. This study may serve as an awareness of the

crucial proper compliance of existing measures, the benefits of

compliance and the consequences of noncompliance as the

government works and the importance of cooperation to be able to

overcome and end the crisis brought by COVID-19.

Law Enforcement Officers. This study will help state and

local law enforcement officials and policymakers to understand

COVID-19 (including terminology, background information,

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additional resources and methods of transmission) and the threat

they pose to public health and safety.

LGUs. This study may urge the local government units to

enhance their Test, Trace, and Treat strategy to support

necessary legislative measures that can address the public’s most

immediate needs.

Health Organizations. This study may address on improving

capacity to provide critical care through augmentation of

equipment and workforce and ensuring it can manage possible surge

of cases.

Future Researchers. The result of this study can serve as

basis for further study of the measures to improve the

enforcement of health protocols against virus pandemic.

Scope and Limitations of the Study

This study entitled “Enforcement of the Health Protocols

Amid COVID-19”, will be conducted among one-hundred (120)

respondents within Tandag City in February 2021.

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It covers the following areas: Profile, Functions and

Responsibilities of the respondents, the enforcement and

implementation of guidelines and directives on health protocols.

Definition of Terms

For clarity purposes, the following terms are defined:

Enforcement. Enforcement is the process of ensuring

compliance with laws, regulations, rules, standards, and social

norms.

Health protocols. In a healthcare setting, a protocol, also

called a medical guideline, is a set of instructions which

describe a process to be followed to investigate a particular set

of findings in a patient, or the method which should be followed

to control a certain disease.

Health regulations. Health regulations are set of procedures

that help the health care professionals to deliver their full

services to patients especially during spreading of disease while

it is endemic so that they could prevent the disease from

becoming epidemic or pandemic.

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Safety regulations. Safety regulations are regulations or

rules that are put in place to ensure that a product, event, etc,

is safe and not dangerous.

Traffic management. Traffic management is the organization,

arrangement, guidance and control of both stationary and moving

traffic, including pedestrians, bicyclists and all types of

vehicles. Its aim is to provide for the safe, orderly and

efficient movement of persons and goods, and to protect and,

where possible, enhance the quality of the local environment on

and adjacent to traffic facilities.

Area of assignment. Area of assignment are those areas

identified as principal population centers or other areas handled

by personnel requiring protection under the laws or regulations. 

Quarantine. Quarantine is a restriction on the movement of

people and goods which is intended to prevent the spread

of disease or pests. It is often used in connection to disease

and illness, preventing the movement of those who may have been

exposed to a communicable disease, but do not have a

confirmed medical diagnosis.

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Quarantine Facility. Quarantine facility means any place

that is used for the detention of a traveler or of a conveyance

for the purpose of quarantine and confinement.

Travel Restriction. Travel restriction is the limitation and

control or the suspension of the travel privilege and as such,

prevents people from traveling freely.

Contact tracing. Contact tracing is the process of

identifying, assessing, and managing people who have been exposed

to a disease to prevent onward transmission. When systematically

applied, contact tracing will break the chains of transmission of

COVID-19 and is an essential public health tool for controlling

the virus.

Wearing of protective gears. Wearing of protective gears or

specialized clothing and equipment (e.g., masks, gloves, eye

protection) that protects a person from exposure to chemicals or

transmissible diseases.

Containment of the spread of Corona virus. An act of keeping

something harmful under control or within limits to prevent the

spread of corona virus.

Maintenance of public order. To secure the rule of law for

maintaining public order and security by patrolling, handling

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emergency duties, providing advice and guidance, and preventing

unlawful activity.

Chapter 2

RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This Chapter deals with the different services of ideas,

information and other studies related to the present study.

Foreign

According to the study of Yulong Cao, et al (2020) on Status

and Challenges of Public Health Emergency Management in China

related to COVID 19 they believed that surveillance systems are

an important source for detecting early warning signs. Many

countries have established such systems in order to be able to

assess and control public health emergency events. Using the

lessons learned from the SARS outbreaks, to address the threats

of public health emergency events, China established the National

Notifiable Infectious Disease Surveillance System, the Public

Health Emergency Event Surveillance System, and the China

Infectious Disease Automated-alert and Response System (CIDARS).

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These systems are four-level from the national to the county and

include all health care institutions across the country, allowing

for the development and application of an early warning system at

the county level in China. Some studies have compared the Chinese

emergency events surveillance system with those of other

countries and have found that China has a broader “all-hazard”

approach, including, for example, chemical incidents. Their study

also believed that A well-defined operational framework is an

important subject in the management of public health emergencies,

as it is responsible for good or bad performance and will hence

decide the result of a public health emergency.

A study by Kim et al (2020), analyzed the genetic

information of the COVID-19 virus isolated from a patient in

South Korea. The virus was identified by real-time reverse

transcriptase (RT) PCR followed by Next Generation Sequencing of

the full-length of the genome. In an interim report by the COVID-

19 National Emergency Response Center of the KCDC,

epidemiological and clinical characteristics of COVID-19 in 28

cases in South Korea were reported. There were 53.9% of cases who

were males, with 16 cases in patients who had traveled abroad, of

which 11 cases (39.3%) were from Wuhan, China, and 12 of the

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remaining cases were believed to have been infected in South

Korea. The incubation period was 4.8 days. Most secondary

infected cases were from family members outside the family home

(66.7%) and within the family home (75%) which is why they

believed that isolation is the best treatment to contain the

spread of the virus.

A study by Ibrahim Afzal, et al (2020) also focused on

Contact tracing approach in the Maldives was examined and

information on the cases and contacts was extracted from the

GO.DATA software and the outbreak online database that was

adopted by the Maldives for COVID-19 epidemic. A mathematical

model was developed to provide information on expected number of

cases and contacts. The effectiveness of contact tracing was

analyzed by comparing the model-projected figures and the actual

cases and contacts reported. The setting was National Emergency

Operations Centre of the Maldives for COVID-19 outbreak, and the

subjects were cases and contacts of COVID-19. Up to July 19, 2020

(week 29), there were 2966 confirmed cases and 23 091 contacts

traced. The procedures employed in the contact tracing and

containment measures in the Maldives were effective in delaying

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the spread of COVID-19 in the community. The cases and contacts

were found to be lower than the predicted mathematical model.

Local

A study of Aguilar, et.al (2020) believed that it is

difficult to measure the effectiveness of each individual method

however a combination of multiple control measures is necessary,

since this could increase the success in reducing the

transmission of the COVID -19 disease. In addition, the

aggressiveness of government efforts and the compliance among the

population are the main factors for the effectiveness of the

containment and mitigation measures implemented. Even the best

prepared government may not be able to overcome this crisis

without the participation of their populations. Thus, efforts

should be directed at the creation of standard guidelines to

improve the containment and mitigation efforts, considering the

characteristics of the virus and community acceptance.

According to Ocampo and Yamagishi (2020) governments are

resorting to trial-and-error approach in creating a lockdown exit

strategy while preventing succeeding waves of cases that may

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overwhelm healthcare facilities. Thus, this work pioneers the use

of the decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL)

method with intuitionistic fuzzy (IF) sets along with the domain

of public health and the emerging COVID-19 pandemic. The DEMATEL

handles the intertwined causal relationships among guideline

protocols for the relaxation strategy. The intuitionistic fuzzy

set theory addresses the vagueness and uncertainty of human

judgments in the context of the DEMATEL. A case study of the

Philippine government response for the lockdown exit is presented

to evaluate the applicability of the proposed method. Findings

reveal that compliance of minimum public health standards,

limited movement of persons, suspension of physical classes, the

prohibition of mass gatherings, non-operation of category IV

industries, and non-operation of hotels or similar establishments

are the most crucial protocols for such strategy. These findings

offer practical insights for the government to allocate resources

and impose measures to ensure their implementation, as well as

for developing mitigation efforts to cushion their socio-economic

impacts. Policy insights and avenues for future works are also

discussed.

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A lot of studies were made and presented to ensure the

containment of the virus however A well-defined operational

framework is an important subject in the management of public

health emergencies, as it is responsible for good or bad

performance and will hence decide the result of a public health

emergency.

Insights Gained

The foregoing concepts on the related literature and studies

are very relevant to the present study because they indicate

strategies, approaches, knowledge and processes that would guide

the researchers in the shaping up of the present study. The

inputs gained will contribute to the comprehension and

reliability of this to the comprehension and reliability of this

research.

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CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter deals with the research design, research locale

and respondents, sampling technique, research instrumentation,

validation of instrument, data gathering procedure and

statistical treatment of data.

Research Design

This study uses the quantitative-correlational design

because it describes the existing conditions of the phenomenon of

the study by using numerical statistics. It also establishes the

significant relationship of the variables with the end view of

containing the spread of coronavirus and maintaining at the same

time the peace and order in Tandag City.

Research Locale and Respondents

This study will be conducted in Tandag City which is the

capital of Surigao del Sur on February 2021, it uses one-hundred

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twenty (120) total of respondents that includes Philippine

National Police (PNP) officers and men, medical practitioners,

volunteers and selected residents of Tandag City.

Table 1

Respondents of the Study

N=120

Persons Involved No. of Respondents Percentage

Philippine National

Police (PNP) 20 17%

Officers

Medical
20 17%
Practitioners

Barangay Health
10 8%
Workers(BHW)

Barangay Tanod 10 8%

Traffic Management
10 8%
Group (TMG)

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Residents 50 42%

Total 120 100%

Sampling Techniques

The respondents will be chosen through random sampling.

Research Instrumentation

The study will use questionnaire as the data gathering of

the study. The questions will be constructed by the researchers

with the assistance of their adviser.

Validation of Instrument

This research is validated by the experts that include the

Dean of the College of Criminology, Adviser and the Vice

President for Academic Affairs.

Data Gathering Procedure

A letter request will be sent to the Dean of the College of

Criminology and Vice President for Academic Affairs for their

approval on the conduct of the study. After the approval, the

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validated questionnaire will be distributed to the selected

respondents within Tandag City.

Statistical Treatment
This study uses the simple percentage, weighted mean and

pearson r Correlation.

Bibliography

CDC. "Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)". Centers for

Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 22 October 2020.

"Q&A on coronaviruses (COVID-19)". World Health Organization

(WHO). 11 February 2020.

Aguilar, Krissy (March 25, 2020). "Duterte signs law on

special powers vs COVID-19". Philippine Daily Inquirer.
Retrieved March 25, 2020.

www.researchgate.net, 2020

www.news.cnn, 2020

https://www.coronavirus.gov

https://www.nih.gov/coronavirus

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sars-cov-2/

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https://mk.gov.lv/en/aktualitates/epidemiological-safety-
measures-containment-spread-covid-19-infection-adopted-10-july

https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-
2019?
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EWBR2GRQEfEAAYASAAEgJM5vD_BwE

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