Analysis of Structures

STATICS OF RIGID BODIES
ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES
There are many kinds of structure. This section will limit to those that are pin connected.
Two types of pin-connected structures will be covered here: pin-connected
trusses and pin-connected frames.
Methods of analysis:
1) Method of Joints
2) Method of Sections
3) Method of Members
Analysis of Simple Truss
An ideal truss is a structure which is composed completely of axial members that are
assumed to be weightless. Members are connected by pinned joints, forming
triangular substructures within the main structure and with the external loads applied
only at the joints.
In real trusses, of course, the members have weight, but it is often much less than the
applied load and may be neglected with little error.
Each member of the truss is either in tension or compression. A member in tension

causes forces which pull away from its end joints whereas a member in compression
causes forces which push towards the end joints.
Method of Joints
The free-body diagram of any joint is a concurrent force system in which the
summation of moment will be of no help. This means that to solve completely for the
1
Department of Civil Engineering. College of Engineering. University of the East - Manila
forces acting on a joint, we must select a joint with no more than two unknown forces
involved. This can be started by selecting a joint acted on by only two members. The
following equations are to be used:
∑ Fh=0
∑ Fv=0
EXAMPLES
1. Determine the member stresses of the truss shown.

d
b f
a 30o c 30o e 30o g 30o h
600 N 1,000 N 400 N
2.0 m 2.0 m 2.0 m 2.0 m
SOLUTION
b f
a 30o c 30o e 30o g 30o h

R ax
600 N 1,000 N 400 N

R ay Rh
2
∑ Mh =0
Ray (8)-600(6)-1,000(4)-400(2)=0
Ray =1,050 N
∑ Ma =0
-Rh (8)+600(2)+1,000(4)+400(6)=0
Rk =950 N
at joint a
ab
a 30o
ac
0
1050
∑ Fv =0
1,050-ab sin 30° =0

ab=2,100 N (C)
∑ Fh =0
-ab cos 30° +ac=0

ac=1,818.65 N (T)
3
at joint c bd
ab cb
b 30o
o
30 30o
a o
30 c
ac ca ce
0
ba be
bc
600
∑ Fv =0
cb-600=0
cb=600 N (T)
∑ Fh =0
-ca+ce=0
-1,818.65+ce=0
ce=1,818.65 N (T)
at joint B
bd
ab cb
b 30o
d
30o 30o
ac c ce 60o 60o
ca
ba be d
bc db de
600
∑ Fv =0
- bd sin 30° -be sin 30° +2,100 sin 30° -600=0

bd+be= 900; (eq. 1)
4
∑ Fh =0
- bd cos 30° +be cos 30° +2,100 cos 30° =0

- bd+be=-2100; (eq. 2)
bd=1,500 N (C)
be=- 600 N (C)
bd
at joint D
b 30o
d
o
30 30o
60o 60o
be df
bc db de
∑ Fh =0
db sin 60° -df sin 60° =0

1,500 sin 60° -df sin 60° =0
df=1,500 N (C)
∑ Fv =0
db cos 60° +df cos 60° +de=0

1,500 cos 60° +1,500 cos 60° +de=0
de=- 1,500 N (T)
5
at joint e
gf
ed
eb ef g
ge
30o 30o
ec e eg 400
1,000
∑ Fv =0
- eb sin 30° +ef sin 30° +ed-1,000=0

- 600 sin 30° +ef sin 30° +1,500-1,000=0
ef=- 400 N (C)
∑ Fh =0
- ec+eb cos 30° -ef cos 30° +eg=0

-1,818. 65+600 cos 30° -400 cos 30° +eg=0
eg=1,645.45 N (T)
at joint g
gf hf
ed
eb ef g hg
o
30 h
ge gh
30o 30o
ec e eg 400
950
1,000 ∑ Fv =0
gf-400=0
gf=400 N (T)
6
∑ Fh =0
-ge+gh=0
-1,645.45+gh=0
gh=1,645.45 N (T)
at joint h
hf
hg
o
30 h
gh
950
∑ Fv =0
950-hf sin 30° =0

hf=1,900 N (C)
2. Determine the member stresses of the truss shown.
20 kN
h j
30 kN
b d f
4.0 m
2.0 m
a c e g i k
40 kN
3.0 m 3.0 m 3.0 m 3.0 m 3.0 m
7
SOLUTION
20 kN
h j
30 kN
b d f
4.0 m
2.0 m
a c e g i k
R ax
40 kN
3.0 m 3.0 m 3.0 m 3.0 m 3.0 m
R ay Rk
∑ Mk =0
Ray (15)-40(12)-30(9)-20(3)=0
Ray =54 kN
∑ Ma =0
-Rk (15)+40(3)+30(6)+20(12)=0
Rk =36 kN
at joint a
ab cb
2
3
a c
R ax ac ca ce
40 kN
R ay
8
∑ Fv =0
2
Ray -ab ( ) =0
√13
ab=97.35 kN (C)
∑ Fh =0
3
-ab ( ) +ac=0
√13
ac=81.0 kN (T)
at joint c
ab cb
b
2 bd
3 d
a c 2
ac ca ce 2
3
3
ba bc be
40 kN
R ay ∑ Fv =0
cb-40=0
cb=40 kN (T)
∑ Fh =0
-ca+ce=0
ce=81 kN (T)
9
at joint b 30 kN
cb
b
bd d
2
db df
ca c 2
ce 3 2
3
3
ba bc be
40 kN de dg
∑ Fv =0
2 2
ba ( ) -40-be ( ) =0
√13 √13
be=25.24 kN (T)
∑ Fh =0
3 3
ba ( ) +be ( ) -bd=0
√13 √13
bd=102 kN (C)
at joint e
30 kN
eb ed
d
df 2
3
2
3 ec e eg
de dg ∑ Fv =0
2
eb ( ) -ed=0
√13
ed=14 kN (C)
10
∑ Fh =0
3
-ec-eb ( ) +eg=0
√13
eg=102 kN (T)
at joint d
30 kN
eb ed
b
bd d
2
db df 2
2 3
3 2
3
3 ec e
ba bc be
de dg
∑ Fv =0
2
dg ( ) +de-30=0
√13
dg=28.84 kN (C)
∑ Fh =0
3
-df-dg ( ) +bd=0
√13
df=78 kN (C)
at joint g 20 kN
fh
dg fg h hj if
2
3
f 2 2
fd 3 3
g hf
2 eg gi ig
3
hi
gf fi
11
∑ Fv =0
2
-gd ( ) +gf=0
√13
gf= 16 kN (T)
∑ Fh =0
3
-ge+gd ( ) +gi=0
√13
gi=78 kN (T)
at joint k
kj
hj j
4
3
ki k
ij kj
Rk
∑ Fv =0
-kj+36=0
kj= 36 kN (C)
∑ Fh =0
ki=0 kN (C)
12
at joint j kj
hj j
ih ij
if
4
2
4
3
ki k
3
3
ig ij kj
ik
i
∑ Fv =0 Rk
4
kj-ji ( ) =0
5
ji= 45 kN (T)
∑ Fh =0
3
jh-ji ( ) =0 kN
5
jh= 27 kN (C)
at joint h
20 kN
ih ij
dg fg h hj if
2 2 2
4
3 3 3
g hf 3
eg gi ig i
i
hi
∑ Fh =0
3
hf ( ) -jh=0
√13
hf= 32.44 kN (C)
13
∑ Fv =0
2
hi-20+hf ( ) =0 kN
√13
hi= 2 kN (C)
at joint f
fh
dg fg
2
3
f 2
fd 3
2 eg g g
3
gf fi
∑ Fv =0
2 2
fi ( ) -fh ( ) -fg=0
√13 √13
hf=61.29 kN (C)
Method of Section
In this method, we will cut the truss into two sections by passing a cutting plane through
the members whose internal forces we wish to determine. This method permits us to
directly solve any member by analyzing the left or the right section of the cutting plane.
To remain each section in equilibrium, the cut members will be replaced by forces
equivalent to the internal load transmitted to the members. Each section may
constitute of non-concurrent force system from which three equilibrium equations can
be written.
∑ Fh=0
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∑ Fv=0
∑ M=0
EXAMPLES
1. Find the member forces BC, GC and GF of the given truss shown using Method of
Sections.
b c d
2m
a
2m g 2m f 2m e
1,000 N
SOLUTION
1
b FBC c
FGC
2m
a FGF
2m g 2m f
1,000 N
1
Consider section 1 – 1, taking moment at joint C to eliminate the reactive forces

on members BC and GC.
∑ MC =0
FGF (2)-1000(4)=0
FGF =2,000 N(C)
15
Consider taking moment at joint G to eliminate the reactive forces

on members GF and GC.
∑ MG =0
FBC (2)-1000(2)=0
FBC =1,000 N(T)
∑ FV =0
1
FGC ( ) -1000=0
√2
FGF =1,414.21 N(T)
2. Find the member forces DF and DE of the given truss shown.
b f
a 30o c 30o e 30o g 30o h
600 N 1,000 N 400 N
2.0 m 2.0 m 2.0 m 2.0 m
SOLUTION
d
b f
a 30o c 30o e 30o g 30o h

R ax
600 N 1,000 N 400 N

R ay Rh
16
∑ MB =0
RA (8)=600(6)+1,000(4)+400(2)
RA =1,050 kN
∑ MA =0
RB (8)=600(2)+1,000(4)+400(6)
RB =950 kN
b DF
DE
a 30o c BE
R ax CE
600 N
R ay
2.0 m
∑ ME =0
DF cos 30°(2.31) +1,050(4)= 600(2)

DF=1,500 kN (C)
DF
b
DE
AB BE
BC
17
∑ MB =0
DE (2) = DF sin 30°(2) + DF cos 30°(2)

DE=1,500 kN (T)
Method of Members
If all the members of a pin connected structure are subjected to forces which produces
bending action, the structure is called a frame. Avoid cutting sections through
members of frames, they are analyzed by considering the force body diagrams of each
three-force member.
EXAMPLES
1. For the frame loaded shown, determine the horizontal and vertical components of
the pin pressure at B. Specify directions (upper, down, left, or right) of the force as it
acts upon member CD.
C 300 kN
2m
200 kN
4m
A D
2m 2m
SOLUTION
B
R bh
200 kN R bv
A
R ah
2m 2m
R av
18
∑ Fv =0
350+200= RBv
RBv =550 kN (down)
C 300 kN
2 m
R bh
B
R bv
4 m
D
R dh
R dv
∑ MB =0
RDh (4)=300(2)
RDh =150 kN
∑ Fv =0
RDv =RBv =550 kN
∑ Fh =0
RBh =RDh +300
RBh =150+300
RBh =450 kN
19
∑ Md =0
RAv (4)+200(2)=300(6)
RAv =350 kN
∑ Mb =0
RAh (4)+RDh (4)+300(2)=RAv (4)+200(2)
RAh (4)+150(4)+300(2)=350(4)+200(2)
RAh =150 kN
2. The frame shown in figure below is supported by a hinge at E and a roller at D.

Compute the horizontal and vertical components of the hinge force at C as it acts upon
BD.
200 kN
4m 2m
A B
o o
D 45 45 E
3m
8m
20
SOLUTION
∑ Me =0
Rd (8)=240(3)
Rd =90 kN
∑ Fv =0
Rd +Rev =240 kN
90+Rev =240 kN
Rev =150 kN
200 kN
4m 2m
A B
R ah Rbh
R av Rbv
∑ Mb =0
Rav (6)=240(2)
Rav =80 kN
∑ Fv =0
Rbv +Rav =240 kN
Rbv =160 kN
21
Rbv
B Rbh
Rch
R cv
o
D 45
Rd
∑ Fv =0
Rcv +Rd =Rbv
Rcv =160-90
Rcv =70 kN
∑ Mc =0
Rbh (3)=160(3)+90(4)
Rbh =280 kN
∑ Fh =0
Rch =Rbh
Rch =280 kN
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Analysis of Structures

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Analysis of Structures

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STATICS OF RIGID BODIES

Analysis of Simple Truss

Each member of the truss is either in tension or compression. A member in tension

1. Determine the member stresses of the truss shown.

a 30o c 30o e 30o g 30o h

600 N 1,000 N 400 N

2.0 m 2.0 m 2.0 m 2.0 m

a 30o c 30o e 30o g 30o h

600 N 1,000 N 400 N

1,050-ab sin 30° =0

-ab cos 30° +ac=0

- bd sin 30° -be sin 30° +2,100 sin 30° -600=0

- bd cos 30° +be cos 30° +2,100 cos 30° =0

db sin 60° -df sin 60° =0

db cos 60° +df cos 60° +de=0

- eb sin 30° +ef sin 30° +ed-1,000=0

- ec+eb cos 30° -ef cos 30° +eg=0

950-hf sin 30° =0

2. Determine the member stresses of the truss shown.

Consider section 1 – 1, taking moment at joint C to eliminate the reactive forces

Consider taking moment at joint G to eliminate the reactive forces

2. Find the member forces DF and DE of the given truss shown.

a 30o c 30o e 30o g 30o h

600 N 1,000 N 400 N

2.0 m 2.0 m 2.0 m 2.0 m

a 30o c 30o e 30o g 30o h

600 N 1,000 N 400 N

DF cos 30°(2.31) +1,050(4)= 600(2)

DE (2) = DF sin 30°(2) + DF cos 30°(2)

RBv =550 kN (down)

RDv =RBv =550 kN

RBh =RDh +300

RAh (4)+RDh (4)+300(2)=RAv (4)+200(2)

2. The frame shown in figure below is supported by a hinge at E and a roller at D.

Rbv +Rav =240 kN

Rcv +Rd =Rbv

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