NAVAL ARCHITECT & SHIP CONSTRUCTION

NON DESTRUCTIVE TEST

SAFETY MOMENT
Enter Enclosed Space Procedure.
• Where are Enclosed Space?
• What do check?
• Who should checked?
• Who should approved?

Do it Safely, or
Not at all.
OVERVIEW & OBJECTIVE
OVERVIEW
 Briefly describe the purposes and functions of Non-Destructive Test (NDT), methods
of NDT commonly applicable for marine industry, operator’s qualification performing
NDT and how to interpret NDT result as a marine engineer.
OBJECTIVE
 Understand the purpose and functions of NDT
 Understand the methods of NDT commonly applicable to marine industry
 Understand the operator qualification requirement to perform NDT
 Understand the method to interpret NDT result to ensure quality result and protect
shipowner interest.
PURPOSE AND FUNCTION OF NDT
 Non Destructive Test (NDT), is applying inspection on a material or component
without damaging or destroy.
 NDT, also named as Non-Destructive Inspection (NDI) or Non-Destructive
Examination (NDE).
 For marine application, NDT is mostly used on inspect plates, structures and weld for
defects.
 Some of the weld defect could occurred after welds cool-down, due to hydrogen
induction. Hence, NDT to be carried at least 8 hours after the welding and post-weld
heat treatment have been completed.
 Defects include surface and sub-surface defects.
PURPOSE AND FUNCTION OF NDT
 Non Destructive Test (NDT), is applying inspection on a material or component
without damaging or destroy.
 NDT, also named as Non-Destructive Inspection (NDI) or Non-Destructive
Examination (NDE).
 For marine application, NDT is mostly used on inspect plates, structures and weld for
defects.
 Some of the weld defect could occurred after welds cool-down, due to hydrogen
induction. Hence, NDT to be carried at least 8 hours after the welding and post-weld
heat treatment have been completed.
 Defects include surface and sub-surface defects.
PURPOSE AND FUNCTION OF NDT
 Non Destructive Test (NDT), is applying inspection on a material or component
without damaging or destroy.
 NDT, also named as Non-Destructive Inspection (NDI) or Non-Destructive
Examination (NDE).
 For marine application, NDT is mostly used on inspect plates, structures and weld for
defects.
 Some of the weld defect could occurred after welds cool-down, due to hydrogen
induction. Hence, NDT to be carried at least 8 hours after the welding and post-weld
heat treatment have been completed.
 Defects include surface and sub-surface defects.
PURPOSE AND FUNCTION OF NDT
 Non Destructive Test (NDT), is applying inspection on a material or component
without damaging or destroy.
 NDT, also named as Non-Destructive Inspection (NDI) or Non-Destructive
Examination (NDE).
 For marine application, NDT is mostly used on inspect plates, structures and weld for
defects.
 Some of the weld defect could occurred after welds cool-down, due to hydrogen
induction. Hence, NDT to be carried at least 8 hours after the welding and post-weld
heat treatment have been completed.
 Defects include surface and sub-surface defects.
PURPOSE AND FUNCTION OF NDT
 Non Destructive Test (NDT), is applying inspection on a material or component
without damaging or destroy.
 NDT, also named as Non-Destructive Inspection (NDI) or Non-Destructive
Examination (NDE).
 For marine application, NDT is mostly used on inspect plates, structures and weld for
defects.
 Some of the weld defect could occurred after welds cool-down, due to hydrogen
induction. Hence, NDT to be carried at least 8 hours after the welding and post-weld
heat treatment have been completed.
 Defects include surface and sub-surface defects.
PURPOSE AND FUNCTION OF NDT
 Non Destructive Test (NDT), is applying inspection on a material or component
without damaging or destroy.
 NDT, also named as Non-Destructive Inspection (NDI) or Non-Destructive
Examination (NDE).
 For marine application, NDT is mostly used on inspect plates, structures and weld for
defects.
 Some of the weld defect could occurred after welds cool-down, due to hydrogen
induction. Hence, NDT to be carried at least 8 hours after the welding and post-weld
heat treatment have been completed.
 Defects include surface and sub-surface defects.
PURPOSE AND FUNCTION OF NDT
 Non Destructive Test (NDT), is applying inspection on a material or component
without damaging or destroy.
 NDT, also named as Non-Destructive Inspection (NDI) or Non-Destructive
Examination (NDE).
 For marine application, NDT is mostly used on inspect plates, structures and weld for
defects.
 Some of the weld defect could occurred after welds cool-down, due to hydrogen
induction. Hence, NDT to be carried at least 8 hours after the welding and post-weld
heat treatment have been completed.
 Defects include surface and sub-surface defects.
PURPOSE AND FUNCTION OF NDT

 Method of NDT include:

 Visual inspection
 Liquid penetrant
 Magnetic particle (MPI)
 Radiographic (RT)
 Ultrasonic (UT)
PURPOSE AND FUNCTION OF NDT

 Method of NDT include:

 Visual inspection  Surface defects detection.
 Liquid penetrant  Surface defects detection.
 Magnetic particle (MPI)  Surface defects detection.
 Radiographic (RT)
 Ultrasonic (UT)
PURPOSE AND FUNCTION OF NDT

 Method of NDT include:

 Visual inspection  Surface defects detection.
 Liquid penetrant  Surface defects detection.
 Magnetic particle (MPI)  Surface defects detection.
 Radiographic (RT)  Sub-surface defects detection.
 Ultrasonic (UT)  Sub-surface defects detection.
-

Surface Preparation
Prior Inspection
SURFACE PREPARATION PRIOR INSPECTION
 All inspection site to be reasonably CLEANED for good quality NDT.
VISUAL INSPECTION
VISUAL INSPECTION
 It is routine & first step to inspect welds or materials.
 Any surface defects are noticed by the experienced and responsible personnel:
 incorrect bead shape,
 high spatter,
 undercutting,
 bad stop and start points,
 incorrect alignment, and
 surface cracks.

 The cost of visual inspection is low. It can be very effective where examination is
made before, during, and after welding.
VISUAL INSPECTION
 It is routine & first step to inspect welds or materials.
 Any surface defects are noticed by the experienced and responsible personnel:
 incorrect bead shape,
 high spatter,
 undercutting,
 bad stop and start points,
 incorrect alignment,
 surface cracks.
 Weld size measurement

 The cost of visual inspection is low. It can be very effective where examination is
made before, during, and after welding.
VISUAL INSPECTION
 It is routine & first step to inspect welds or materials.
 Any surface defects are noticed by the experienced and responsible personnel:
 incorrect bead shape,
 high spatter,
 undercutting,
 bad stop and start points,
 incorrect alignment,
 surface cracks,
 Weld size measurement

 The cost of visual inspection is low. It can be very effective where examination is
made before, during, and after welding.
VISUAL INSPECTION
 It is routine & first step to inspect welds or materials.
 Any surface defects are noticed by the experienced and responsible personnel:
 incorrect bead shape,
 high spatter,
 undercutting,
 bad stop and start points,
 incorrect alignment,
 surface cracks,
 Weld size measurement

 The cost of visual inspection is low. It can be very effective where examination is
made before, during, and after welding.
VISUAL INSPECTION
 It is routine & first step to inspect welds or materials.
 Any surface defects are noticed by the experienced and responsible personnel:
 incorrect bead shape,
 high spatter,
 undercutting,
 bad stop and start points,
 incorrect alignment,
 surface cracks,
 Weld size measurement

 The cost of visual inspection is low. It can be very effective where examination is
made before, during, and after welding.
VISUAL INSPECTION
 It is routine & first step to inspect welds or materials.
 Any surface defects are noticed by the experienced and responsible personnel:
 incorrect bead shape,
 high spatter,
 undercutting,
 bad stop and start points,
 incorrect alignment,
 surface cracks,
 Weld size measurement

 The cost of visual inspection is low. It can be very effective where examination is
made before, during, and after welding.
VISUAL INSPECTION
 It is routine & first step to inspect welds or materials.
 Any surface defects are noticed by the experienced and responsible personnel:
 incorrect bead shape,
 high spatter,
 undercutting,
 bad stop and start points,
 incorrect alignment,
 surface cracks,
 Weld size measurement

 The cost of visual inspection is low. It can be very effective where examination is
made before, during, and after welding.
VISUAL INSPECTION
 It is routine & first step to inspect welds or materials.
 Any surface defects are noticed by the experienced and responsible personnel:
 incorrect bead shape,
 high spatter,
 undercutting,
 bad stop and start points,
 incorrect alignment,
 surface cracks,
 Weld size measurement

 The cost of visual inspection is low. It can be very effective where examination is
made before, during, and after welding.
VISUAL INSPECTION
 It is routine & first step to inspect welds or materials.
 Any surface defects are noticed by the experienced and responsible personnel:
 incorrect bead shape,
 high spatter,
 undercutting,
 bad stop and start points,
 incorrect alignment,
 surface cracks,
 Weld size measurement

 The cost of visual inspection is low. It can be very effective where examination is
made before, during, and after welding.
VISUAL INSPECTION
 It is routine & first step to inspect welds or materials.
 Any surface defects are noticed by the experienced and responsible personnel:
 incorrect bead shape,
 high spatter,
 undercutting,
 bad stop and start points,
 incorrect alignment,
 surface cracks,
 Weld size measurement

 The cost of visual inspection is low. It can be very effective where examination is
made before, during, and after welding.
VISUAL INSPECTION
 It is routine & first step to inspect welds or materials.
 Any surface defects are noticed by the experienced and responsible personnel:
 incorrect bead shape,
 high spatter,
 undercutting,
 bad stop and start points,
 incorrect alignment,
 surface cracks,
 Weld size measurement

 The cost of visual inspection is low. It can be very effective where examination is
made before, during, and after welding.
VISUAL INSPECTION
 It is routine & first step to inspect welds or materials.
 Any surface defects are noticed by the experienced and responsible personnel:
 incorrect bead shape,
 high spatter,
 undercutting,
 bad stop and start points,
 incorrect alignment,
 surface cracks,
 Weld size measurement

 The cost of visual inspection is low. It can be very effective where examination is
made before, during, and after welding.
VISUAL INSPECTION
 It is routine & first step to inspect welds or materials.
 Any surface defects are noticed by the experienced and responsible personnel:
 incorrect bead shape,
 high spatter,
 undercutting,
 bad stop and start points,
 incorrect alignment,
 surface cracks,
 Weld size measurement

 The cost of visual inspection is low. It can be very effective where examination is
made before, during, and after welding.
VISUAL INSPECTION
 It is routine & first step to inspect welds or materials.
 Any surface defects are noticed by the experienced and responsible personnel:
 incorrect bead shape,
 high spatter,
 undercutting,
 bad stop and start points,
 incorrect alignment,
 surface cracks,
 Weld size measurement

 The cost of visual inspection is low. It can be very effective where examination is
made before, during, and after welding.
VISUAL INSPECTION
 It is routine & first step to inspect welds or materials.
 Any surface defects are noticed by the experienced and responsible personnel:
 incorrect bead shape,
 high spatter,
 undercutting,
 bad stop and start points,
 incorrect alignment,
 surface cracks,
 Weld size measurement

 The cost of visual inspection is low. It can be very effective where examination is
made before, during, and after welding.
VISUAL INSPECTION
 It is routine & first step to inspect welds or materials.
 Any surface defects are noticed by the experienced and responsible personnel:
 incorrect bead shape,
 high spatter,
 undercutting, Question 1 in next
 bad stop and start points,
 incorrect alignment,
slide
 surface cracks,
 Weld size measurement

 The cost of visual inspection is low. It can be very effective where examination is
made before, during, and after welding.
VISUAL INSPECTION
 It is routine & first step to inspect welds or materials.
 Any surface defects are noticed by the experienced and responsible personnel:
 incorrect bead shape,
 high spatter,
 undercutting,
 bad stop and start points,
 incorrect alignment,
 surface cracks,
 Weld size measurement

 The cost of visual inspection is low. It can be very effective where examination is
made before, during, and after welding.
LIQUID PENETRANT
 COLOUR LIQUID PENETRANT

 Liquid penetrant, aka Dye Penetrant.

 Show up a surface flaw if it remains after
the specimen has been washed following
the application of the dye.
 To aid the detection of a surface crack
the dye penetrant used is often luminous
and is revealed under an ultra-violet
light.
 Always come in a set of three (3) –
Cleaner, Penetrant and Developer
 COLOUR LIQUID PENETRANT

 Liquid penetrant, aka Dye Penetrant.

 Show up a surface flaw if it remains after
the specimen has been washed following
the application of the dye.
 To aid the detection of a surface crack
the dye penetrant used is often luminous
and is revealed under an ultra-violet
light.
 Always come in a set of three (3) –
Cleaner, Penetrant and Developer
COLOUR LIQUID PENETRANT – HOW IT WORKS

1.Clean
COLOUR LIQUID PENETRANT – HOW IT WORKS

2. Spray
Penetrant,
wait for 5
minutes
COLOUR LIQUID PENETRANT – HOW IT WORKS

3. Clean the
excessive
penetrant
COLOUR LIQUID PENETRANT – HOW IT WORKS

4. Spray the
developer
COLOUR LIQUID PENETRANT – HOW IT WORKS

4. When
there is
crack, it
shall
appear
DEFECTS DETECTED USING COLOUR LIQUID PENETRANT
DEFECTS DETECTED USING LIQUID PENETRANT
FLUORESCENT LIQUID PENETRANT
FLUORESCENT LIQUID PENETRANT
FLUORESCENT LIQUID PENETRANT

 “Fluorescent liquid penetrant inspection” is more visible than “Colour

liquid penetrant inspection” because the eye is more sensitive to a bright
indication on a dark background.
 It is more cost effective when inspection is done on mass products
FLUORESCENT LIQUID PENETRANT
FLUORESCENT LIQUID PENETRANT
LIQUID PENETRANT

Question 2 in next
slide
FLUORESCENT LIQUID PENETRANT ?
FLUORESCENT LIQUID PENETRANT ?

No
defect found
FLUORESCENT LIQUID PENETRANT ?

No
defect found
Magnetic Particles
Inspection (MPI)
 MAGNETIC PARTICLES
 It is carried out by magnetizing the
specimen,
 then spreading a fluid of magnetic
particles e.g. iron fillings
suspended in paraffin on its
surface.
 Any discontinuity such as a surface
crack will show up as the particles
will concentrate at the point
where there is an alteration in the
magnetic field.
 MPI can only be performed on
Ferrous Material
MPI – HOW IT WORKS
MPI – HOW IT WORKS

White Contrast Ferrous Powder

Yoke Spray
MPI – HOW IT WORKS
 Clean the testing specimen
surface.
 Spray the test area with
white contrast, so that easier
to see defects.
 Energised the yoke and
applied magnetic field at test
area
 Spray ferrous powder
around the magnetic field
area, crack shall appear if any.
MPI – HOW CRACK LOOKS LIKE
MPI – HOW CRACK LOOKS LIKE
SOME CLAIM MPI COULD DETECT SUBSURFACE CRACKED ?
WHEN CARRY OUT MPI IN AREA WITHOUT GOOD LIGHTING ?
 WHEN CARRY OUT MPI IN AREA WITHOUT GOOD LIGHTING ?

Wet Fluorescence
ferrous powder

Ultra-violet lights
WHEN CARRY OUT MPI IN AREA WITHOUT GOOD LIGHTING ?
Question 3 in next
slide
Defect Found
Radiographic Testing
(RT)
RADIOGRAPHIC TESTING (RT
 A material is subjected to radiation from one side, and record the radiation emitted
from the opposite side. Any obstacle in the path of the radiation will affect the
radiation density emitted and may be recorded. As radiation 'will expose photo-
graphic plate.
 Either X-ray or gamma ray devices may be used to provide the source of
radiation.
 For materials up to and including 75 mm (3 in.) in thickness, gamma rays from
Iridium 192 (192Ir) radioisotopes or x-rays are to be used.
 Material in excess of 75 mm (3 in.) thickness is to be inspected with gamma
rays from Cobalt 60 (60Co) radioisotopes.
HOW IT WORKS ?
HOW IT WORKS ?
HOW IT WORKS ?
HOW IT WORKS ?
HOW DEFECT LOOKS LIKE ?
HOW DEFECTS LOOK LIKE ?
HOW DEFECTS LOOK LIKE ?
HOW DEFECTS LOOK LIKE ?
HOW DEFECTS LOOK LIKE ?
HOW DEFECTS LOOK LIKE ?
HOW DEFECTS LOOK LIKE ?
HOW DEFECTS LOOKS LIKE ?
RADIOGRAPHIC FILM VIEWER
RT – STEP WEDGES FILM
Question 4 in next
slide
HOW DEFECTS LOOK LIKE ?
HOW DEFECTS LOOK LIKE ?

Answer
HOW DEFECTS LOOK LIKE ?
Ultrasonic Testing
(UT)
ULTRASONIC TESTING (UT)
 UT has no health hazard is involved compare to RT.
 The technique is particularly useful for locating fine crack, which are often missed by radiography,
particularly where they lie perpendicular to the emission source.
 The principle of ultrasonic inspection depends on pulses of ultrasonic energy, reflecting from a
surface encounter.
 Total reflection occurs at an air-metal interface, and therefore to get the ultrasonic wave into the
metal a liquid is placed between the source and metal.
 The pattern of reflection is revealed on a cathode ray tube, which may be calibrated using a
standard reference block.
 From the cathode ray tube display, an experienced operator is able to recognize type and location of
flaws.
 Ultrasonic techniques are used for assessing the thickness of structural members.
HOW IT WORKS ?
HOW IT WORKS ?
HOW IT WORKS ? SHEAR WAVE TECHNIQUES.
HOW IT WORKS ?
CALIBRATION BLOCK – STEPS CALIBRATION BLOCK
CALIBRATION BLOCK – SHEAR WAVE CALIBRATION BLOCK
Question 5 in next
slide
HOW DEFECTS LOOK LIKE?
HOW DEFECTS LOOK LIKE?
HOW DEFECTS LOOK LIKE?
NDT Operator
Qualification
NDT OPERATOR QUALIFICATION – TRAINEE, LEVEL 1, 2 & 3.
NDT Trainee:-
 A trainee is an individual who works under the supervision of certified personnel but who does
not conduct any tests independently, does not interpret test results and does not write reports on
test results.
NDT Level 1:-
 Set up the equipment and carry out NDT operations in accordance with written instructions
under the supervision of level 2 or level 3 personnel;
 Perform the tests;
 Record the conditions and date of the tests;
 Classify the results in accordance with documented criteria and report the results, with prior written
approval of a level 3.
NDT OPERATOR QUALIFICATION – TRAINEE, LEVEL 1, 2 & 3.
NDT Level 2:-
 Translating NDT codes, standards, specifications and procedures into practical testing instructions
adapted to the actual working conditions;
 Setting up and verifying equipment settings;
 Performing and supervising tests;
 Interpreting and evaluating results according to applicable codes, standards and
specifications;
 Preparing NDT instructions;
 Carrying out or supervising all Level 1 duties;
 Training or guiding personnel below Level 2, and
 Organizing and reporting results of non destructive tests.
NDT OPERATOR QUALIFICATION – TRAINEE, LEVEL 1, 2 & 3.
NDT Level 3:-
 Assuming full responsibility for an NDT facility and staff;
 Establishing and validating techniques and procedures;
 Interpreting codes, standards, specifications and procedures;
 Designating the particular test methods, techniques and procedures to be used for
specific NDT work;
 Interpreting and evaluating results in terms of existing codes, standards and
specifications;
 Managing qualification examinations, if authorized for this task by the
certification body, and
 Carrying out or supervising all Level 1 and Level 2 duties.
 Marine Engineer
Responsibility as
Ship Owner Representative
 RESPONSIBILITY
 Chief Engineer’s responsibility to sign-off and accept the NDT report submitted to him by shipyard or
contractor.
 The C/E must know his liability and due diligent?
 C/E has the authority to inform shipyard or contractor to clean up the work site, before his inspection.
 Inspection only effective when the inspection site is CLEAN and SAFE.
 C/E has the right to request class surveyor to show him in written, class requirement on extend of NDT.
 Then C/E to carry out visual inspection together with class surveyor.
 C/E to comply with class requirement and insist the extend of NDT to be carried out accordingly. This is
his minimum due diligent.
 C/E to use his experience and knowledge to decide whether he should accept the work based on his
visual inspection and NDT result certified by Level II or III NDT operator.
 When C/E is in-doubt, he shall request re-inspection, until he is satisfied.
FLUORESCENT LIQUID PENETRANT

Question 6 in next
slide
WHO ARE THESE PROFESSIONALS?
MAKE THEM PROUD OF YOU…
THANK YOU