FAUCLTY OF ENGINEERING

Name: Buwembo Richard

Reg: 21/1/224/D/331

REAL LIFE PROJECTS REPORT

Table of Content

1. Introduction
2. Building and Construction
 3. Setting Out
4. Levelling
5. Conclusion

1. Introduction
This report is written to show all activities done during tye course of study of real
life projects and a number of activities have been done as follows below

2. Building and Construction

Building and Construction is the activity of raising a structure from ground level to a complete form of
structure, and in building, there are bonds used in building which may include the following below

Building and Bonds used

Types of bonds in brick masonry wall construction are classified based on laying and bonding
style of bricks in walls. The bonds in brick masonry is developed by the mortar filling between
layers of bricks and in grooves when bricks are laid adjacent to each other and in layers in walls.

Mostly used material for bonds in brick masonry is cement mortar. Lime mortar and mud mortar
are also used.

Types of Bonds in Brick Masonry Wall Construction :

The most commonly used types of bonds in brick masonry are:

1. Stretcher bond
2. Header bond
3. English bond and
4. Flemish bond Other Types of bonds are:
 1. Stretcher bond
Longer narrow face of the brick is called as stretcher as shown in the elevation of figure below.
Stretcher bond, also called as running bond, is created when bricks are laid with only their
stretchers showing, overlapping midway with the courses of bricks below and above.

Stretcher bond in the brick is the simplest repeating pattern. But the limitation of stretcher bond
is that it cannot make effective bonding with adjacent bricks in full width thick brick walls.
They are suitably used only for one-half brick thick walls such as for the construction half brick
thick partition wall.

Walls constructed with stretcher bonds are not stable enough to stand alone in case of longer
span and height. Thus they Then need supporting structure such as brick masonry columns at
regular intervals.

Stretcher bonds are commonly used in the steel or reinforced concrete framed structures as the
outer facing. These are also used as the outer facing of cavity
walls. Other common applications of such walls are the boundary walls, gardens etc.
 Fig-1: Stretcher Bond

2. Header bond
Header is the shorter square face of the brick which measures 9cm x 9cm. Header bond is also
known as heading bond. In header bonds, all bricks in each course are placed as headers on the
faces of the walls. While Stretcher bond is used for the construction of walls of half brick
thickness whereas header bond is used for the construction of walls with full brick thickness
which measures 18cm. In header bonds, the overlap is kept equal to half width of the brick. To
achieve this, three quarter brick bats are used in alternate courses as quoins.

Fig-2: Header Bond

 Fig-3: Header Bond Isometric View

3. English Bond
English bond in brick masonry has one course of stretcher only and a course of header above it,
i.e. it has two alternating courses of stretchers and headers. Headers are laid centered on the
stretchers in course below and each alternate row
is vertically aligned.

To break the continuity of vertical joints, quoin closer is used in the beginning and end of a wall
after first header. A quoin close is a brick cut lengthwise into two halves
and used at corners in brick walls.
Fig-4: English Bond
 Fig-4: English Bond – Isometric View

4. Flemish Bond
For the breaking of vertical joints in the successive courses, closers are inserted in alternate
courses next to the quoin header. In walls having their thickness equal to odd number of half
bricks, bats are essentially used to achieve the bond.

Flemish bond, also known as Dutch bond, is created by laying alternate headers and stretchers in
a single course. The next course of brick is laid such that header lies in the middle of the
stretcher in the course below, i.e. the alternate headers of each course are centered on the
stretcher of course below. Every alternate course of Flemish bond starts with header at the
corner.

The thickness of Flemish bond is minimum one full brick. The disadvantage of using Flemish
bond is that construction of Flemish bond is difficult and requires greater skill to lay it properly
as all vertical mortar joints need to be aligned vertically for best effects. For the breaking of
vertical joints in the successive courses, closers are inserted in alternate courses next to the
quoin header. In walls having their thickness equal to odd number of half bricks, bats are used
to achieve the bond.

Flemish bonds have better appearance but are weaker than English bonds for load bearing wall
construction. Thus, if the pointing has to be done for brick masonry walls, then Flemish bond
may be used for better aesthetic view. If the walls have to
be plastered, then it is better to use English bond.
Fig-5: Flemish Bond
 Fig-6: Flemish Bond Front Appearance

Flemish bonds are classified as:

● Single Flemish Bond
● Double Flemish Bond
Single Flemish bond is a combination of English bond and Flemish bond. In this type of
construction, the front exposed surface of wall consists of Flemish bond and the back surface of
the wall consists of English bond in each course. Minimum thickness required for single
Flemish bond is one and a half brick thickness. The main purpose of using single Flemish bond
is to provide greater aesthetic appearance on the front surface with required strength in the
brickwork with English bond.

Double Flemish Bond has the same appearance both in the front and back elevations, i.e. each
course consists of alternate header and stretcher. This type of bonding is comparatively weaker
than English bond.
 3. SETTINGOUT
Setting out is the process of surveying were the positions and levels of buildings, roads,

drainages, sewers, and all other engineering projects are already marked on a plan are transferred

to the ground by a variety of methods and by specifically manufactured instruments or is the

process by which information is taken from construction design drawings and then pegs, profiles

or other marks are set to control the construction work and to ensure that each element is

constructed in the right position and to the correct level.

Setting out is simply the physical transfer of plan into the ground. Setting out can be

complex yet simple. For more accurate transfer some engineers uses the service of land

surveyors to get their setting out right especially in large projects. Setting out is the process of

transferring the plan on paper to the actual ground or site of construction. A building is set out in

order to clearly define the outline of the excavation and the line of the walls, so that construction

can be carried exactly according to the plan. The centre line method of setting out is generally

preferred and adopted.

Methodology

The aim of the practical survey is to set out a building in a virgin land, taking an existing

structure as a reference.

Apparatus

1. Pegs: It was used to mark point on the ground.

2. Profile Boards: It represented the setback and also take some markings on it as a guide.

3. Hammer: It was used to drive nails in the wood and pegs in the ground.
4. Marking Tools: It was used when marking and writing.

5. Rope/Lines: It was used as guide through the practical.

6. Nails: It was used to create bonding between peg and profile broad.

7. Measuring Tape: It was used to measure distances.

8. Ranging Poles: It was used to extend and maintain a straight line by ranging.

Procedure

The following procedure is the actual procedure followed on site and discussed in details in the

report.

Figure 1

Figure 2
 Figure 1: shows an already set out System and Figure 2: shows a 3:4:5 method of setting out.

1. Site clearance.

2. We obtain a Building plan.

3. We get all the necessary materials ready: pegs, nails, ropes or line, hammer, tape, marking tools

etc.

4. We take note of all the four corners where we have proposed columns or as the case may be.

5. We plan the location of the building.

6. Using the 3:4:5 Method;

7. Firstly, we determine the building line and established one corner of the building by driving a

peg at that point with a nail on top.

8. Secondly, we used a tape to measure a distance of 3 meter from the first peg along the building

line and established a second peg at the point where the 3-meter mark ends.

9. Thirdly, we held over the ring of the tape on the second peg with the 12 meter mark over it

being held by one person and the 3 meter mark being held by another person over the corner peg

(first peg), then we stretch the tape out and wide to get the position of the third peg at the 7

meter mark.

10. After that was accomplished, we then extend a line through the third peg using the ranging poles

to obtain a line that is straight and perpendicular to the building line.

11. The above procedure is repeated at all the four corners.

12. The diagonals are measured to check the correctness and accuracy of the setting out work.

13. We then established each room measurement by nails and also marked out the block width as

well as the excavation or working space from each side, of which the width of the block is

multiplied times to give the total excavation width.

 4. Levelling
Levelling is a technique of ascertaining and representing the differences in the elevation of points on the
surface of the earth, directly and indirectly for the purpose of tracing contour lines, plotting vertical
sections to represent configuration of a particular portion of the surface of the earth. In this way points
at a given elevation can be established. Levelling is done by instruments called level

Components of Dumpy Level

Dumpy level consists the following parts or components
• Telescope
• Bubble tubes
• Compass
• Vertical spindle
• Tribrach screws
• Foot screws
• Leveling head
• Tripod

Fig: Components of a Dumpy Level

Telescope
Telescope is used to observe the distant object through line of sight provided by its arrangement. In
general, the telescope is fixed to the vertical spindle of dumpy level so that it can be rotated along with
vertical spindle.
Parts of Telescope in Dumpy Level
The important parts of telescope are as follows

• Eye piece
• Objective lens
• Diaphragm
• Focusing screw
• Ray shade

Level Tube: Level tube which houses the spirit level.

Capstan Screws: To correct the permanent adjustment of the spirit level.

Tripod: which is firmly built type od stand with three legs over which the dumpy level is firmly fixed

Levelling Screws: It is also known as foot screws which are three or four in numbers, they help in
putting the instrument in a perfect horizontal plane.

Sprit Level: which are two – a bigger one parallel to the telescope and a smaller one at right angles to
that.

Eye Piece: to sight the levelling staff

Object Glass: through which the ray enters the telescope.

Focussing Screws: to focuse the levelling staff. In some levels this screw is on the right side of the
telescope whereas in some of them it is along with the eyepiece.

Crosswire Focussing Screw: is attached to the eye piece when focusing the crosswire, the levelling
staff gets out of focus. Focus the staff again. In two or three attempts the levelling staff and the
crosswire both of them are sharply focused and the parallax error disappears.

Line of Collimation: an imaginary line that passes through the optical centre of the object glass, centre
of eyepiece and enters the eye.

Two very important parts of the dumpy level which are not visible are:

Clamp Screw for the Telescope: when this screw is tightened, the telescope does not move sideways
or up and down.

Tangent Screw for the Telescope: when this screw is moved, then also the clamp screw has been
tightened, the telescope moves very slowly, this tangent screw has also sometimes been called Finer
Adjustment Screws.

Station: the points where the levelling staff reading have been taken.
Back sight: it is the first reading taken by the Dumpy Level.

Intermediated Sight: All the reading between the first and the last reading is called intermediate sight.

Fore sight: It is reading of the last Station

Rise: In the two consecutive reading, if the later reading of the levelling staff is lesser than the
preceding reading. The difference is in the amount of ‘Rise’ between the two station points.

Fall: In the same way, it the later reading is greater than preceding or previous reading, the difference is
the amount of ‘Fall’ between the two station point.

Reduced Level: Reduced level is connected with datum through bench marks which may be official or
local. It may be some assumed plane also. If there is rise, it is added to reduced level whereas if there is
fall, it is subtracted from the reduced level of the last station.

Procedure of Dumpy Level Surveying

The procedure of dumpy level surveying starts with some temporary adjustments which are:

• Setting up of instrument

• Leveling up

• Focusing

Setting up of Dumpy Level

The instrument is fixed to the tripod stand using clamp screws. Spread the tripod legs and position the
instrument at convenient height. Firstly fix the two legs in the ground at a point and centering of bubble
in the bubble tubes is done by adjusting third leg.

Leveling up

The leveling up of an instrument is done using foot screws or leveling screws. In this case, the telescope
is arranged parallel to the any two leveling screws and the bubble in the tube is centered by turning both
the screws either inwards or outwards.

When it is centered, then the telescope is turned 90 o and the third screw is turned until the bubble come
to center. Repeat the process until the bubble in the tube always stays at the middle in any position of
telescope.
 Focusing

Focusing is done by adjusting eye piece and focusing screw. Eye piece is adjusted until the cross hairs
of diaphragm are clearly visible. To eliminate the parallax error, a white paper is used to obtain sharp
vision of cross hairs.

Focusing screw is adjusted to view the clear image of the objective or staff. Focusing is said to be done
when the cross hairs bisect the objective or staff with clear vision.

After completion the above temporary adjustments, now it’s time to take levels of required positions or
points. The telescope is rotated towards the line of objective or staff and bisect it. The levels are noted
at different points which values are decided from a known bench mark point in that area.

Use of Dumpy Levels

The dumpy level is mainly used in surveying for the following purposes:

• To determine relative height and distance among different locations of a Surveying land.  To
determine relative distance among different locations of a surveying land.

Advantages of Dumpy Level Survey 

Dumpy level is easy to use.
• Adjustments can be made as per the requirement on any type of ground.
• Level readings are very accurate in case of dumpy level.
• Optical power is high for dumpy level.
• Price of dumpy level is cheap when compared to other instruments.

Disadvantages of Dumpy Level Survey

• It is limited to only horizontal angle measurement.

• The angles obtained by dumpy are not that accurate.

5.Conclusion

The real life projects were carried in series of activities which included building and construction,
Setting-Out a new building structure. Levelling as well, and these activities were achieved successfully
though we had a number of challenges Luke lack of enough equipment for Levelling and also building
material, and these challenges were encountered with enough help