MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

ME 201 - DYNAMICS

Chapter 14

1 ME 201
 Ch 14: Kinetics of a Particle:
Work and Energy
14.1 The Work of a Force

2 ME 201
Objective

1. To develop the principle of work and energy and apply it

to solve problems that involve force, velocity, and
displacement.

3 ME 201
Force and Work
Force F does work on a particle only when the particle undergoes a
displacement in the direction of the force

U=F.S
F
U = (F cos θ) . S
ΔS

4 ME 201
Definition

The unit of the work: Joule

1 joule of work is done when a force of 1

Newton moves 1 meter along its line of action.

1 J = 1 N. m
English Unit: Ib.ft

5 ME 201
Work of a Constant Force Moving along a Straight
Line

U1− 2 = Fc cos θ  ds
s2

s1

U1− 2 = Fc cos θ ( s2 − s1 )

6 ME 201
Work of a Variable Force

U1− 2 =  F  d r =  F cos θ ds
r2 s2

r1 s1

7 ME 201
Work of a Weight

U1− 2 =  F  dr =  (−Wj)  (dx i + dy j + dz k )

r2

r1

=  − Wdy = −W ( y2 − y1 )
y2

y1

U1− 2 = −W ( y )

: − U W : + 
 y : vertical displacement  
 : + U W : −
8 ME 201
Work of a Spring Force

Fs = ks

9 ME 201
Work of a Spring Force

1
 U1- 2 =  Fs ds = 
S2 S2
k s ds = k ( s2 − s1 )
2 2
S1 S1 2

1 2 1 2
U1− 2 = −( ks2 − ks1 )
2 2

Positive work
Negative work

spring takes work either compressed or Stretched. Therefore, Negative sign is placed

10 ME 201
Positive and negative work ?

Constant towing force T do positive work, W displacement vector

negative work! Normal force no displacement no work!

11 ME 201
Discussion

12 ME 201
Discussion

13 ME 201
 Discussion
1) U P = P  ds = 400 N  ( 2 cos 30 ) = 692.8 J

1 1
= − k ( s2 − s1 ) = −  30(2.52 − 0.52 ) = −90 J
2 2
2 ) U Fs
2 2

3 ) U W = −mg  ( y ) = −98.1 (+2 sin 30) = −98.1 J

NB does no work since it is always perpendicular to the displacement

 U P + U Fs + U W = 692.8 − 90 − 98.1 = 505 J

14 ME 201
 Ch 14: Kinetics of a Particle:
Work and Energy
14.2 Principle of Work and Energy

15 ME 201
Work and Energy

 F = ma
t t

applying the Kinetic equation

vdv
at ds = v dv  at =
ds
dv
 Ft = mv ds
  F ds = 
s2 v2
t mvdv
s1 v1

16 ME 201
Work and Energy

1 1
 U1−2 = mv2 2 − mv12
2 2

1
T = mv 2 Kinetic Energy
2

T1 + U1−2 = T2
Useful equation to obtain final speed or displacement

17 ME 201
 Ch 14: Kinetics of a Particle:
Work and Energy
14.3 Principle of Work and Energy for a System of Particles

18 ME 201
Work of Friction Caused by Sliding
1 2 1 2
mv + {Ps − μk Ns} = mv
2 2
IF Ps = μk Ns
S’
then v is maintained

To account for “internal energy”

which Generate heat; actual
displacement should be
considered s’.

External work =  k N s '

Internal work =  k N ( s − s ' )
19 ME 201
Work and Energy Relation

T1 + U1−2 = T2

1 1 2 1
( mv1 ) + [ Fs − ks − W (y ) − k Ns] = ( mv 2)
2 2

2 2 2

Initial K.E + Work Done = Final K.E

20 ME 201
 Example
w= 3500 Ib
v1= 20 ft/s v2=0 y

μk=0.5 s= ?
x
Using the principle of Work & Energy
T1 +  U1− 2 = T2
1 1
mv1 + (W sin θ  s − FA s ) = mv2
2 2

2 2

FA = N =  W cos  = 0.5 * 3446.8 = 1723.4 Ib

1 3500
( )(20) 2 + 3500( S ) sin 10 − 1723.4( S ) = 0
2 32.2
S = 19.5 ft

21 ME 201
Summary
1. Work & Energy
2. The principle of work and energy
3. Solve problems that involve force, velocity, and displacement

22 ME 201
 Ch 14: Kinetics of a Particle:
Work and Energy
14.4 Power and Efficiency

23
Objectives
 What is Power
 What is Efficiency
 Conservative Force
 Potential Energies: Gravitational and Elastic
 Conservation of Energy

24
Power and Efficiency
• Power is defined as the amount of work performed per unit time. “rate of
downing work”

dU F  dr dr
P= = = F = Fv
dt dt dt
W = N m/ s = J / s
1 hp = 550 ft  lb / s
= 746 W
• Mechanical Efficiency :

power output energy output

Efficiency(ε ) = =
power input energy input

25
Example
 = 0.85
2sC + sP = l Pin = ?
2aC = −aP W = 75 Ib
1 a p = 4 ft / s 2
aC = − aP = −2 ft/s 2
2 v p = 2 ft / s

  Fy = maC
W − 2T = maC (T is the Tension)

75
75 − 2T =  (−2)
32.2
 T = 39.8lb

26
Example
 = 0.85
Pin = ?
W = 75 Ib
P = T  v = Tv
a p = 4 ft / s 2
P = 39.8  2 = 79.6 Ib. ft / s
v p = 2 ft / s
P = 79.6 / 550 = 0.145hp

Pout 0.145
= = = 0.85  Pin = 0.17 (hp)
Pin Pin

27
 Ch 14: Kinetics of a Particle:
Work and Energy
14.5 Conservative Forces and Potential Energy

28
Conservative Forces and Potential Energy
 Conservative Force: independent of the path
Example: weight & spring forces

 The work done by the frictional and applied forces

Depends on the path
Non-conservative: the work is dissipated (heat)

 Potential Energy: “capacity for doing work”

 Energy comes from the motion: Kinetic energy
 Energy comes from the position: Potential energy

29
Potential Energy
Gravitational potential Energy :

+ y up
Vg =  Wy − y down

30
Potential Energy
Elastic potential energy :

1 2
Ve = + ks
2

31
 Potential Function
1 2
V = Vg + Ve = −Ws + ks
2

Work ; U1− 2 = V1 − V2
1 2 1 2
U1− 2 = V1 − V2 = (−Ws1 + ks1 ) − (−Ws2 + ks2 )
2 2
1
= W ( s2 − s1 ) − (ks2 − ks1 )
2 2

32
 Ch 14: Kinetics of a Particle:
Work and Energy
14.6 Conservation of Energy

33
 Conservation of Mechanical Energy
T1 +  U1− 2 = T2

T1 + {(V1 − V2 ) + ( U1− 2 ) noncons.} = T2

T1 + V1 = T2 + V2
1 2 1 2
T = mv V =  W y + k s
2 2
For a system of Particles

 T + V =  T + V
1 1 2 2

34
 Example
E1 = T1 + V1 = 0 + Wh = Wh

1W 2 h
E2 = T2 + V2 = v2 + W  1
2 g 2
h
v 2 = v0 + 2aC(y − y0 ) v = 2g = gh
2
2
2
1W 1
 E2 = gh + Wh = Wh 3
2 g 2

E3 = T3 + V3 =
1W 2 1 W
v3 + W  0 = 
2 g

 2
 2 gh = Wh
2 g 

35
Discussion

m = 8000 kg
1 = 60o at rest
v1 = 0 v2 = ?
 2 = 15o
T =?

36
 Discussion
T 1 +V 1 = T 2 +V 2

1
0 − 8000  g  20 cos 60 = 8000 v2 − 8000  g  20 cos15
2

2
1
v2 =  8000  g  20(cos15 − cos 60)
2

4000
= 40 g  0.4659 = 182.83
 v2 = 13.5 m / s

F n = man
13.52
T − mg cos15 = 8000 
20
T = mg cos15 + 400 13.52 = 149kN

37
Summary

1. Work & Energy

2. The principle of work and energy
3. Solve problems that involve force, velocity, and
displacement

38