Work and Energy

Work done by a Constant Force

Work = Force ·Displacement (N·m = Joule)
 
W = F  d = Fd cos 
Scalar Quantity

Work done by the person

 
Lift the block: W = F  d = mgh
P1
 
Move the block: W = F  d = 0
P2

Total work: WP = WP1 + WP 2 = mgh

Work done by gravitation force
 
WG = FG  d = −mgh
Work  Energy, Heat

Example 1 Displacement : 3m
 
W = F  d = Fd cos  = 130 J
Work done by a general Force

F = Fxî + Fy ˆj

Displacement :Dx
DW = Fx · Dx

 W =  dW = x f Fx  dx
x
i

Work = Area
 Work done by a Spring

Spring force
 
Fs = -kx  FS = −kx Hook’s Law

Fs : always directed opposite to the displacement

Work done by a spring

WS = x f FS  dx =x f − kx  dx = − 12 kx2f + 12 kxi2

x x
i i

For xi = 0, xf = x
Work done by a spring : WS = − 12 kx2

cf ) WA = 12 kx
2
: Work given to the spring
Kinetic energy and the work-kinetic energy theorem

A constant net Force F

Work done by F
 
Wnet = F  d = Fd
F = ma , d = vi t + 12 at 2

v f − vi
No friction v f − vi = at  t =
a
 v f − vi  1  v f − vi 
( )
2
1
d = vi   + a  = v f − vi
2 2

 a  2  a  2a

 Wnet = ma 
1
2a
(
v f − vi
2 2
)
Wnet = 12 mv 2f − 12 mvi2

Define K — Kinetic Energy

K  12 mv2

Wnet = K f − Ki = DK

Applied Work Change in the Kinetic Energy

Supply Energy

Energy Conservation
Applied force in a frictional surface

Fnet = F − f = F − m k mg

= mkmg

Work applied : Work given to the block :

   
WA = F  d = Fd Wnet = Fnet  d = Fd − fd
Wnet = Fd − m k mg
Heat Loss

Wnet = DK

If F =0, Fnet = − f
Wnet = K f − K i = − f  d
1
2 mv 2f − 12 mvi2 = − f  d
 
n 
F


f

= mkn

mg

ŷ : Fnet ,y = n + F sin − mg = 0
n = mg − F sin 
x̂ : Fnet ,x = F cos  − m k n
= F cos  − m k (mg − F sin ) = F (cos  + m k sin ) − m k mg

1 − m 2k cos( −  )
Wnet = Fnet ,x  d = DK
mk
sin  = 1 ,cos  =
1 + m 2k 1 + m 2k

If  = , the block gets the largest kinetic energy.

Power
: time rate of Work or Energy transfer

Average Power : P 
W
Dt
(Instantaneous) Power : P =
dW
 dt
For a constant force : W = F  x
 dx  
Power : P=F = F v
dt
1 Watt = 1 J/sec.= 1 kg·m2/sec.3
1 hp  550 ft·lb/sec. = 5500.3048m  0.453kg  9.8m/sec.2/sec.
= 746 W
Work : 1 kWh = (103 W)(3600 sec.) = 3.60 106 J

Example 2. Power delivered by Elevator Motor

Mmax = 1800 kg, f = 4000 N
v = 3 m/sec. (constant)

F = T − f − Mg = 0
T = f + Mg = 4000 N + 1800  9.8 N
= 2.16 10 4 N
Power :
 
P = T  v = Tv = 2.16 10 4  3
= 64.8kW