Relations vs.

Functions

A relation 𝑅 between two sets 𝑋 and 𝑌 is simply a subset of the Cartesian product 𝑋 × 𝑌, i.e., a collection
of ordered pairs (𝑥, 𝑦) where 𝑥 ∈ 𝑋 and 𝑦 ∈ 𝑌.

Let 𝑋 and 𝑌 be sets. Then a function from 𝑋 to 𝑌, denoted by 𝑓: 𝑋 → 𝑌, is a set f of ordered pairs in
𝑋 × 𝑌 such that for each 𝑥 ∈ 𝑋 there exists a unique 𝑦 ∈ 𝑌 with (𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ 𝑓. In other words, if (𝑥, 𝑦) ∈
𝑓 and (𝑥, 𝑦 ′ ) ∈ 𝑓, then 𝑦 = 𝑦 ′ .

Function Notation: 𝒇(𝒙)

It is read as "𝑓 of 𝑥" or “function of 𝑥“ where 𝑥 is independent variable and 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑦 is the
dependent variable.

WAYS TO REPRESENT FUNCTIONS

• FUNCTIONS AS SETS OF ORDERED PAIRS ang sa set of ordered pairs kay mao natong f: X-> Y (2,3),(3,4),(1,8),(5,6)
• FUNCTIONS AS MAPPING DIAGRAMS mapping diagrams kay katong imong e align iyang mga ka pair
• FUNCTIONS AS GRAPHS IN CARTESIAN PLANE sa graph kay mao naning mag himo kag graph tas imo dayun gamiton
ang vertical line para mabal an kung function or not a function bah sya
The Vertical Line Test
o A graph represents a function if and only if each vertical line intersects the graph
at most once.

A piecewise-defined function is a function that is defined by two or more equations over a specified
domain.
𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂 𝟏 𝒊𝒇 𝒙 𝒊𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒅𝒐𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝟏
𝒇(𝒙) = {𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂 𝟐 𝒊𝒇 𝒙 𝒊𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒅𝒐𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝟐
𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂 𝟑 𝒊𝒇 𝒙 𝒊𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒅𝒐𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝟑

Example

The cost of hiring a catering service to serve food for a party is ₱150 per head for 50 persons or
less, ₱130 per head for more than 50 up to 100 persons and ₱110 per head for more than 100 persons.
Represent the total cost 𝐶 in terms of the number of attendees ℎ.

SOLUTION:

It can be expressed as a piecewise function

𝟏𝟓𝟎𝒉 𝒊𝒇 𝟎 ≤ 𝒉 ≤ 𝟓𝟎
𝑪(𝒉) = { 𝟏𝟑𝟎𝒉 𝒊𝒇 𝟓𝟎 < 𝒉 ≤ 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝟏𝟏𝟎𝒉 𝒊𝒇 𝒉 > 𝟏𝟎𝟎

Example

A jeepney ride costs ₱8.00 for the first 4 kilometers, and each additional integer kilometer adds
₱1.50 to the fare. Use a piecewise function to represent the jeepney fare in terms of the distance d in
kilometers.

SOLUTION:

The input value is distance and the output is the distance and the output is the cost of the jeepney fare. If
𝐹(𝑑) represents the fare as a function of distance, the function can be represented as follows:
𝟖, 𝒊𝒇 𝟎 < 𝒅 ≤ 𝟒
𝑭(𝒅) = {
𝟖 + 𝟏. 𝟓⌊𝒅 − 𝟒⌋ 𝒊𝒇 𝒅 > 𝟒
Basic Operation of Functions

(f+g)(x) = f(x) + g(x)

Note: we put the f+g inside ( ) to show they both work on x.

(f-g)(x) = f(x) − g(x)

(f·g)(x) = f(x) · g(x)
(f/g)(x) = f(x) / g(x)
https://www.mathsisfun.com/sets/functions-operations.html

Composite Functions

It is written: (g º f)(x) Which means: g(f(x))

https://www.mathsisfun.com/sets/functions-composition.html