Physics Jee

TM
JEE Class Companion

Physics
For JEE Main and Advanced
Module-1
Chapter 1 Unit and Dimension
Chapter 2 Vector and Calculus
Chapter 3 Kinematics
Chapter 4 Error
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Contents
Chapter-1 Unit and Dimension 1.5 Section D - Basic Mathematics
Section A - Units Mensuration Formulas 1.16
Physical Quantities 1.7 Logariths 1.17
Fundamental 1.7 Trigonometric Properties 1.17
Derived 1.7 Measurement of angle & Relationship
Supplementry 1.7 Between & Degrees and Radian 1.17
Magnitude 1.7 Measurement of Positive
Unit 1.8 and Negative Angles 1.18
Principle System of Unit 1.8 Six Basic Trigonometric Functions 1.18
Supplementry units 1.8 Values of sin , cos  and tan  for
Definitions of some important SI Units 1.8 some standard angles 1.19
SI Prefixes 1.9 Important Formulas 1.20
General Guidelines for Using Symbols Small Angle Approximation 1.20
for SI Units, Some Other Units, Binomial Theorem 1.21
Some Other Units, and SI Prefixes 1.9 Graphs 1.21
Characteristics of base Units or Standards 1.11 Similar Triangle 1.23
Some Special Types of Units 1.11 Exercise 1.24

Answer Key 1.35
Section B - Dimensions
Diamensions 1.11 Chapter-2 Vector and Calculus

Dimensional Formula 1.11 Section A -
Definition of Vector and Angle between Vectors,
Section C - Use of Dimensions Addition of Vectors, Subtraction of Vectors
Use of Dimensions 1.14 Scalar 2.1
Conversion of Units 1.14 Vector 2.1
To Check the Dimensional Correctness General Points Regarding Vector 2.1
of a Given Physical Equation 1.14 Representation of Vector 2.1

Principle of Homogenetiy of Dimensions 1.14 Angle between two vectors () 2.2
To Establish the Relation Among Negative of Vector 2.2
Various Physical Quantities 1.15 Equality of Vector 2.2

Limitations of Dimensional Analysis 1.15 Collinear Vectors 2.3
Co-initial Vector 2.3
Coplanar Vectors 2.3

1.4 Theory and Exercise Book
Multiplication and Division of Section C - Differentiation
a Vector by a Scalar 2.3 Differentiation 2.17

Laws of Addition and Subtraction Vectors 2.3 Finite Difference 2.17
Triangle rule of Addition 2.3 Infinitey Small Difference 2.18
Polygon Law of Addition 2.4 Definition of Differentiation 2.18
Parallelogram Law of Addition 2.4 Geometrical Meaning of Differentiation 2.19
Subtraction of Vector 2.5 Secant and Tangent to a Curve 2.19

Unit Vector and Zero Vector 2.6 Rule No.1 Derivative Of A Constant 2.19
Rule No.2 Power Rule 2.20

Section B - Resolution of Vectors, Product of Rule No.3 The Constant Multiple Rule 2.20
Vectors Rule No.4 The Sum Rule 2.20
Resolution of Vectors 2.7 Rule No.5 The Product Rule 2.21
Resolution along Rectangular Component 2.7 Rule No.6 The Quotient Rule 2.21
Resolution in Two Dimension 2.7 Rule No.7 Derivative of Sine Function 2.21
Procedure to Solve in Vector Equation 2.9 Rule No.8 Derivative of Cosine Function 2.22
Short - Method 2.11 Rule No.9 Derivatives of Other
Addition and Subtraction in Component Form 2.11 Trigonometric Functions 2.22
Multiplication of Vectors Rule No.10 Derivative of Logarithm
(The Scalar and Vector Products) 2.12 And Exponential Functions 2.22
Scalar Product 2.12 Rule No.11 Chain Rule or 'Outside inside' rule 2.23
Vector Product 2.14 Rule No.12 Power Chain Rule 2.24
Right - Hand - Thumb Rule 2.14 Double Differentiation 2.24
Position Vector 2.16 Application of Derivative Differentiation
Displacement Vector 2.16 as a Rate of Change 2.25
CALCULUS Section D - Maxima & Minima

Constant 2.16 Maxima & Minima 2.26
Variable 2.16
Function 2.16 Section E - Integration
Integration 2.27
Some Indefinite Integrals
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1.5
(An Arbitrary Constant Should Be Added Section - D Variable Acceleration
to Each of These Integrals) 2.28 Variable Acceleration 3.21
Definite Integration or Integration with Limits 2.30 When Acceleration is given as a Function of x 3.21
Application of Definite Integral 2.30 When Acceleration is given as a Function
Exercise 2.32 of Velocity 3.21
Answer Key 2.46 When Acceleration is given as a Function of t 3.21
Section - E Ground-to Ground projectile Motion,

Chapter-3 Kinematics Equation of Trajectory, Projectile from tower,
Projectile Motion in Inclined plane

Section A - Distance, Displacement, Velocity
and Acceleration, Equation of Motion Two Dimension Motion or Motion in a Plan 3.22
Rest and Motion 3.1 Projectile Motion 3.22
Projectile Fired Parallel to Horizontal 3.22

Section B - Motion Under Gravity
Projectile at an Angle  From Height h 3.24
Motion Under Gravity 3.9
Projectile Motion in Inclined Plane 3.25
Section C - Graphs
Section F - Relative Motion
Graphs 3.13
Relative Motion 3.31
Straight Line 3.13
Parabola 3.14 Section G - River Boat Problems
Reading of Graphs 3.14 River Boat Problems 3.35
Drawing of Graphs on the Section H - Rain Problems, Aircraft wind

Basis of Given Information 3.16 problems, Relative Motion between two
Conversion of Velocity v/s time projectiles
Graph to Speed v/s Time Graph 3.18 Aircraft Wind Problems 3.38
Conversion of displacement v/s Rain Problems 3.39
Time Graph to Distance v/s Time Graph 3.18 Exercise 3.44
Conversion of v - t Graphs of to Answer Key 3.78
x-t and a-t Graphs 3.18
Reading of Graphs if the Motion of two

Bodies are Sketched on The Same Axes. 3.18
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99, 8003899588
Chapter-4 Error Determination of Young's Modulus by
Section A - Significant digits, Rounding off & Serale's Method 4.8

mathematical operation, Types of Erros Specific Heat of a liquid using a
Absolute Error 4.1 calorimeter : 4.8
Relative (or Fractional) Error 4.1 Focal length of concave mirror and a
Significant Digits 4.2 convex lens using the u-v method. 4.9
Measured Values 4.2 Index Error or Bench Error
Computed Value 4.2 and its correction : 4.9
Parallax 4.10
Section B,C - Mathematical operation with
Speed of sound using resonance
Errors, Instruments (Vernier Callipers, Screw
column 4.10
Gauge)+Searle's Method (Y)+u–v Method Exp.
Verification of Ohm's law using
Measurement of length(i) 4.4
voltmeter and ammeter 4.10
Vernier Callipers 4.4
Specific resistance of the material
Least count of Vernier Callipers 4.5
of a wire using a meter bridge : 4.11
Length as measured by Vernier
Measurement of unknown resistanc
Callipers 4.5
using a P.O. Box 4.12
Screw gauge (or micrometer screw) 4.6
Exercise 4.13
Measurement of g using a simple
Answer Key 4.28
pendulum 4.7
Syllabus
• Unit Dimension and Basic Mathematics
Physics, SI units, Fundamental and derived units. Dimensions of Physical quantities, dimensional
analysis and its applications.
• Kinematics
Kinematics in one and two dimensions (Cartesian coordinates only), Projectiles; Relative velocity.
• Errors
Least count, significant figures; Methods of measurement and error analysis for physical quantities
pertaining to the experiments.
Unit & Dimensions
CHAPTER
1
SECTION A - UNITS
Note
1. PHYSICAL QUANTITY
These are also called as absolute or base quantities.
The quantites which can be measured by an In mechanics, we treat length, mass and time as the
instrument and by means of which we can describe three basic or fundamental quantities.
the laws of physics are called physical quantities.
Types of physical quantities : 1.2 Derived : Physical quantities which can be
expressed as combination of base quantities are called
as derived quantities.
Fundamental Derived Supplementry
For example : Speed, velocity, acceleration, force,
1.1 Fundamental momentum, pressure, energy etc.
Although the number of physical quantities that we
EXAMPLE 1
measure is very large, we need only a limited number
of units for expressing all the physical quantities since dis tan ce length
they are interrelated with one another. So, certain Speed = =
time time
physical quantities have been chosen arbitrarily and
1.3 Supplementa ry : Beside the seven
their units are used for expressing all the physical
fundamental physical quantities two supplementary
quantities, such quantities are known as
quantities are also defined, they are :
Fundamental, Absolute or Base Quantities (such
(1) Plane angle (2) Solid angle.
as length, time and mass in mechanics)
(i) All other quantites may be expressed in terms of Note
fundamental quantities. The supplementary quantities have only units but
(ii) They are independent of each other and cannot no dimensions.
be obtained from one another.
An international body named General Conference 2. MAGNITUDE :

on Weights and Measures chose seven physical Magnitude of physical quantity = (numerical value)
quantities as fundamental : Magnitude of a physical quantity is always constant.
(1) length It is independent of the type of unit.
(2) mass
1
(3) time  numerical value 
unit
(4) electric current,
or n1u1 = n2u2 = constant
(5) thermodynamic temperature
(6) amount of substance
(7) luminous intensity.
EXAMPLE 2 (ii) Second : 1 s = 9,192, 631,770 time periods of a

Length of a metal rod bar is unchanged whether it particular from Ceasium - 133 atom.
is measured as 2 metre or 200 cm. (iii) Kilogram : 1kg = mass of 1 litre volume of water
Observe the change in the Numerical value (from at 4°C
2 to 200) as unit is changed from metre to cm. (iv) Ampere : It is the current which when flows
through two infinitely long straight conductors of
3. UNIT : negligible cross-section placed at a distance of one
Measurement of any physical quantity is expressed metre in vacuum produces a force of 2 × 10–7 N/m
in terms of an internationally accepted certain basic between them.
reference standard called unit. (v) Kelvin : 1 K = 1/273.16 part of the
The units for the fundamental or base quantities thermodynamic temperature of triple point of water.
are called fundamental or base unit. Other physical (vi) Mole : It is the amount of substance of a system
quantities are expressed as combination of these which contains as many elementary particles
base units and hence, called derived units. (atoms, molecules, ions etc.) as there are atoms in
A complete set of units, both fundamental and
12g of carbon - 12.
derived is called a system of unit.
(vii) Candela : It is luminous intensity in a
3.1. Principle systems of Unit perpendicular direction of a surface of
There are various system in use over the world :
CGS, FPS, SI (MKS) etc  1  2
  m of a black body at the temperature of
 600000 
Table 1 : Units of some physical quantities in
different systems. freezing point under a pressure of 1.013 × 105 N/m2.
System (viii) Radian : It is the plane angle between two radiia
Physical
CGS MKS FPS of a circle which cut-off on the circumference, an
Quantity
(Gaussian) (SI) (British) arc equal in length to the radius.
Length centimeter meter foot (ix) Steradian : The steradian is the solid angle
Fundam which having its vertex at the centre of the sphere,
Mass gram kilogram pound
ental
cut-off an area of the surface of sphere equal to
Time second second second
that of a square with sides of length equal to the
Force dyne newtonN poundal radius of the sphere.
Work or EXAMPLE 3
Derived erg jouleJ ft-poundal
Energy
Find the SI unit of speed, acceleration
Power erg/s wattW ft-poundal/s
dis tan ce meter(m)
3.2 Supplementary units : Sol. speed = = = m/s ( c a l l e d
time sec ond(s)
(1) Plane angle : radian (rad)
as meter per second)
(2) Solid angle : steradian (sr)
* The SI system is at present widely used throughout velocity displacement / time
the world. In IIT JEE only SI system is followed. acceleration = =
time time
3.3 Definitions of some important SI
displacement meter
Units = = = m/s 2
(i) Metre : 1 m = 1,650, 763.73 wavelengths in (time)2 sec ond 2
vaccum, of radiation corresponding to organ-red (called as meter per second square)
light of krypton-86.
Units & Dimensions 1.9
4. S I PREFIXES For example :

The magnitudes of physical quantities vary order a force  newton (N)
wide range. The CGPM recommended standard energy  joule (J)
prefixes for magnitude too large or too small to be electric current  ampere (A)
expressed more compactly for certain power of 10. temperature  kelvin (K)
frequency  hertz (Hz)
For example :
Power Power length  meter (m)
Prefix Symbol Prefix Symbol
of 10 of 10 mass  kilogram (kg)
18 –1 luminous intensity  candela (cd)
10 exa E 10 deci d time  second (s)
15 –2
10 peta P 10 centi c
Note
12 –3
10 tera T 10 milli m The single exception is L, for the unit litre.
9 –6
10 giga G 10 micro 
(c) Symbols for units do not contain any final full stop
6 –9
10 mega M 10 nano n all the end of recommended letter and remain
3 –12
unaltered in the plural, using only singular form of
10 kilo k 10 pico p
the unit.
2
hecto h
–15
femto f For example :
10 10
10
1
deca da 10
–18
atto a Quantity Correct Incorrect
25 c m
25 centimeters 25 cm
25 cms.
5. GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR USING (d) Use of solidus ( / ) is recommended only for
SYMBOLS FOR SI UNITS, SOME indicating a division of one letter unit symbol by
OTHER UNITS, AND SI PREFIXES another unit symbol. Not more than one solidus is
(a) Symbols for units of physical quantities are printed/ used.
written in Roman (upright type), and not in italics
For example :
For example : 1 N is correct but 1 N is incorrect
(b) (i) Unit is never written with capital initial letter Corre ct Incorre ct
2
even if it is named after a scientist. m/s m/s/s
2
For example : SI unit of force is newton N s/m N s / m/ m
J/K mol J / K / mol
(correct) Newton (incorrect)
kg/m s kg / m / s
(ii) For a unit named after a scientist, the
symbol is a capital letter. (e) Prefix symbols are printed in roman (upright) type
without spacing between the prefix symbol and the
But for other units, the symbol is NOT a capital
unit symbol. Thus certain approved prefixes written
letter.
very close to the unit symbol are used to indicate
decimal fractions or multiples of a SI unit, when it
is inconveniently small or large.

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For example For example :

103/m3 = 1000/m3 or 1000 m–3, but not k/m3 or k
megawatt 6 m –3 .
1 MW = 10 W
–2
centimetre 1 cm = 10 m
(h) Prefix symbol is written very close to the unit symbol
3
kilometre 1 km = 10 m without spacing between them, while unit symbols
–3
millivolt 1 mV = 10 V are written separately with spacing with units are
3
1 kW h = 10 W h = 3.6 multiplied together.
kilowatt-hour 6
M J = 3.6 × 10 J For example :
–6
microampere 1A  10 A
angstrom 1Å  0.1nm  10 –10 m
Quantity Correct Incorrect
–9
nanosecond 1 ns = 10 s
–1
–12 1 ms 1 metre per second 1 milli per second
picofarad 1 pF = 10 F
microsecond 1s  10 –6 s 1 ms 1 millisecond 1 metre second
9
gigahertz 1 GHz = 10 Hz 1Cm 1 coulomb metre 1 centimetre
micron 1  m  10– 6 m
1 cm 1 centimetre 1 coulomb metre
The unit 'fermi', equal to a femtometre or 10–15 m

(i) The use of double profixes is avoided when single
has been used as the convenient length unit in nuclear
prefixes are available.
studies.
For example :
(f) When a prefix is placed before the symbol of a unit,
the combination of prefix and symbol is considered
as a new symbol, for the unit, which can be raised
10–9 m 1 nm (nanometre) 1 m m (milli micrometre)
to a positive or negative power without using
10–6 m 1 m (micron) 1 m m m (milli millimetre)
brackets. These can be combined with other unit
10–12 F 1 pF (picofarad) 1   F (micro microfarad)
symbols to form compound unit.
For example : 109 F 1 GW (giga watt) 1 kM W (kilo megawatt)
Quantity Correct Incorrect (j) The use of a combination of unit and the symbols
for unit is avoided when the physical quantity is
(cm)3 = (0.01 m)3 = 0.01 m3 or expressed by combining two or more units.
cm3 (10–2 m)3 = 10–6 m3 10–2 m3

(mA)2 = (0.001 A)2 =
mA2 (10–3A)2 = 10–6 A2 0.001 A2 Joule / mole K
joule per J/mol K
or J/mol Kelvin
mole Kelvin or J mol–1 K–1
or J/mole K
newton m second
(g) A prefix is never used alone. It is always attached to newton metre or N m second
Nms
a unit symbol and written or fixed before the unit second or N metre s
symbol. or newton metre s
5.1. Characteristics of base units or Section B - Dimensions

standards :
6. DIMENSIONS
(A) Well defined (B) Accessibility
Dimensions of a physical quantity are the power to
(C) Invariability (D) Convenience in use
which the fundamental quantities must be raised to
5.2 Some special types of units : represent the given physical quantity.
1. 1 Micron (1) = 10–4 cm = 10–6 m (length)
mass mass
2. 1 Angstrom (1 Å) = 10–8 cm = 10–10m (length) For example, density = = 3
3. 1 fermi (1f) = 10–13 cm = 10–15 m (length) volume (length)
4. 1 inch = 2.54 cm (length) or density = (mass) (length)–3 ...(i)

5. 1 mile = 5280 feet = 1.609 km (length) Thus, the dimensions of density are 1 in mass and –
6. 1 atmosphere = 105 N/m2 = 76 torr = 76 mm of Hg 3 in length. The dimensions of all other fundamental
pressure (pressure) quantities are zero.
7. 1 litre = 10–3 m3 = 1000 cm3 (volume) For convenience, the fundamental quantities are
8. 1 carat = 0.0002 kg (weight) represented by one letter symbols. Generally mass
9. 1 pound (Ib) = 0.4536 kg (weight) is denoted by M, length by L, time by T and electric
current by A.
The thermodynamic temperature, the amount of
Note substance and the luminous intensity are denoted by
the symbols of their units K, mol and cd respectively.
The student can now attempt section A from
exercise. The physical quantity that is expressed in terms of
the base quantities is enclosed in square brackets.
[sin] = [cos] = [tan] = [ex] = [M0L0T0]
7. DIMENSIONAL FORMULA
It is an expression which shows how and which of the fundalmental units are required to represent the unit of
physical quantity.
Different quantities with units. symbol and dimensional formula.
Quantity Symbol Formula S.I. Unit D.F.
Displacement s  Metre or m M 0LT 0
Area A ×b (Metre)2 or m2 M 0L 2T 0
Volume V ×b×h (Metre)3 or m3 M 0L 3T 0
s
Velocity v v m/s M 0LT– 1
t
Momentum p p = mv kgm/s MLT –1
v
Acceleration a a m/s2 M 0LT –2
t
Force F F = ma Newton or N MLT–2
Impulse - F×t N.sec MLT–1
Work W F.d N.m ML2T –2
1
Energy KE or U K.E.  mv 2 Joule or J ML2T –2
2
P.E. = mgh
W
Power P P watt or W ML2T –3
t
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Density d d = mass/volume kg/m3 ML –3T 0

Pressure P P = F/A Pascal or Pa ML–1T –2
Torque  =r×F N.m. ML2T –2
arc
Angular displacement   radian or rad M 0L 0T 0
radius

Angular velocity   rad/sec M 0L 0T –1
t

Angular acceleration   rad/sec2 M 0L 0T –2
t
Moment of Inertia I I = mr2 kg-m2 ML2T 0
1
Frequency v or f f hertz or Hz M 0L 0T –1
T
Stress - F/A N/m2 ML–1T –2
 A V
Strain - ; ; - M 0L 0T 0
 A V
F/ A
Youngs modulus Y Y N/m2 ML–1T –2
 / 
(Bulk modulus of rigidity)
F W N J
Surface tension T or ; ML0T –2
 A m m2
Force constant (spring) k F = kx N/m ML0T –2
 dv 
Coefficient of viscosity  F =  A kg/ms(poise in C.G.S.) ML–1T –1
 dx 
Gm1 m2 N  m2
Gravitation constant G F M –1L 3T –2
r2 kg2
PE J
Gravitational potential Vg Vg  M 0L 2T –2
m kg
Temperature  - Kelvin or K M 0L0T0+1
Heat Q Q = m × S × t Joule or Calorie ML2T –2
Joule
Specific heat S Q = m × S × t kg. Kelvin M 0L2T –2 –1
Joule
Latent heat L Q = mL M 0L 2T –2
kg
KA( 1  2 )t Joule
Coefficient of thermal K Q MLT–3–1
d msec K
conductivity
Joule
Universal gas constant R PV = nRT ML2T–2–1
mol.K
Mechanical equivalent J W = JH - M 0L 0T 0
of heat
Q
Charge Q or q I Coulomb or C M 0 L0 TA
t
Current I - Ampere or A M 0L0T0A
1 q1q 2 (coul.) 2 C2
Electric permittivity 0 0  . or M –1L–3T4A 2
4F r 2 N.m 2
N  m2
W
Electric potential V V Joule/coul ML2T–3A–1
q
F
Intensity of electric field E E N/coul. MLT–3A–1
q
Capacitance C Q = CV Farad M –1L–2T4A 2

Dielectric constant r r  - M 0L 0T 0
0
or relative permittivity
Resistance R V = IR Ohm ML2T–3A–2
1
Conductance S S Mho M–1L–2T–3A2
R
RA
Specific resistance   Ohm × meter ML 3T –3 A– 2

or resistivity
1
Conductivity or s  Mho/meter M –1L–3T3A 2

specific conductance
Magnetic induction B F = qvBsin Tesla or weber/m2 MT–2A–1
or F = BIL
d
Magnetic flux  e Weber ML2T–2A–1
dt
Magnetic intensity H B=H A/m M0L–1T0A
 0 Idlsin  N
Magnetic permeability 0 B MLT–2A–2
4 r 2 amp2
of free space or medium
dI
Coefficient of self or L e  L. Henery ML2T–2A–2
dt
Mutual inductance
Electric dipole moment p p = q × 2 C.m. M0LTA
Magnetic dipole moment M M = NIA amp.m2 M0L2AT0
Note
The student can now attempt section B from exercise.

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SECTION C - USE OF DIMENSIONS 8.2 To check the dimensional correctness
8. USE OF DIMENSIONS of a given physical equation :
Theory of dimensions have following main uses : Every physical equation should be dimensionally
8.1 Conversion of units : balanced. This is called the 'Principle of
This is based on the fact that the product of the Homogeneity'. The dimensions of each term on both
numerical value (n) and its corresponding unit (u) is sides of an equation must be the same. On this basis
a constant, i.e., we can judge whether a given equation is correct or
n[u] = constant or n1[u1] = n2 [u2] not. But a dimensionally correct equation may or
Suppose the dimensions of a physical quantity are a may not be physically correct.
in mass, b in length and c in time. If the fundamental
EXAMPLE 5
units in one system are M1, L1 and T1 and in the
Show that the expression of the time period T of a
other system are M2, L2 and T2 respectively. Then
we can write.
l
n1[M1a Lb1 T1c ]  n 2 [M 2a Lb2 T2c ] ...(i) simple pendulum of length l given by T = 2  is
g
Here n1 and n2 are the numerical values in two system
dimensionally correct.
of units respectively. Using Eq. (i), we can convert
the numerical value of a physical quantity from one l
Sol. T  2
system of units into the other system. g
EXAMPLE 4
[L]
Dimensionally [T]   [T]
The value of gravitation constant is [LT –2 ]
G = 6.67 × 10–11 Nm2/kg2 in SI units. Convert it
into CGS system of units. As in the above equation, the dimensions of both
Sol. The dimensional formula of G is [M–1 L3 T–2]. sides are same. The given formula is dimensionally
Using equation number (i), i.e., correct.
n1[M1–1 L31 T1–2 ]  n 2 [M 2–1 L32 T2–2 ] 8.3 Principle of H omo gene ity of
Dimensions.
–1 3 –2
M   L  T  This principle states that the dimensions of all the
n 2  n1  1   1   1 
 M 2   L2   T2  terms in a physical expression should be same. For
Here, n1 = 6.67 × 10–11 1 2
M1 = 1 kg, M2 = 1 g = 10–3 kg example, in the physical expression s = ut + at ,
2
L1 = 1 m, L2 = 1cm = 10–2 m,
T1 = T2 = 1s 1 2
the dimensions of s, ut and at all are same.
Substituting in the above equation, we get 2
–1 3 –2
 1kg   1m  1s 
n2 = 6.67 × 10–11  –3   –2    Note
10 kg  10 m  1s 
The physical quantities separated by the symbols
or n2 = 6.67 × 10–8 +, –, =, >, < etc., have the same dimensions.
Thus, value of G in CGS system of units is
6.67 × 10–8 dyne cm2/g2.
EXAMPLE 6 Here, k is a dimensionless constant. Thus,

[f ] = [F]0 [l]b []c
The velocity v of a particle depends upon the time t
or [M0 L0 T–1] = [MLT–2]a [L]b [ML–1]c
c
according to the equation v = a + bt + . Write or [M0L0T–1] = [Ma + c La + b – c T–2a]
dt
For dimensional balance, the dimension on both sides
the dimensions of a, b, c and d. should be same.
Sol. From principle of homogeneity Thus, a+c=0 ...(ii)
[a] = [v] a+b–c=0 ...(iii)
or [a] = [LT–1] Ans. and – 2a = – 1 ...(iv)
[bt] = [v] Solving these three equations, we get
[v] [LT –1 ] 1 1
or [b]   a , c– and b = – 1
[t] [T] 2 2
or [b] = [LT–2] Substituting these values in Eq. (i), we get

Similarly, [d] = [t] = [T] Ans.
k F
f  k(F)1 / 2 ( l ) –1 () –1/ 2 or f 
[c] l 
Further,  [v]
[d  t]
1
or [c] = [v] [d + t] Experimentally, the value of k is found to be
2
or [c] = [LT–1] [T]
or [c] = [L] Ans.
1 F
Hence, f
2l 
8.4 To establish the relation among
various physical quantities :
If we know the factors on which a given physical 8.5 Limitations of Dimensional Analysis
quantity may depend, we can find a formula relating The method of dimensions has the following
the quantity with those factors. Let us take an limitations :
example. (i) By this method the value of dimensionless constant
can not be calculated.
(ii) By this method the equation containing
EXAMPLE 7
trigonometrical, exponential and logarithmic terms
The frequency (f) of a stretched string depends upon
cannot be analysed.
the tension F (dimensions of force), length l of the
(iii) If a physical quantity depends on more than three
string and the mass per unit length  of string. Derive
factors, then relation among them cannot be
the formula for frequency.
established because we can have only three equations
Sol. Suppose, that the frequency f depends on the tension
by equalising the powers of M, L and T.
raised to the power a, length raised to the power b
and mass per unit length raised to the power c. Then.
Note
f  [F]a [l ]b [ ]c
The student can now attempt section C
from exercise.
or f  k [F]a [l ]b [ ]c

99, 8003899588
SECTION D - BASIC MATHEMATICS

a
9. MENSURATION FORMULAS : h
r : radius ; d = diameter ; 
V = Volume S.A = surface area b
(a) Circle
 = angle between sides a and b
1 2
Perameter : 2r = d, Area : r2 = d
4 (h) Trapezoid
(b) Sphere h
area = (a  b)
Surface area = 4r2 = d2 , 2
b
4 3 1 3
Volume = r = d
3 6
h
(c) Spherical Shell (Hollow sphere)
Surface area = 4r2 = d2 a
Volume of material used = (4r2)(dr), a and b parallel sides
h = height
dr = thickness
(d) Cylinder
Lateral area = 2rh (i) Triangle
V = r2h bh ab
area = = sin  = s(s  a)(s  b)(s  c)
Total area = 2rh + 2r2 = 2r (h + r) 2 2
(e) Cone a, b, c sides are opposite to angles , , 
Lateral area = r 2
r h 2 h = height b = base ; h = height
1 2
Total area = r  r 2  h2  r  V=
3
r h

c
b
(f) Ellipse
 
a 2  b2
Circumference  2  a
2
1
s= (a  b  c)
2
b
a (j) Rectangular container
lateral area = 2(b  bh  h)
area = ab V =  bh
a = semi major axis
b = semi minor axis h
(g) Parallelogram
A = bh = ab sin  b
a = side ; h = height ; b = base 
side , b, h
Mathematics is the language of physics. It becomes ANGLE CONVERSION FORMULAS

easier to describe, understand and apply the physical 
principles, if one has a good knowledge of 1 degree = ( 0.02) radian
180
mathematics.

Degrees to radians : multiply by
180
10. LOGARITHMS :
1 radian  57 degrees
(i) e  2.7183
(ii) If ex = y, then x = loge y = ln y 180
Radians to degrees : multiply by
(iii) x
If 10 = y, then x = log10y 
(iv) log10y = 0.4343 loge y = 2.303 log10 y EXAMPLE 15
(v) log (ab) = log (a) + log (b) Covert 45° to radians :
a  
(vi) log   = log (a) – log (b) 45 • = rad
b 180 4
(vii) log an = n log (a) 

Convert rad to degrees :
6
11. TRIGONOMETRIC PROPERTIES :  180
• = 30°
6 
(i) Measurement of angle & relationship
between degrees & radian EXAMPLE 16
In navigation and astronomy, angles are measured Convert 30º to radians :
in degrees, but in calculus it is best to use units called  
radians because of they simplify later calculations. Sol. 30º  = rad
180º 6
Let ACB be a central angle in circle of radius r, as
EXAMPLE 17
in figure.
Then the angle ACB or  is defined in radius as - 
Convert rad to degrees.
3
Arc length AB
  =
Radius r  180
Sol.  = 60
3 
B
Standard values

A  
r (1) 30° = rad (2) 45° = rad
C 6 4
 
(3) 60° = rad (4) 90° = rad
If r = 1 then  = AB 3 2
The radian measure for a circle of unit radius of 2 3
(5) 120° = rad (6) 135° = rad
angle ABC is defined to be the length of the circular 3 4
arc AB. since the circumference of the cirlce is 2p
and one complete revolution of a cicle is 360°, the 5
(7) 150° = rad (8) 180° =  rad
6
relation between radians and degrees is given by the
following equation. (9) 360° = 2 rad
(Check these values yourself to see that the satisfy
 radians = 180°
the conversion formulaes)
99, 8003899588
(ii) Measurement of positive & Negative

hyp r
Angles : Cosecant : cosec  
opp y
y
y adj x
Cosine: cos   
hyp r
x
Positive Negative
measure Measure
x hyp r
Secant : sec   
adj x
An angle in the xy-plane is said to be in standard
position if its vertex lies at the origin and its initial opp y
Tangent: tan   
ray lies along the positive x-axis (Fig). Angles adj x
measured counterclockwise from the positive x-axis
adj x
are assigned positive measures; angles measured Cotangent: cot   
opp y
clockwise are assigned negative measures.
y y
VALUES OF TRIGONOMETR IC
FUNCTIONS
x x
3
9 If the circle in (Fig. above) has radius r = 1, the
4 equations defining sin  and cos  become
y y cos = x, sin = y
5
– We can then calculate the values of the cosine and
2
sine directly from the coordinates of P.
x x
3
–
4
EXAMPLE 18
Find the six trigonometric ratios from given fig. (see
(iii) Six Basic Trigonometric Functions :
above)
y
P(x,y) 5
se
4
nu
r
te
oppsite
po
y
hy
side
 x 
O adjacent side 3
P(x,y)
opp 4 adj 3
Sol. sin =  cos = 
hyp 5 hyp 5
opp 4 adj 3
The trigonometric fucntion of a general angle  are tan =  cot  = 
adj 3 opp 4
defined in tems of x, y and r.
hyp 5 hyp 5
opp y sec  =  cosec  = 
Sine : sin    opp 3 opp 4
hyp r
EXAMPLE 19 1
cos  = x-coordinate of P = –
Find the sine and cosine of angle  shown in the 2
unit circle if coordinate of point p are as shown.
y 3
Sol.  1 3
– , 
sin  = y-coordinate of P =
 2 2  2
 
3
1 
2 12. Values of sin , cos  and tan  for
1 x some standard angles.
2
Degree 0 30 37 45 53 60 90 120 135 180
Radians 0 /6 37 / 180 /4 53 / 180 /3 /2 2 / 3 3 / 4 
sin  0 1/2 3/5 1/ 2 4/5 3 /2 1 3 /2 1/ 2 0
cos  1 3 /2 4/5 1/ 2 3/5 1/2 0 –1/2 – 1/ 2 –1
tan  0 1/ 3 3/4 1 4/3 3  – 3 –1 0
A useful rule for remembering when the basic   

(b) If angle = (2n  1)   where n is in
trigonometric funcions are positive and negative is  2 
the CAST rule. If you are not very enthusiastic about interger. Then trigonometric function of
CAST. You can remember it as ASTC (After school
  
to college)
(2n  1) 2   = complimentry
y
IInd Quadrant Ind Quadrant trignometric function of  and sign will be
S A decided by CAST Rule.
sin positive all positive
x EXAMPLE 20
T C Evaluate sin 120°

Tan positive cos positive
3
Sol. sin 120° = sin (90° + 30°) = cos 30° =
IIInd Quadrant IVnd Quadrant 2
The CAST rule

3
Aliter sin 120° = sin (180° – 60°) = sin 60° =
2
RUL ES FOR FINDING
TRIGONOMETRIC RATIO OF ANGLES EXAMPLE 21
GREATER THAN 90°. Evaluate cos 210°
St ep 1  Identify the quadrant in which angle lies.
3
Step 2  Sol. cos 210° = cos (180° + 30°) = – cos 30° = –
2
(a) If angle = (n ± )
where n is an integer. Then

99, 8003899588
EXAMPLE 22 sin A sin B sin C

• Sine Rule  
a b c
1
tan 210° = tan (180° + 30°) = tan 30° =  • Cosine rule a2 = b2 + c2 – 2bc cos A
3
B
13. IMPORTANT FORMULAS c a
(i) sin2 + cos2 = 1
(ii) 1 + tan2 = sec2 A C
(iii) 1 + cot2 = cosec2 b
(iv) sin2 = 2 sin  cos  EXAMPLE 23

(v) cos 2 = 2 cos2 – 1 = 1 – 2 sin2
= cos2 – sin2 4 3
90°
(vi) sin (A ± B) = sin A cos B ± cos A sin B Find x :
37° 53°
(vii) cos (A ± B) = cos A cos B  sin A sin B x
 C D C– D sin 90 sin53

(viii) sin C + sin D = 2sin   cos   Sol. 
 2   2  x 4
x=5
C– D CD
(ix) sinC – sin D = 2sin   cos  
 2   2 
14. SMALL ANGLE APPROXIMATION
It is a useful simplification which is only approxi-
CD C– D
(x) cos C + cos D = 2cos cos mately true for finite angles. It involves linerarization
2 2
of the trigonometric functions so that, when the angle
D–C CD  is measured in radians.
(xi) cos C – cos D = 2sin sin
2 2 sin  
tan 2 
2 tan  2
(xii) cos 1 or cos  1 – for the second -
1 – tan 2  2
order approximation
tan A  tan B
(xiii) tan(A ± B) = 1  tan A tan B tan  
(xiv) sin(90° + ) = cos  Geometric justification

(xv) cos (90° + ) = – sin 
(xvi) tan (90° + ) = – cot 
(xvii) sin(90° – ) = cos 
(xviii) cos(90° – ) = sin Object
tan tan
(xix) cos (180° – ) = – cos  arc
arc D
(xx) sin(180° – ) = sin  
(xxi) cos (180° + ) = – cos  
d
(xxii) tan (180° + ) = tan 
(xxiii) sin(– ) = – sin 
Small angle approximation. The value of the small angle
(xxiv) cos (–) = cos 
X in radians is approximately equal to its tangent
(xxv) tan (–) = – tan 

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JEE Class Companion

Chapter 1 Unit and Dimension

Chapter 2 Vector and Calculus

Section A - Units Mensuration Formulas 1.16

Physical Quantities 1.7 Logariths 1.17

Fundamental 1.7 Trigonometric Properties 1.17

Derived 1.7 Measurement of angle & Relationship

Supplementry 1.7 Between & Degrees and Radian 1.17

Magnitude 1.7 Measurement of Positive

Unit 1.8 and Negative Angles 1.18

Principle System of Unit 1.8 Six Basic Trigonometric Functions 1.18

Supplementry units 1.8 Values of sin , cos  and tan  for

Definitions of some important SI Units 1.8 some standard angles 1.19

SI Prefixes 1.9 Important Formulas 1.20

General Guidelines for Using Symbols Small Angle Approximation 1.20

for SI Units, Some Other Units, Binomial Theorem 1.21

Some Other Units, and SI Prefixes 1.9 Graphs 1.21

Characteristics of base Units or Standards 1.11 Similar Triangle 1.23

Some Special Types of Units 1.11 Exercise 1.24

Diamensions 1.11 Chapter-2 Vector and Calculus

Definition of Vector and Angle between Vectors,

Section C - Use of Dimensions Addition of Vectors, Subtraction of Vectors

Use of Dimensions 1.14 Scalar 2.1

Conversion of Units 1.14 Vector 2.1

To Check the Dimensional Correctness General Points Regarding Vector 2.1

of a Given Physical Equation 1.14 Representation of Vector 2.1

To Establish the Relation Among Negative of Vector 2.2

Various Physical Quantities 1.15 Equality of Vector 2.2

Co-initial Vector 2.3

Coplanar Vectors 2.3

Multiplication and Division of Section C - Differentiation

a Vector by a Scalar 2.3 Differentiation 2.17

Triangle rule of Addition 2.3 Infinitey Small Difference 2.18

Polygon Law of Addition 2.4 Definition of Differentiation 2.18

Parallelogram Law of Addition 2.4 Geometrical Meaning of Differentiation 2.19

Subtraction of Vector 2.5 Secant and Tangent to a Curve 2.19

Rule No.2 Power Rule 2.20

CALCULUS Section D - Maxima & Minima

Some Indefinite Integrals

(An Arbitrary Constant Should Be Added Section - D Variable Acceleration

to Each of These Integrals) 2.28 Variable Acceleration 3.21

Application of Definite Integral 2.30 When Acceleration is given as a Function

Exercise 2.32 of Velocity 3.21

Answer Key 2.46 When Acceleration is given as a Function of t 3.21

Section - E Ground-to Ground projectile Motion,

Projectile Motion in Inclined plane

Rest and Motion 3.1 Projectile Motion 3.22

Projectile Fired Parallel to Horizontal 3.22

Reading of Graphs 3.14 River Boat Problems 3.35

Drawing of Graphs on the Section H - Rain Problems, Aircraft wind

Conversion of Velocity v/s time projectiles

Conversion of displacement v/s Rain Problems 3.39

Time Graph to Distance v/s Time Graph 3.18 Exercise 3.44

Conversion of v - t Graphs of to Answer Key 3.78

x-t and a-t Graphs 3.18

Reading of Graphs if the Motion of two

: info@motion.ac.in, url : www.motion.ac.in, : 1800-212-1799

Chapter-4 Error Determination of Young's Modulus by

Section A - Significant digits, Rounding off & Serale's Method 4.8

• Unit Dimension and Basic Mathematics

analysis and its applications.

pertaining to the experiments.