Discovering

Evolution
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What we'll discuss

Fossils
Comparative Anatomy
Comparative Embryology
Biogeography
Molecular Biology
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Fossils
Fossils are the preserved remains of
plants and animals whose bodies were
buried in sediments, like sand and mud, The wasp Leptofoenus
pittfieldae trapped in
Dominican amber, from 20 to
under ancient seas, lakes and rivers. 16 million years ago. It is
known only from this
specimen.
Fossils can be more than 10 000 years
old!
Scientists use these to learn more about
the evolution and history of animals. Fossile trace made by an extinnct
marine species, called trilobite
Comparative Anatomy Isra Imroz

Definition
The comparative study of the body structures of different
species of animals in order to understand the adaptive
changes they have undergone in the course of evolution from
common ancestors.

Example
Forelimbs of cats, whales, bats, and humans have similar
bone structures. All of these appendages consist of the
same basic parts; yet, they serve completely different
functions.
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Comparative Embryology
What is it? examples
All vertebrate embryos, for
Comparative example, have gill slits and tails
embryology is the
branch of Mice, fish, frogs and even
embryology that humans look remarkably similar
compares and at early embryonic stages, and
contrasts embryos of appear to share the same
different species, molecular instructions that are
crucial to normal embryo
showing how all development.
animals are related.

Biogeography
Sub-topic 1
Biogeography is the
discipline of biology
that studies the
present and past
distribution
patterns of
biological diversity
and their underlying
environmental and
historical causes.
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splitting of Pangea
(all the Earth's continents
were one large land mass).
Finches
Consider the birds called
finches that Darwin studied on
the Galápagos Islands (see
Figure below). All of the finches
probably descended from one
bird that arrived on the islands
from South America.
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Molecular Biology
Molecular Biology is the field of biology that studies
the composition, structure and interactions of
cellular molecules – such as nucleic acids and
proteins – that carry out the biological processes
essential for the cell's functions and maintenance.

In Short it is the study of life at the level of atoms

and molecules.
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For example, molecular genetics

studies demonstrated that two alleles
can be codominant

Like structural homologies, similarities

between biological molecules can reflect
shared evolutionary ancestry. At the most basic
level, all living organisms share: The same genetic material
(DNA) The same, or highly similar, genetic codes.
 References
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1. “Biogeography, Definitions, Examples.” Study.Com,

study.com/academy/lesson/biogeography-definitions-
examples.html#:%7E:text=A%20large%2Dscale%20example%20of,live%20in%20the%20we
stern%20hemisphere. Accessed 23 May 2022.
2. “Comparative Anatomy | Definition, Examples, and Facts.” Encyclopedia Britannica,
www.britannica.com/science/comparative-anatomy. Accessed 23 May 2022.
3. “Evidence for Evolution (Article).” Khan Academy,
www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/her/evolution-and-natural-selection/a/lines-
of-evidence-for-evolution. Accessed 23 May 2022.
4. “Mapping Beads on Strings.” Nature, 20 May 2022, www.nature.com/subjects/molecular-
biology?error=cookies_not_supported&code=0e0c3afa-7b51-4e3c-be1a-
0cda5c642efb#:%7E:text=Molecular%20Biology%20is%20the%20field,the%20cell’s%20func
tions%20and%20maintenance.
5. Shih, Ivy, et al. “Flipping the Genetic ‘Switch’ That Makes Many Animals Look Alike as
Embryos.” The Conversation, 4 Mar. 2016, theconversation.com/flipping-the-genetic-
switch-that-makes-many-animals-look-alike-as-embryos-
55631#:%7E:text=Mice%2C%20fish%2C%20frogs%20and%20even,crucial%20to%20normal
%20embryo%20development.
6. Wikipedia contributors. “Fossil.” Wikipedia, 14 Apr. 2022, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil.

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Thank You for

Reading!