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UGqtflwimil, l>11wuutiwinul Li. qbf1ilwGflwinul pmaG qw11qwgnul 111~11bg
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pwg4.bg 12wriw12w4wG qpuimpiwu 11~11ng: 1871 p. l>11wuutiwimll hpll-
Gw11114.bg «'2wriw12w4wCi qpuimpJmCiCib11ti wqwlll 11~11ng[!», 1895 p.'
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hpllOw11114.bL t «'2WrtW1?W4wG qplilnLPJWU wllb11ti4JWU wungflwgflwO»:
U4ubgflG ~Wf1pbf1WPWf1 hf1WlilWf1W4bL llfl 2Wf1Q llwuGwqpuiw4wG hw0-
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«Political Sciences», LnLJU t uibubL UUU-mll 11tmL.u 1880 p., flu4 1886 p.
4nLmllptiwiti hwllWLUWf1WUnLll ~Wf1pbf1WPWf1 hf1WlilWf1W44.mll t
«Political Sciences Quarterty» hw011bun:
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4wCi qw111w6Li.p hwulllwuimll[! hwGqbg11bg WJG pwGflG, n11 w11Li.lllilwblJ.-
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pw11wpw4wG 4muw4gmpJmCiCibp(i m futlpwt.lnpmtlGb(l[} u wnu: UJU
bpumipubpp t.lbflLm6mp1muubpn gnLJg bG uiwltiu.np Citlwu bpumJpCibpu
mubgbL bu ppbug GwfuwU1pl4bfln: =ibuin, bpp hbuiwqnuin11n u4umtl t
[}UllhWU[lWgmtl 4wU1UJ[lbL, llflWUE llWllUnLtl b(i hptlCiwl[n[l, wtlnt[l, WJ-
upup(i l[b11w6l[mtl bu uibumpiwu u wJCipwu wtlmfl, np 4w11n11 bup huJ-
tlwflbL 011bup: UJul4bu, pw11.wpw4wGmp1wu tlwupu l.jmuiw4l[mtl bu ql1-
1J1bLtJECibfl, n11nup 4wqtlmtl bu UllLJWL qpuimpiwu ptlwuuin: '-lbfl2Wl4bu,
"fll4bu l.jwunCi, qpuimpiwu tlb2 wowCi~uwgl[mtl bCi hbuiuJWL U1Wflflbfl1J.
qpuiw4wu nu4bflntpJntCi, n11uib11. tlWflllP4 qpw11.l[mtl bu UllLJWL qpuiu1-
6Jm11ti tl2w4tlwtlp u 11wuwl[wu11tlwllp, huuiwl.jbgl[mll t UflW pbtlwuiti4
pCiwqwl[woo. llbpn11wpwCiwl.jwCi hpllpo: C!uui tmpJwCi pw11.wpwqpuin1e-
pJmGu Pfl llb2 ou11q114mll t qpuimpJwCi t.lbfl[! G2l[w6 P"L"fl UlWflflbflo:
'2w11.wpw4wu qpuimpJmCio wllpn11.2mpJwllp qw11qwumtl t "fll4bu
pw11wpwl.jwumpJWU tlwupu uibuwl.jwCi u l4flW4uiti4 qpuibLPEUbflp
hwllw4w11q: Sbuw4wu pw11wpwqpuimpJnLU[! Lnt6mll t qpuiw4wu
hw[lgb[l' 4wl4t.lw6 pw11.wpwl.jwCi qn116mCibmpJwCi llwup(i hpllCiWflWfl
qpuibLtJECib~ti liuwl[n[lllwCi hbui:
Sbuwl.jwu pw11.wpwqpuimpJnLU[! m11.11.4w6 t 11bl4P qpuimpJwCi wnw[l-
1.jwCi, Cil.4wuuimtl t qpuibLppGbflp w6pCi, [!Ullq6mll 4PflWnw4wGp hptlCiw-
4wCi m1111mpJmCio: '1w 4wpunp 11bfl t tuw11mll pw11wpw4wo qn1160Cipwg-
Ubflp 4bflLnL6mpJwCi hwJbgwl.jw[lqWJpCi u llbpn11wpwCiwl.jwCi Wl4WflWU1l1
llzwl.jllwCi qn116mll: '2w11.wpwqpuimpJWU uibuwl.jwu u 4ti11wnw4wCi m11-
fl.nLpJmCiCib11Ci PflWflPQ UlWflpbpl[mll bu n1 WJCipwu hbuiwqnuimpJWCi op-
Jb4uip u llbpn11Cibflp wnmllnl[, nppwCi ppbCig w1221.t 1111l[w6 Cil.4wuiw4Cib-
[lnl[: 4p11w12w4wCi pw11.wpwqpuimp1mCio m11.11.w4p l4WUlwufuwCimll t pCi-
!P. hwtlwfl u tJCiil.4b"u hw[lgbppCi, qpw11l[mll t [!Cipwgp4 pw11.wpw4wo
l4flw4uiti4wJpg pfun'l l4fl"PLbllwJpCi npnzw4ti tiriwl[p6w4Cibflp 4bflLnL6m-
PJWllp: 4ppwnw4wu pw11wpwqpuimp1muo 111buw4wo lln11bLCibpp, hb-
111wqn111w4wCi [!Cipwgw4wflqbpp, pw11wpwl.jwCi qwCiwqwCi 111bfuCinLn-
qpwCibpp wllpnr12mp1mCi t' nl'l.'l.t.lW6 qnp6Gw4wG 4PflWllllwCi u 12bw[
pw11wpw4wu WflllJntCip uuiwCiwLm Cil.4wuiwl.jpCi: uflw hbuiwqn1J1mp1wO
14
hpuGw4wG w12wp4wG 4nG4pbl1l ppw11wpllmp1mGG t' pp wllpnri.2
hwpul1lmp1wllp, 4WUjbpn4. m hwpwpbpmpJmGGbpn4_: Lippw12w4wG gw-
ri.wpwqplilnLPJWG umpJb4l1lubp[! 4.briLm6wpwu Ltinpllwqblllubp bG,
nrmGp wztuwlilmU bG hbl1lwqnl1lw4wG 4bGLilpnuubpmll li Ujbtnw4wu 4w-
nntg4_w6pubpmll: UJUOfl wztuwphp WllW2Wl1lWfl hWUWLUWpwGG~J1nLU li
qntnwhbtnwqnl1lw4wG 4bul1lpnuubpmll nriw4wuwg4_mu bu li' tnbuw4wu
li' 4ppw12w4wu hbl1lwqninmp1muubp:

3mpwgwuLJntfl qplilntpJWU 4winbqnppwubpp hbinwqninmpimGn

upw qptnw4wu UjntnbugpWLP Jntpwgllwu wuhpwdbztn UjWJllwuu t:
Liwinbqnpnwu3 in4.JwL qpl1lmp1wG Lbqmu t, qnp6tJ2n. npo Ujbing t
un4.nribL, LWJuwgubL m tunriwgubL WJ'l puwqw4_wnp qptnbLn2ubpn:
YWtnbqnpnwubpl} tn4.JWL qplilnLPJWU 4nri.llpg OpJb4inti4. w2tuwphp
tSwuw!nri.mpJwG uwu11ri.w4ti wuinptSwuGbpu bu, npnug llb2 li npnug llp-
2ngn4. t llf1Uli.np4.mll tn4.JWL W12Wf14WJP pn4_wu11w4mpjnLU[!, oppUW!W-
ttimpjntUUbfll} li qwpqwgllwG llplilmllGbpn:
Uuhpwdb2in t u4winp mGbuwL, np gwri.wgw4wu qpinmpiwu 4winb-
qnppwGbpp mumlluwuppmpJWU dwuwGw4 wnw2wumll bu npnzw4ti
11d4.wpmp1muGbp, npnGp UjWJllwuw4_np4_w6 bu WJ'l qpinmpiwu puinbq-
flWL pGnqpn4.. inwppbp bp4pGbpnul 11pw 11riulinpllwu wnwu6uwhwin4m-
pJmuubpn4_: PwGG wiG t, np pwri.w9wqpinmp1mGn, tiG!Ujbu ti up 2wp9
qptnntpJntGubp, oql1lwqnp6mll bu 4winbqnppwubpp bpb9 inbuw4: Unw-
2PUI} l}Ullhwump 4wtnbqnppwubpu bu. oppuw4, «EWl'J.WEW411PnLPJnLU»,
«hwuwriw4ntPJnLU», «ll2w4mJp», «ctnri.n4.m1111», «w12w2oupwg», «hb-
ri.wttintumpJntU» Li. wnu: b11411nri11n WJG 4wtnbqnppwGbpu bu, npnu9 qn11-
6w12umu bu Ewri.w9wqpinmp1wG Li. hwuwriw4w4wG ll1mu qpinmp1mu-
ub11ti 4gllwG 4btnmll: OppGw4, «ppw4_w4wu UjbtnmpJnLU», «EWl'J.WEW-
gpw4wG hwuwpw4mp1mG», «ungtiwLw4wG futlpbp», «hwuwpw4w4wu
4wri6pQ», «4nG~Lti4inGbp», «Ujbl1lw4wu-9wri.w9wgpw4wG 6wnw1m-
PJnLU», «QWl'J.WEW4wG pwGw4gmp1muubp» li wnu: Uiu wnmlln4. hwp4 t
u2bL, np EWl'J.w9wqpinmp1wG tlp 2Wf1Q hptluwtuu11ppGbp tlp2wnwp4w1w-
4wG hbinwqninmpJWU nLn('ltn bG 4wqtlmll: Oppuw4, pwri.wpw4wG
puuinpinminGbpp, Gnptlbpp li wpdbpubpp mumtluwuppmpimGo ubpum-
3 4wuibqnppw-hmG. kategorie - [!Gl')hwGmp hwu4wgntJ)Jntu, npu wriuiwhw1uinul t
O~jbl.juiplj wztuwphp bpl.ntjJ)Gbp[! l. WllW[ll.jWubpp tw4wG hwuiljwurzutip(J nL hwpwpbpnL-
PJnLUUG[lQ'.
15
nbCi 4w1.44.w6 t tinw4.wq.plllmpJwCi hblll: ~wrtwEw4wCi mullmuf!ubnG m
q.w11w4lwnwtunump1muubno mumlluwutin4.mll bu uwLL lfltiLtiun4lw1nt-
PJWU 4nrtllpg, 2wqw2w4wu qq.wgllmu2ubno. hnLJqbno· hnq.bpwumpJLuG
4nqllpg, 2wqw2w4wu w4_wuflnLJpCibric:i' llzw4nqpp 1.4wlllllmp1wu LL LI1b-
ump1wu 4nqllpg, 2wqw2w4wu ti2tuwump1wu 6wq.mllo' llwpflwpwum-
PJWU m wqq.wq.pmpJWU 4nqllpg LL WJLU: bppnrirrn QWCl,WQWq.plllnLPJlUU
ub4lw4wu 4wlllbq.nripwubriu bu, n11nu2 pwdwu4_mll bu llp 2w112 tullptpp:
uzbuQ uwLL, nn wnulllllJWU QWrtWQWQ.plllw4wu nrinz 4wlllbq.n11pwub11
llpzlll it. nri umiu 4b111.4 bu wrilllwhwJlllmll ll14.JwL bri4nti 2wqw2w4tuu
Wllpnrt2 l.4Wllll.jt11[!: ntulllp WJl'l l.jWl.llbq.n(lpWUb(lp OQ.l.llWQ.nf161lWU d'W-
llWUWl.j wuh11wdt2111 t hwz4.ll WllUbL 1114.Jwt t11L1111l wqq.wjpU w11wuOuw-
hw1114mpjnLUUbf1[!, ll1U111buw4wu LL 2w11w2wl.jwu qw11q.wgllwu llwl.jLL1f1-
flWl.j[! LL wnu: Uuh11wdb2111 t ouflq.6tt. n11 «2w11w2wl.jwumpJmu» LL «E1'1J-
11w~wl.jwu tizt!J~umpJmu» 1.jwllltq.n11tiwut110 hjllluw11w11 bu, w11wug2 1 ~-
1tiu LL pwg,_ll~~D.4.wu~wl.j: ~w.11wDwq.p111mpJwu llJmu Ljw111tq.n11pwubrio
q.n116mll .b(j. WJl}.-,WllWUQEPr 2m1120. pwgwhWJlllmll bu fl(lWUg 111Wf1pbf1
L1nrtllb110: .4w~nLgqw6Eu m :q.nri6w11ump1wu llbf'uwGpqllo:
Q.plllwl.jwti ·q.~wl.jwumpiwu llb2 EWrtw2wq.jllllmp1wu 4w111bq.n11pwC1b-
llO pwdwu4.ritll tu ht111uJWL tullpt11ti 4 : U11w2tiuo wJu l.jwllltq.nritiwutriG
bu, n11nG2 pwgwhwJ111mll LL pumpwq.11mll tu, pt ri·ui t Ew11w2wq.jl111m-
P1muo. uriw OpJtl.jlll[!, w11w114wu, hblllwqnlllnLPJWU lltpnflUb(l[! LL q.n1(1-
6w11nljpub110: b11L111n11flC! wiu 1.jw111bq.n11tiwub11u tu, n11nu2 Ew11w2wl.jLuu
L'1flb11utriti LL tLPlllWJP hwllw(l hWUfltU tu Q.WLjlU n111.4bu G1.4w111wl.j LL
llp2ng: 'l11wu2, zunf1hp4_ pribug q.n116w11umpJWU [!Uflq.(11.jllwu llwl.jWflflllJ-
1.jp, mubu m1111whw1wg LL hn(ljlqnuwl.jwu pumjp: 'lf1WUE bu. «EWl'l.WQllJ-
1.jwu '12tuwump1mu», «2w11w2wl.jwu 1.jw11q.», «2w11.w2wl.jwu 111jl11wl.l1b-
111mp1mu» LL WJLu: b1111n11fl tumllp 1.jw111bq.n11jlwubf1[! llb11wpbf1mll ibu
EW11.w2wl.jwu jluu111jl111m111ub11jlu m DW11.w2wl.jwump1wu umpJbl.j111ub-
11tiu. 1111wug Ljw1.4b111lu m 4lntuhw11wpb11mpJmuub11pu, 4.Wf1iw4wu w1.41lJ-
11w111pu, ou11111wl.jwu hwllwl.jw11q.b11jlu LL wnu: Qn1111n1111 tumllp hwul.j1.u-
gmp1muub11u m Ljw111bq.n11tiwub110 llb11wpb11mll bu Ew11.w2wl.jwu hwll1.u-
1.jw11q.tiu m Ljw11mgtlw62w1tiu 111w1111b11pu: 011tiuwl.j, ti•Gi t «2w11.w2wl.jwu
hwllwl.jw(lq.[!», flf1W 1.jw11mg4.w620. «1.4whwu2w111.j», «zwhbflll w11111wpb-
11mll», «ungtiwLw4wu llti2wllwlf1», «hbll1Wf1Wf10 1.jw1.4», hw11.n1111wl.jgmll
LL WJLU: ,puq.b11n1111 tumllp hwul.jwgmp1muub11u m 4wlllbq.n11pwub110
huwriwlln11mp1mu bu 111wttiu llbf1Lm6btm 2w11.w2wl.jwu q.n116oupwgo
4 Stiu 06n:iax H IIpmtA.ilAHaH UOhBTOJ\OrHll./ UOA o6n:ieH: peAfilUtlieH A.H.H. upocp.
)KyitoBd B. 11., A.cfl.H. upocp. KpaCHOBd E. 11./. M. 1997. t2 15-18., BeCTHHK MocK. YR.-
Ta. CepH.11 18. CorpioJl.OI"lffi H UOJ\.HT0.11.orrur. 1997. N. 3:
16
. wllpnl'J.2nLPJWU llb2: 'lf1WUE bu' «j;?Wl'J.Wj;?Wljwu pwpblflntumllubp», «j;?UJ-
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WJLCi: bi.l i.lb112w~bu ljwUlbqnppwCibp, npnuE nu11qpljmll bu EWl'J.WQW-
LjwCi qpUlwljgmpJWU pCiwqwi.lwnn· «EWl'J.WQwljwCi hnqbpwCimpJnLU»,
«EWl'J.WEWljwCi llzwljnLJp;>, «I?Wl'J.WI?WljwCi qwl'J.wl.flwriwtunumpjmu»,
«I?Wl'J.WQwljwCi ungtiwLw4wCiwgmll» u wnCi:
Uiu~pun4, EWl'J.WEWqpUlnLPJWCi ljwUlbqnppwCibpp qpuiwljwG w~w­
pwuip 6liwi.lnrimll[! pw1111 qnp6[!Cipwg t, np(! ~whwG2mll t ljwuibqnppw-
Gbppg JnLflWEWUlJnLflP huuiwlj pn4wG11wljmpjwG pwgwhwiuimll, 4tiriw-
nwljwG wnmllni.l '5pzui u uibr1Ni oquiwqnp6mll:

12U'1UJ2UQl1snnaauu llf;tan'lutfltJ ti.l qnrounntaraubfltJ

~Wl'J.WEwqpuimpiwG hbuiwqnuimpiwG llbpn11wpwGmpimGQ llbpn11-

Gbpp, Gnpllbflp wllpn11.2mpimu t, qpuiwljwG npnumllubriti nwqllwi.lwrim-
pJmG: qpuiwljwG llbpn11Q uljqpmGj;?Gbpp, uibumpiwu hpllCiwljwG uib11.w11-
11mllubflp, 4tiriwni.tn11 b11.wuwljub11ti hwllwljwriq t, nriti oqumpiwup hb-
lllwqnlllnrl.Q hwuCimll t ppwljwumpJwG opJb4uiti4 6wuwinl'J.nLPJWGQ:
'1Jpn.1>bupnuwl j;?Wl'J.Wj;?wqbuip hwllwp qpuiwljwu i.lbf1LnL6mpjwCi ubpn11-
Gbppu uiti11w~blllbLQ Gpw nriwljwljwu llwljwri11w4ti 4w11L.n11 iwlflwuti2-
Gb11pg ubljCi t: UjG huwriwi.tnrimpjnLU t UU1bl'J.6mll L. U~WUUlnLU hbuiwqn-
UlnLPJWU opJb4uitii.lmpJwG m wrirumuwi.lbuimpJwG pwp6pwgllwGQ:
Swppbp llbpn11ub11ti wllpn112mpJmGQ, npnug oqumpJwllp hbuiwqnuii.tmll
bu EWfl.WEw4wG tiriwljwumpimuu m ti11w11wri6mpJmCiubf1Q, hGwriwi.ln-
flnLpJmu t QU6bnmu uibuGbLm qwpqwgllwu llpuimllGbpQ, QG11mGbLm
hwllw~wuiwutuwu nrinznulGbfl, ljwqllbLm EWl'J.WI?wljwu 4bf1Lm6mpJwG
pni.lwG11wljmpJnLU(!: Vbpn11Q-hmu. methodos, hbuiwqnuimpJwG m11.ti.
6wGw~wph, EUJfl.WEW4wG uibumpjwG uuimqllwu Ii qGwhwuillwu llp-
2ng, i.lb11Lm6mpJWU b11.wuwlj t:
~w11.wewljwG hbuiwqnuimpimuubpp llbpn11wpwuwljwu llwljwri11w-
4n. llbpn11Gbriti hpllGwljwu 6L.bf1Q ljwqui.lbL, 6L.w4nf14bL bG EWfl.WJ?Wljwu
lluieti ~wuiuwljwu qwpqwgllwG [!Upwgemll: '2w11.wewqpuimpjwG ub-
pn11Gbpp llzwljllwu qnf16QGpwg(! llwuGwqpuiwljwG qpwljwGmpJwG ub2
pwdwGi.lmll t hbuiL.JUJL LPnLLb[lp 5 :
5 Sb'u /:v«ApoA 6. Malll'ld:x, PIAllPA K. PIA, nOAHTOJ\Onul, MCTOAfJ WCJ\CAOlldJlllil,
nepeBOA c dHrAHHCKOr~, _M. 1997., UOBTb cnpaBO'll!H.K- noJUlTOJ\OnHJ YhA. BecL
1L )
MHp. M. 2000. t2 152-156.
2-38 -~ ( v(l) '3 17
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23
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24
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25
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26
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27
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to wiG hwGq.wllwGeGtno. nnnGe L4WJllwGwtlnnLtw6 bG llw11114w0g ljwll-
11nLl. gwGljmpJmGGbnml. Gl4WlllwljGb11nLl, ew11.w11wljwG n11twLGl:i11nLl,
wztuwnhollp nGn11.mpJwllp, Ljwnnri.mpimGGbnn Lt. Gwtuwup nmpJmG Gl:in nLt
L. wnG: t°'U!L4PUPU tL LnGl:iG uljqpmGEGbnti [!UlllflnLpJWU umpjbljlllpLl hpll-
Ebfl(}, llw1111n4 !l:iG 4wnn11. gwuljwLn w11111mueotnn hwuubt. l:ipl:i 1111wue
ibG hwllwl.4wlllwutuwGnul op1bljL11ptl hwGq.wllwGEGbnpG L.11mnu bG q.w-
LPU nnwljwG hGwnwtlnnmpjmGubnn 2112wGwljGb11pg: UJUL4bU nn
uljqpmGEGtriti nrinzllwG hpllEbflp 2w11Emll opJblj1.11p4 hwGq.wllwGEGbnG
28
mub(j 4_1Snwl.jw0 02wuwl.jmpjnLU, pWJQ pueup(j !b(j l.jwpnl'J. WllWfll.jWJW-
GWL L. 11riuL.np4.bL ul.jqpmOeObpp llL.n4. wnwGg llwp11l.jwGg' 11riwug llptn-
4,w6 qnp6nri.mp1mGGbpp: IClbpL.u WJll L4WLnlSwnn4. t llwp11l.jwug p4,mll, np
ppbue wqwui bu uwhllwGbLm gwGl.jwgw6 ul.jqpmGe. [!UUlflbLm tuu~tiri­
Gbriti (pllwgmpiwG l.jwll L411W4uiti4 qnp6mGbmp1wu) gwul.jwgw6 bri.w-
Gw4 m llL.: ti2llw11tiui llbpn110. tiG!L4bU G24.bg 4,bpL.nul, ppwl.jwOmpJwG
WUWLnqG t:
~wri.wewqpumlpJwG llbpn11wpwGmp1wG llb2 wnw20whb11p 02wOw-
l.jmpJmG mObG tiG!L4bU o011hwG11wl.jwO (LtitiLtiunttiwiwt.iwG), WJUL4bU tL
wnwul!Gwhwuiml.j wrictbp mubgnri. ul.jqpmGeObpo: 'lriwGe. wOl.jwtu
ti11bGg punlJppg, uippmJppg L. oG11qpl.jllwG 2112wGwl.jOb11pg, bLwl.jbui bu
hw011puwGmll pwri.wewl.jwG bpL.m1pGb111l hbuiwqnuillwG hwllwri. llwui-
Owuznul bG hbtnwqnuillwG LIL4WU1Wl.j[!, mri.ri.mpimuo. pn4,w011wl.jmp1m-
Go L. GL4wuiwl.jp tiriwl.jwOwgllwO llp2ngGb11G m bri_wOwl.jubrio:
~wri.wewqpuimpJWU llbpn11wpwOmpJWU llb2 l.jp11wn4_nrt [!Ullhwuriw-
l.jwO 02wOwl.jmp1wO ul.jqpmOeObppg bG' hwuwpwl.jwl.jwO 4iwueti qpuiw-
llwuibritiwLtiuuiwl.jwO ollpnOllwG ul.jqpmGp[!, ungtiwLwl.jwG L4WUl!Swnw-
4wGmpJwG ul.jqpmueo. L4WLnllwl.jwGmp1wG ul.jqpnL,UJ2[!, op1bl.juip4,m-
PJWG ul.jqpmueo. l.jnOl.jpbtnmp1wG ul.jqpmueo. qwriqwgllwG ul.jqpmueo.
l.jmuwl.jgwl.jwG llntnbgllwG ul.jqpmupo L. wnG:
~wri.wpwl.jwG b11L.nlJpObpp 1S2llwppui pllwgmp1wG hpllOwl.jwG
ul.jqpmGp[! P"L"P 11bl4pbpmll hwuwpwl.jwl.jwO 4iwOpp qpuiwllwtnbflpw-
Ltiuuiwl.jwG [!llpnGmllG t: ~wri.wpwl.jwO t.iiwupp b11L.nlJpGbpp tmpJwG pw-
gwhw1uillwG, llwp11l.jwGg l.jbGuwqnp6mGbmpJWU llb2 1111wGg uibri_p, 11b-
11ti L. Ltintuhwpwpb11mp1mGObpp hutnwl.j LllWPqwpwOllwG hwllwri l.4bU1p t
bLGbL WJU ttiwuuipg, nri hwuwpwl.jwl.jwG 4iwupp hpllp[! lllGuibuwl.jwG
hwpwpbflnLpJmGGbpp hwllwl.jw11qG t. UJmpwl.jwG pwpppObpp WflLnW'l-
pmpJwG, LtintuwGwl.jllwO m pwztullwG hwriwpbpmp1mOGb11ti wllpnri.2m-
PJnLU[!, ubLtiwl.jwGwtnppwl.jwO hwpwpbpmpJmOGbpp hpllpn4. l.jwqllw-
4,np4,w6 hwuwriwl.jwl.jwG l.jbgmpJnLU[!, nrio qbpwl.jwinri. qn116nG t hw011ti-
uwGmll llwri114w0g 4iwupp pnlnri. WJl'l p4_mll GwL. pwri.wpwl.jwOmpJWU
nLnriuimll: PwJQ pwri_wpwl.jwGmpJnLU[! hwuwriwl.jwl.jwG l.jbgmpJWU L4W-
uti4. hbuiL.wGpo !t: Q011hwGmp wnllwllp L4WJllwGw4.n114.w6 Ll10bLn4.
lllUUlbuwl.jwG hpllpn4_, pwri.wpwl.jwGmpJnLU[! hbuiw11wpll wq11bgmp1mO
t qn116mll Pfl WJ'l hplleti 4.riw L. 11wnumll hwuwpwl.jmp1wG l.jwnw4,wp-
llwG hpllGwl.jwO pn4,w011wl.jmp1mOo:
~wri_wpwl.jw(j bril.LnljpGbpp n2llwpptn pllwgmpJWU l.jwpl.Lnp L4WJllWG-
Gbppg t ungtiwLw4wG L4Wliltlwnwl.jwGmpJWU ul.jqpmGgp hw24.wnmllo:

29
1wuwriw4w4wu 4JWU!H! uwri114wug 4bGuwqnri6mut:mq=:>Jmuu t· Pf1 pwq-
uwpn4_wu11w4 4wu..iw4gmpjmUubrin4.: Uu4wtu WJU pwupg, pb UWf1'lP4
pu!u..ibu bu hwu4wumu 4JWUE[!. PU!lJ..IPUP tunrimpiwup bu [!llpnunu.l hw-
uwpwljmpiwu qwriqwguwu Of1pUW!WitJmpjnLUUbf1[!, Uf1WUQ POLOf1 q.nri-
6nrimpjnLUUbf1[!, 4.Wf1EWqp6u m 'lf1WUg hbllluWUEUbf1U mutu ppbug hpll-
Ebf1[!: S2Wf1.WEW4wu !Szllwpplll puwgmpjnLU[! hblllWlJ..IU'lnLU t hblllwqnlll-
4.nri bpumJpubpp tunflEWJPU lJ..IWllll:Swnw4wG 4wu..ibrip pwgwhWJUlllwu u
puwulllwl[npllwu uu..iwlllw4: Uhw pb f1G!m EWf1.WEW4wu bpunqpubp[!
hbuiwqnlllbLPU wuhriwctbzU1 t "! UPWJU pllWUUJL, pb PU! tiriw4wG lJ..IWUl-
l:Swnubri bu [!U4w6 11riwug hf1llEmll, wnL. quiGbL WJU hplluw4wG[!, np[!
wuuti2w4wu L. 4.6nw4wu l)bf1 t tuwrimu EWf'l.UJEW4wumpjUJU llzw4llwu
m tiriw4wuwgllwu qnp6mll:
S2UJf'l.WEWQ.PlllnLPJUJU ub2 tiri wnwu~uwhwuim4 11li11G mGti lJ..IWUlllUJ-
4wumpjWU u4qpmGEti 4tirwnmll[!, nf1[! huwpwijnpmpJmG t lllWLtiu pw-
gwhWJlllbL EWf'l.WEW4wu bpL.nqpGbriti tw4wG hwui4wGtizGbpG ppbGg
qnJwgllwG, qwriqwgllwG m itinitintuuwG 4.til:Sw4mll, uibuGbL hwuwpw-
4w4wu wnw2w11tiumpjWU utiurnLU[!, tunpwumtu LtiGbL WJ'l zwpctllwu
htillEb('lp L. oppUW!WitJmpjmGGbpp ub2. u..iwpqbL EWf'l.WEllJ4wGmpjWU
u..iwuiuw4wu [!UpWQE[!. npw4w4wG itJnitJntumpJmGGbpp wnwu~Gwhwlll-
4mpjmGubp[!, hwuwpw4w4wG 4JWUEP llb4 ~nqpg llJmupu wugllwG
OflpUW!UJ~nLpJmuubp[! L. WJLU:
Uwp114wGg 4JWUEU m qnp6mGbmpJnLU[!, nriu..itu pUWlJ..IWlllllw4wG
qnp6[!Gpwgubpp Wf1ll1WhWJlllmpJmG, bGpw4w bu ungtiwLw4wG opbGE-
ubpp q.np6n11.mpjmuubppu: 'lpwGE pbL. pGmpJWU opbGEubpp ullwG op-
Jb4uipl[ pGmJp mGbG' wnw2wGmll m qnp6nul bu llwr114wGg 4wllEpQ,
gwu4mpJmGGbppg m lllllW'lllnLPJnLGGbppg wG4wtu. WJGmwllbGwjGpl[
llwp114wGg q.np6mGbmpJWG, q.plllw4g4.w6 m 4wllwjpG 4.WPEP Wf1'lJnLGE
bG, 'l['lUL.npijmll bG llpwJG llwp114wGg 4bGuwq.npomGbmpJwG QGpwg-
Emll:
S2UJf'l.UJEW4wGmpJnLUQ llwp114wGg ungflWL-lJ..IWlllUW4WG q.npomGbm-
PJWU W['ll)JnLGE t: S2Wf1.WEW4wG bpL.nLJpGbpp hpllEbf1[! mGbG lJ..IWlllllw-
4wG (ungpWLW4wG) pGnLJp, L. WJ'l hpllEb('lpg bLGbLn4. u..ibuiE t pwgwlll[lbL
1111wug tiGEGmpJmGo: PGmpJwG onbG!!Gbpnl[ ungtiwLw4wG, WJ'l pl[mll
GwL. EWf1.WEW4wG tnL.mJpGbnti pwgwlllpmpJwG ~np~l:i110 tnpbE ll['lW-
4wG UJ[l'lJnLGE !bG ll14.bL. !bG 11wn~bL L. bnpbE !ttiG 4wnn11. 11w12GWL 6zllw-
f1Plll pllwgmpJWU hmuwlti mribgmjg:
OpJb4uiti4.mpJwG u4qpmGEti 4tinwnmlln EWf'l.WEw4wG bnL.nLJpGbnti
6zuwntiui pllwgmpJwG hpllGw4wG u..iwhwG2Gtnpg t: OpJb4uiti4. LtiubLm
30
UjWhwu~m wlll:iGLi.tiu !ti uwhllwuw4'1w4Llmll QWfl.WQw4wG l:i11li.mJpUbf1G
w11ctLi.n11l:iLtiu m qGwhwlllbLtiu wuw1w11, wG4nf1.UUWUjwh LtJUbLm 2112w-
Gw4Gl:i11nt.l. pbli. riw UnLJUUjbu QWfl.WQW4wG 4JWUQp hblllwqnlllllwG lll:i2
OpJb4lI1PtlnLPJWU uljqpmG2ti pnt.lwGriwljmpJWU lI1Wf1f1bf1pg t:
OpjbljlllpL!mpJWU uljqpmUQp hpllGwljwG pnt.lwGriwljmpJnLU[!, n11 QW-
fl.WQwljwG l:i11unLJpUl:if1ti hl:illlwqnlllllwu w11riJmG2Gl:i11ti wll4'1n4'1mllu t
WJU~tiuti qpllll:iLti2ul:i11ti lll:i2. n11nu2 pnt.lwGriwljbu OpJb4llltitl tSzllruf1lllnL-
pJmUubp, Ltintltiu hwllwUjwlllwutuwul:iu hblllwqnllltlnfl. t11Li.m1put11ti tm-
PJWU[! Li. hplluwljwu hwllll.jwutizutptiu:
'2Wfl.WQWl.jWU l:i11Li.nqpul:i11ti hblllwqnlllUWU qnf10[!Upwgub11mll LjnG4-
f1bU1nLPJWU u4qpmUQ[! 4wpli.npL!mll t bf14m U1buwG4JmUntl: Up ritlljQnLU
WJU Ujwhwu2mu t hblllwqnllltlnfl. bpumJpUbf1[! ritilI1Wf14l:iL tJpbGg 4nG4-
pblI1 ri11mp1wu. l.jnul.jpblll l.jwUjwl.jgmpJmGGbptJ Li. w11G!nLPJmGub11ti ub2.
4wpnf1.WUWL rir'lJUQ WllWU~UwgUbL bpunLJpUbptJ hwll[!Grihwum11 zrww-
jpg, ~w11qbL ri11wug tiu2ump1mu[!· ti11bug twl.jwu hwU11.jwutizub11nLl:
LmG4f1blllmpJwG uljqpmu12ti WJU tiuwulllnLl 4ti11w11mll[! huw11w4.n11m-
PJnLU t lllWLPU mzwri11mpjnLU[! uubllbL hblllwqnlllnflpU hblllWQf1Qf1nf1. WJU
4wll WJU ljnG4f1blI1 b11unLJpti 4.11w: Uw4wJU riw wllbGLi.tiu !ti pwgw11mll WJL
t11Li.nqpGl:i11ti hblll hblllwqnl114.nf1. b11li.nLJpti 4wlllbf1ti m w11G!nLPJnLUut11ti
mumllGwupf1nLPJnLU[!, pwJQ utiwiu WJU !W4in4. m tun11mp1wllp, n11 wu-
h11wctbzlll t lllLlJWL b11Li.m1pti hwllw4nf1.llwuti Li. tunf1 hblllwqmnllwu hw-
llw11:
~nG4f1blllnLpJWU u4qpmUQ[!, UJnLU rib~QnLU, UjWhwG2mll t hblllw-
qnlllllwu w11ri1mu2Gb11G wll4'1n4ibLtiu Li. bq11whwuqmllubf1 m QGrihwu11w-
gmllGbp ljWlllWf1bLtJU tuulllnpb(j UjWh~wUbL lllf1WUwpwGwl.jwG pllwgm-
PJWU htiuuw4wu ~whwu2Gbf1[!, !WUlllbUbL WJU wucttulllbLti 4'1WUU1[!, n11
4.b11wgwl.jw(i tSzllwplllnLPJnLUUbf1 !bU LtiGmll, tSzUWf1lllnLPJnLU[! llpzlll tL
l.jnul.jpblll t: LmG4f1blll b11umJpUbf1ti LjnG4f1blI1 hblllwqnlllllwllp ~b112 pbf1-
t.lw6 qplllbLti2ubf1[!, l.jwlllwf14.w6 bq11whwGqnulGb11G m [!Grihwu11wgmll-
Ubf1[! llpzlll tL UjblllQ t pmlwGriw4bG Opjbl.jllltJLl Wf10bQ mubgnfl l.jnul.jnl:illl
02 uwn lllmpimu ut11:
1wuwnw4w4wG 4JWUQp qplllw4wG [!UpnGllwG 4w11Li.nnwqnLJU UjW-
hwG2Gbntig t qwnqwgllwu ul.jqpmueti QGrimumll[!:
f:lwpqwgllwG hwll[! urihw(i nLf1 Of1b UQU b11ti ISzll Wf1 ti lJ1 till wgmp Jw (j riti 11-
gbntig QWfl.WQw4wG b11li.nLJpGb11ti hblllwqnlllmll[! huw11w4.n11mp1mu t
lllWLPU hwu4WLIWL ri11wug pUWUlll[!, pwgwhWjlllbL QWl'lWQWl.jwG qw11-
qwgmllul:i11ti hpllGwl.jwG llplllmllCibf1[!, llwpril.jwCig QWfl.WQwljwu riti112n-
nn2llwu m tlw11gwq6ti llb2 n11w4w4wG (rlf1wljwu l.jwll pwgwuwl.jwu
31
pllwulilntl} 41mflntumpJmCiCibflp hpllQbfl[! L. 11w11w11w4wCi llwuCiw4gm-
PJLUU llbtuwupquo· wowuilCiwhwlilm4 m2wrwmpimu 11w11ilCibLn4 ungpw-
LW4wCi 2whbflp hwpwpbriw4gmpJWU 41n4lntullwuo. nrio P"L"fl 11bU1-
Qb11mll 46ow4wCi Ci2wuw4mpjnLU t mCibCimll QLUl'\WEW4wCi qw[lq.wgmll-
CibflnLU L. pfl wCillp2w4wCi WfllilWhWJLilnLpJmCiCi t q.lilCimll llw11114wCig QUJ-
f'lWJ?w4wCi llPflEn11n2mllCib11mll, q.n116nrtnLPJnLUCib11mll L. 1111wug hblil
4wll.14.w6 QWrtw11w4wCi hw11wpb11mpimuub11mll m n11w11w11lln1 i:>JntCiCib-
11mll:
S2w11w11w4wCimpiwu llPLilWfl4mllCi Pfl 11nuwup4 4.ntSw4mll. b11L.nqp-
Cib11n qwriq.wgllwCi m 41n41ntullwCi hpllQbflp, llp2ngGbpp m wq11w4Cib11n
lilbrtn m 11b11n hul11w4 1.4w11qwpwCimllo L. ungnwL-EWrtw11w4wG mdbfln
hwflwpbflw4gmpJwG 6p2l11 q.Gwhwlilm~o hCiw11w4.n11mpJmCi bCi lilWLPU
wow2w1111bLm PflWlI1buw4wCi Ci1.4wU1w4Cibp L. QWf'lLUJ?w4wCimpJmCio
lilwCibLm wow4.bL ilboGlilm m 2whw4_bl11 m11pGbpn4_:
S2w11w11w4wGmpJWCi llb2 qw[lq.wgllwG u4qpmGQ[!, n111.4bu 4wCinG, oG-
11mG4_mll t pntnrin 4nrtllng: S2w11w11w4wCi q.n11on1Gb110. 11w11w11wq.bl11-
Gb11G m lilwflpbfl llw4w1111w4Gbflp uibuwpwGGbrio. n11n2w4n ungnwL-QUJ-
11w11w4wG 2whb11pg m Cill.ILUUlw4Cibflpg bLCibLn4.. WJULl.lbu pb WJGLl.lbu
hw24.n bCi woGmll OpJb4uin4. nriw4wGmpJWU qw[lq.wgi.lw(J m 41n41ntu-
llwCi 41wuuio: Uw4wJCi, pCi11.4bu gmJg bCi UlLULPU 11w11w11w4wCi UlWlilllm-
PJLUCi ri.wubp[!, pntnfl[! !t. nri PflWlilbunribG bG q.Ciwhwlilmll QWf'lWJ?W4wG
qw11q.wgmllGb11p 11b11G m G2wuw4mpjnLU[! QLUrtUJEW4wCi UU1Wl11W4Gbflp
ppw4wGwgllwG q.nponul:
S2w11w11w4wG bpL.mJpCibpp hblilwqmrnlwCi ouri.hwGpw4wG G2wCiw4m-
PJnLU mubgn11 Llbpnhn21wl u4qpmu11ubpp w11111mCiwllblI1 4nflwnmll[! huw-
pw4n11mp1mu t lilLULPU ilbnQ pbflbLm OpJb4lI1P4 ppw4wGmpJWU[! hwllw-
hmG1 tunfl q.plilbLPQUbfl, npnGQ wGhpwdb2lI1mpJwCi 11b1.411mll lI1buw4wG
hpllQ bCi hwuri.nuwCimll 11w11w11w4wCimpJwG llb2 wuw1wn, wG4nrtllGw-
L4Wh, Ci1.4wlI1w4wllplI14_w6 L. oq.lilw4wfl 4_wpQwq.p6 1111uL.npblm hwllwp:
Uw4wJG ungnwtw4wG pllwgmpiwu llb2 hwl114w1.4bu QLUf'lLUEw4wG
41wu11n hblilwqnlilllwG qwCiwqwCi ppw11wpilmp1muubn m q.npooGpwg-
Cibp wndL.nribLnu m q.GwhwlilbLnu. 4ppw12Ltmll t llp u4qpmu11 L.u, nrio.
4wfl6bu pb, wGhLUflPfl t QWrtUJQLU4wG bnL.mjpUbflp OpJb4lI1P4. UJULU!l.Ull
m wG4nrtllCiw1.4wh hblilwqnlilllwCi U1WhwG2CibflpG: 'lw 4muw4gw4wG
llnlilbgllwG u4qpmu11Ci t. npu wullp2w4wGnpbQ 4w1.44w6 t llwn114wCig
ungpwL-EUJrt LUQw4wG 2whbp p, LU zfuwph WJ LUQQLUjpG-q.wrt w41wnwfunuw-
4wCi llPflEnnn2llwQ, 4muw4gw4wCi Ll.IWlI14wGbtnLPJLUG L. QLUf'lUJQw4wG
hwllnqllmu11Gb11ti hblil:
32
 '2w11.wpwqpuiw4wCi qpw4wCimpjwCi llb2 Ci4wuibt'1 t WJG lflwuuio. np
wGUlbullnLll 4wll bp4tnlll lflnpObp bCi wpitmll cttulllbtm ungtiwtw4wG
pllwgmpjwG llb2 4muw4gw4wo llnlllbgllwG qnp6nCip 1'].b(lQ u l'J.(lW hpll-
Enll Ouwitnpllw6 u4qpndiE'1 G2wGw4mpJmCio EW'1.WEW4wG 4JWGJ1'1
1S21lwppui pllwgmpiwG qnp6mll' WJCi hwllwpbtnll llwp!)upulilw4wG llb-
pnl'].wpwGmpjwG u4qpmGp: =twuwpw4w4wG 4JWCiJ1'1 pllwgmpiwG llb2
WJll u4qpmGpp w12w2w11pmllo wllbGU.pCi tL 4wl4Llw6 tt llwppupuun.u4wo
llbpn11wpwGmpJwCi ll2w41lwCi hblll: UJCi lllwppbp Oubpnq m twlflbpnq 4'1-
pwnllbL t lltJG11lwppupulllw4wG dwllwGw4Gbpp Ew11.wpw4wCi qnp6p1Gb-
P'1 m lllllw6n11.Gbpp 4n11.ll'1g uu u lllw4wll'1Ci 2wpmCiw4mll t 4'1pwnLlbL
EW'1.WRW4wG 4iwGpp pllwgmpJwCi pnLn1111puunpmllCibpnul: Pwrn llwpJ1-
upulllw4wG llbpn'lwpwumpJWU llb2 1lWuw4wpqwitiG-4muw4gw4wu lln-
Ulbgllwu u4qpmGpo pwgwp0w4wgllbL m 11wpObL t ungtiwLw4wu pllw-
gmpJWCi P"L"P u4qpmupubpp npw41lwu iwlflwutiz: =tbug 'lW L4blllp t
llbpdbL u n1 pb u4qpmGpu QCillhWU(lWL4bU, nro llzlllWL4bU 4tJpwn!.lmll t
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10 lizlJ.. wztu. ' t2 280:

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12 Kam H. Co6p. co'!. Be-HT T. 7 M. 1994, c. 10:

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Gbriti qwf'lwlflw11Gb11G tiriw4wCiwglinf'l. llwrirtti4 (gwrio. qtJCi4.n11Gb110. qw-
1J1w4.n11Gb110 L. WJLCi), llti2w4 llwriq4wCig WJL qwCiqlJ.w6Gbri 21 :
litigzbli ll1Wl'\Pbrimll t Ujbll1w4wCimpJWCi bp4m htillGw4wG uijluf
writiull1n4riwll1w4wG L. 11blln411w1J1w4wCi: U11w2tiGo Ciw hwllwrimll t
pwridri llzw4mJpti L. mdbf'l. llw11114wCig 2b11llng, b11411n1111n· Ujbll1nLpJu.ili
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' llwri11mp1mGGb110· Ow dfu1J1mll t dnf'l.n4.rirtw4wCi tiG2Gti2tuwGmp1wG q.w-
f'l.Wlflwrio. nrio hwGqbgGmll t Ujb1J1mp1wG htillpbriti 4nri6wCillwuo:
PGmpwqribtn4. Ujbll1nLpJmGo npUjbu «dnf'l.n4.m11110b11ti Llwh», htillGwri-
4mp1mG «w4.btnrirt llw11114wGg» hwllwri· Otig2b1wu D11w11w21J10 4n! t
wGmll wqw1J1t.lbL wt.lbLnrirt liw11114wGg 411w1.4w21J1mpjmGtig: «UJGU1bf'l.,
n111J1bf'l. wt.lw111J14.mll t Ujbll1mpJmGo, WJG1J1brt Gw1bp, till bf'l.pWJ11Gb11G bu»:
XIX-1111 flWl'lti t.lb112tiG 6wqmll t EWf'l.WEW4wCi qtill1mpjnLU[!, nriti m-
umllGwutJpllwG w11wp4wG oGqqp4mll tri Ujb1J1mp1wG, pwri.wEw4wG

19 l1cropW1 DOJl. yqemm, noA peA. npoqi. 0. B. MapTbWIHHa, M., 2002, c. 350:
20 lmLJG 1J1brtnul, t2 352:
21 Sb'u GmJG 1J1brtnul. tr 353:
78
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PJnLUIJ, nrio llflUL.nritlmli t 6L.w4wu tiuulJ'lt'llilnLlI1Ub[1p hWUlI1WlI1UWU ub2.
uwuuwttnriw1.4bu' tunrihri11wriwuw4wu:
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t pnumpJLUCi tlriw: 'Tlb1I1mp1mCiCi LUJCi1.4pup hwuw4bgmp1mu t. nrio Cibri-
upg 6q.lllmu t :Ptiqti4w4w0 Lbq.pl!lpu paCimpJwCi libuw2unrihti: <l>wullln-
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qn110mll tpG n(1UjbU ew11.wew4wG tun11h1111wuimGb(1 WJCi pwGp hwllw("I,
n(1Ujbuqp llbne pb11bG 4wnw4.w11llwG met:
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11.wpw4wG m 11ti4.wGwqplllw4wG OwllWJnLPJWG llb2:
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nrio lllp(1mll tri Ulbll.w4wG 4wDw4.wrillwQ l4W2lllnGCib(1pG: 4.bpb11fl 4wri-
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lllpwllwpwGnpbQ pmJL itiwulllw(14Gb(1 mGbgn11. qnriOo lllbtuGfl4wl4bu
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hwlll4mpjmCi· 4Pf'IJ2, UjWlllWUtuwGwlll4_mpJWCi qqwgmll L. W!J2WtwitJ:
Lippp wubLn4 4.bpbpo G4wlllp mGp tSpzlll 4nri.llCin11n2mll 11bl4fl qnpOo. nri-
Ujbuqp 4nri.llun11n2mllo L. UjWlllwutuwCiwui4_mpJmCio hulllw4 LflGbG, wCi-
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23 Sb'u CinLJCi l!lbri,nul, t2 72:

80
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hwll14nti:>Jm00bppg:
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dwllwOw4w4pg flblln4f1WU1PWJP hwllw11 wOtumuwLtibLP t UlnUlWL
pJmpnlwwlllwgnuln hwuw11wljwljwG u 1.4b1J1wljwG qn116mGbmi:>JwG
liub11mll: Culll WJU ljwGtuwUlbullwO ljw1.4pU1WLtlqllpG Ltintuw11pGbLm t
qwLtiu "! pb ungpwlpqll[!, WJL pJm11n411w1J1wgmlln:
'2WrtWEWlJWUnLpjnLU[!, [!UU1 4.bpbpp, p('lwgqmll t qttunq, WJL n! pb
hnqm ljwll llw11ilGp WJL llwub11ni.t: 4.bpbppG t 1.4WUl4wGmll nztuwOmpjWU
hbU1uJWL uwhllwGmll[!. pztuwOmpJnLU[! hwuwpwljw4wO hwpwpb11m-
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GmpjWU hWUlnL4 liu' U1ppw1.4bU1nLpjnLU, 0(1[! bGpWfl('lnLll t [!UflmGwljm-
pjmO' w1.4whntlbtm 4wriq u bGpwf14Llw6mpJWU llp0nLnl1Ul l>pqp4w4wo
4wll hnqunp p12Gmp1wO tSwGw1.4wphnq: Sppw1.4bU1mpiwO ljw12mgtlw6-
Emll 4.bpb110 w12wOliGwgOmll t bribE U1Wpp. U1pf1nrt LtinEriwllwuGmpJmG,
4wnwqwpllw0 w1.4wpwU1 u LtinE11wllwuGmp1wOn bGpw114Llnrt qw0q-
qw6Gbp:
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t tlGmtl WJU pwgwpliw4wg0bLmQ u pflbWLW4y.iGwg0bLmg: 'lbllnljf1WU1p-
w0, [!UU1 Opw, 1.4bU1E t ljWU1Wf1P nrinzwljp WllWEbLnLPJnLU, WJU r qbpwg-
Gp hpG nbdptl[! u htltlE UU1brt6tl U1WrtWUflWLln11 Ltlflbf1Ubf1p t11LLwO qWLmG:
4.bpb11G w12w2 Ewzbg EWrtWEW4wG hwllwljw11qp 1m11011nuw4 llnflbL.
hwGflWELlbwljwO hwGpw1.4bU1mp1mO, n1111 tlpwhimumtl t tun11hpflwpw-
GwljwO hwGpw1.4bU1mp1wG tlp EWGp uljqpmGDObp' mdb11 qn116wfltlll pz-
tuwumpJWllp:
24 l1cropW1 IIOhHTH'lecKHK }"lewm, IIOA. peA. npocp. B.C.Hepce~a. M. 2001, c.
713:
6-38 51
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CCi'lhw4wnw4o. rtmuwulilwCiQ ULW4nCiw4wCi ctn11n4m111lCibpp hblil 4w'll
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611En4 lljblilmpJwCi wqqwJpCi CizwCiw4mpJmCipg ptumll t. n11 JnLl1WQWU!-
JnLl1 ctnl'ln4m11'l. n11Ci Wfl'lbCi ulilwgbL t La. !ll 4n11g11bL 1111 wqqwJpCi lljWlI1-
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P lI1Wppb11mpimCi lljWhlljwCin11w4wCimpjwCi, wqwlI1w4wCi lllllllEC! 6w-
QbL t pCiQCiw4wLw4wCi La. w11pullln411wlllw4wCi QWnup w4wCi'lnLJpCib111l
hw11pwhw11llwCi Lt hw4W'll1nLPJnLCiCil:i111l llzlllw4wCi lljWJEW11mll:
XIX 'l· b11411n11ri. La. XX 'l· w11w21lCi 4bub111lCi 11muw4wCi wqwlllw4wCi
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4wLla.u411Ci La. wnnE:
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hwlll4mpJmCiCib111lg llb4C! w4wCi'lnLJpCib111l hwlllm4 l'}b11Ci t hwuw11w4m-
PJWCi m lljblllmpJWU qn116w11CimpjwCi L. qw11qwgllwCi [!Upwg9mll: =ibug
w4wCil'}nLJpCib11Ci bCi pnt!wCil'}w4mll 4w11L.n11 4l:iCiuw4wu u4qpmCiQCibp,
hpllCiwJpCi w11ctb9Cib11. ungllwLw4wCi La. lljblllw4wCi 4wqllw4l:il1lljnLf)JWCi
hpllCiw4wCi dla.b11: U11La.bLQmll w2tuw11hll EWf'lWEwlJwCi lljWUlljb110 llpzlll
mCibgbL t lljl1W4llll14 m1111t!w6mpJmCi, WJupCiQCi ~n11dbL t n! pb ECiCiw11w-
25 ~H.K., PoccW1 H EBpona. CIT6, 1995, c. 223.
82
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pwJQ mGbgbL b(j unl{npw4wu, n! n11n2fl! pGnqp:
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wqwlllwqpw4wu zwpctllwG Lfl'lbflGbpflg llb4[!: lipw ewriwew4w0 11n4ll1-
pp(jw(j hwpllwpbgl{wo t '.Jf1Gwulllw0f1 LllWJllwGGbpflG L. Gbpwnmll t hf1Gq
nztuwGmpJmGGbpfl mullmGe[!: liw qlllGmll t, np 11blln4pwlllpw0 mctbrt,
wllpnri2wlllpf1w4w0 4wll wl{lllnpplllWfl wl{wG11nqpGbpnl{ Ll.lblllnLpJmG-
(jbpmll ungf1wLw4wG 4n04>Lfl4ll1Gbpflg tumuwlflbLm hwllwp Ll.lblllE t
wGgGfl 4wnwl{wpllwu bpbe 2112wu· nwqllw4w0, ewriwew4w0 L. uwhllw-
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opbuu11flfl, qnpow11flp, '1Wlllw4wu, eGGw4wG L. l{bpwhu4fl! tiztuwGm-
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qnpow11ti11 tiztuwumpJmGn Gbp4w1wgGmll t Gwtuwqwhn. opbGu11ti11n·
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tiztuwGmpjmGGbpp hwllwp Ll.lblllE t Ulllbll.ObL wu4wtu llwpllpGGbp: bpp
uwhllwGw11pmpJnLU[! lllllGp mctfl llb2. ctnrinll.11111'1 ctwnwGqGbp[! Ll.lblllE t
eGGmpJmG hwGllubG: l:!ulll UmG SwpubGp m11f111 ctn11.nl{p11wti2tuwGm-
PJnLG[! lluwl{npl{mll t [!Glllpw4w0, opbuu1111w4w0 GwtuwllbnumpiwG,
hwGpwel{bfl Li. L4W2llln0wlllwp wG~wug lllblJ.wlflntullwG flpwl{mGe-
Gbpflg:
1CJw1l{wGmll UmG SwpubGfl qw11wlflwpGbp[! hwllwpl{mll bG tiztunlJ.
4muw4gmp1wo· qnlltiG11wGti L4W2llln0w4w0 11n4lllflf1Gwu, 1111w hwllwp
tL GpwG hwllwpnul b(j LL1blllmp1wG hwJ[l:
~u11ti4 ewriwew4wu ll1.nw6n1J., wqqwitiG-wqwlllwqpw4wo zwpctllwu
Ll'lllbfl Uwhwpllw qwG11flfl hw1bgw4wpqfl hflll2[! pnGm.pJUJG 2GGw11w-
25 Sb'u Cym...JITCen. J.136p.npo1n11., M., 1985, t2 643:
83
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bLCimll t WJU pwGpg, nr bf'14f'lll 4f"IW pwf"IO('lwqnLJCi wrctbE[! llWf'll)U t' Pf'l
pwuw4wump1wllp u pwrn1w4wCimp1wllp: 'llbl.llmp1mGG wowCigJWL t
llwr11mG, llpuCinqG ctwllwCiw4 WJU 4wrn11. t lflntubL llWf'll)nL pCinLJJ:>(!,
!hwllw~wlllwutuwCibL Grw hnqb4wGpG: Cul.ll qwu11titi ~blllnLJ:>JnLU[!
f\llllwg4wo pnGmp1wG l)f'lUunrmll t: '2wGp nr llWf'll)C! 4wlllWf'lJWL !t.
mulllp urwu wuhrwctbzlll t ~blllmp1mu, pw1g w1G ~blllE t LtiGti
4wqllw4bp~4w6, np~buqp pnCimpJnLU[! G4wqwqm1G LllGti: 1pllGw4wG
u4qpmUE[!. npti 411w hpllG4mll t n1 pnCimpJWU ~PW4lllti4wG, hbUluJWLU
t' «l"'Grn Ebq PWf'lPE t UlWLPU, lllWLPU t Ciwu SpbqbpJ;!pG: PnLn(l llWf'lllP4
tmpJwllp Gm1GG bCi» 27 : n1 pnCimpJnLU[!, [!UUl qwCil)pp, w2fuwphmll
wllbCiwhqn('l mctG t. n('l(! 4wrn11. t hw4w11r11lbL wllbCiwhqnp qw1pw411.m-
pJmCiGb11tiG:

U1111ti wllb111141wG 11wuw4wG 1w11nL11 'lmwJp Lwuumbrn lflnpOmll tp

hpllCiw4nrbL EW'l.WEw4wG bpumJpCibf'lll mumllGwutirllwG llbpn11Gbf'lll
4bpw4w12mgllwG wGh11wctb2UlmpJnLCi[!: uw llbo Gb111111mll mGti ll,wr11w-
pwGw4wG hwJbgw4w11qti Ulbuw4wG hllllEb11ti ll2w4llwG qnponLll: U1111bG
20-111111w11ti 30-w4wG pqw4wGCib11tiu Lwuumbrn Ob12Ciw114bg 11w11w11w-
4wG · ll,w1111ti hnqbpwCiw4wG llnllltillwgpwJti hblllwqnlllnLPJnLU[!: Cul.Jl
LwuumbLti 11blln4pwlllpw1ti qwpqwgnq qplllnLPJnLU[! llp2ngCibflp zU1bllw-
flWCi t' l)blln4pwlllw4wCi pl)bWLCib(lpCi hwuCibLnL hwllw(l: «'lblln4(1WLnpW-
Cib(1[! !qpUlbCi tiG1~bu w~11bL. !tillwgmpJwCi ~wtntSwnnll_ 4n11owCill,mll bCi,
pllwgmpJwllp · pw11qwll,wtSmll»2B:
'llbui11 t 11blln411wuitiw1ti uwhllwCimllGbpp llb2 zwui wnw2 wCigCibL u
4wCiq wnCibL WJCi~pup qwqwlflwpp 4f1W, pb p·Cit WULnptSwCi b(j hwuwpw-
4nLPJWCi wG11wllCibfl[! znzwlflmll pf'lbCig pu4w4wG llwuuw4gmpJnLU[!:
Unwug WJu~tiuti ll,b(1Lm6mp1wG 11blln411wtnpwJti wllbu llp uwhllwCimll n1
WJL tiG1 t. EWCi l)WU1Wf'14WtunumpjmG:
«'2WllWEW4WCinLpJnLCi. ml pCi! t UUlWCimll, bpp u PU!~bu» wzfuwLnm-
PJWCi llb2 Lwuumbrn uwhllwCimll t 1111 11w11.w11w4wG hwllw4wpqp llp
ZWf'lE 4w11un11 hwu4wgmp1muGb11· tLtiuiw u qwCiqqwo, tiztuwCimp1mu u
wq11bgmp1mG u wnG:
1:1 l'ur,&,ll M, Mo.II'. Bepa e HaCBhBe, // Bonpocu <t>1WJco¢mr, 1992, N 3, c. 65-66:
28 Sb'u K Lasswell "Politics: who gets what, when", How, N.Y, p. 187.
84
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qplllmpJmCiubri hwul.jwgmpJmCin l.jwrinri. t oqlllwqn1164.bt' tlwll1Ciwu2btm
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tlwuwl.jwhwll14_w6mtl:
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11mli bCi tllllwlJ.np wnw20Cipwgo U14.JWL dwtlwCiwl.jwhwll14.w6mll29:
Quui Lwuumbtll ewrtwewl.jwu qplllmpJwCi qwriqwgmlio bCipw1111mll t
hwlJ.wulllp lllbf'lbl.jwllllJ.mpJwCi llbpn11ub11ti l.jwlllW!lbLwqnp6nul: Pwrtw-
gwl.jwu qpuimpJmCio 1.4bll1Q t m2w1111mp1wu l.jbull111numtl 1.4whp w2fuw11-
ho. n111.4bu wtlpnri.2mpJmCi: Pwgp ririwupg wuh11wdb2lll t li2lllw1.4bu 11ti-
uiw114bL wCigJWL[! L. w1.4wqwCi, n111.4bu lib4 llpwuCiwl.jwCi wlipnrt21l tlwubri:
Utlbril14JwCi CinriwqnLJU ewri.wewl.jwCi tllllQP tljmu Ci2wCiwlJ.n11 ub111.jw-
JWgmgti1 q.wprillbL UttlnCirio hwllwplJ.mtl t ewrtwewl.jwu hwtlwl.jw11qb111l
hblllwqnlllliwCi hwtlbllwlllwl.jwu tlnlllbgtlwu 11wuwl.jwu: UttlnCi110 ewrtw-
gwl.jwCi ntnlllllCl ritiuiwril.jmtl t np~bu hwtlwl.jwriq. nrio quiCiLl.mtl t 11tiuw-
tlp4 hwL1.wuw11w42nmpJWU tlb2 WJL ungtiwtwl.jwu hwtlwl.jwpqbriti hbui:
U!lWU hw2n11lJ.bL t w1.4wgmgbl J;!Wf'lWQWl.jWCi l.jnrttlCinpn2mtlCib11p l.jW1.4[!
QW'lWQWl.jwu hwtlwl.jwpqp qn116waCimpJWU hblll: UttlnCiriti L. 4.bppwjp
hwtlwlllbrt q11w6 «'2w11wewgpwl.jwu l.jnqlllmriw» (1963 p.) w2fuwlllm-
PJWCi llb2 hwtlbtlwuiwl.jwCi tlbpn11n4. gnLJg bu ll1114.nttl hpCiq b11411Gb111l
(UUu, Ubgupl.jw, l">lllwttiw. Ub6 PritilllwGpw L. c+britlwGpw) ew11wpwl.jwu
llzw4mJp'1 wnwGeiGwhwuil.jmp1mGub110:
UttlnGrio «ew11wewl.jwG 4nttlllm11w» l11b11lltiuG oql11wqnp6mtl t bri4m
jillwulllnlJ.: «bpb tlbue mqmtl bCip npn2bL ewri.wewl.jwu Li n1 ewrtwew-
1.jwCi llwrieti llnribtGbp[!, w~w 1.4bl11p t uiwppbptGe waw2tiuo 4.b112tiGtig.
wiutiueCi' ew11wewl.jwGo n1 ew11wewl.jwupg»: '2w11wewl.jwG 4mLlllmriw
lllb!ltlpuCi WJU 1.4wpwqwjmtl 4_t11wpbpmtl t QW'lWQWl.jwCi l.jn11tlGn11n2mtl-
Gbpj1Ci: Uwl.jwJCi Uttlnurin «ew11wewl.jwG 4mtl11ntl1W» lllbrilltiCiu [!UlllflbL t
m11'12 ungtiwtwl.jwu wu1.4bl.jlllub111l 4'1nfuw11bG, ewuti nri wiu pmJL t lllW-

29 Sb'u H. Luswall. The Policy Sciences, Stanford, 1956, tp 4:

85
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4nCl4flblll hwuwflw4wlJwCI 2w11w2wlJwumpJmCI, n11n2mllClbflti nu11mumll
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WJl'l hwllw4wflq.Ci wCitlwCibL 11blln4flWlllw4wCi: UJL 4bfl~ wuw6' ULllnCi11n
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np 2w11w2w4wCi qtilllmpJmGn qmlll tiztuwumpJwCi mumllCiwuppmpJmCI
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uwp hwflwpbflmpJmGCibpti pnLnri hwllw4wpq.bpfl munulCiwuppmpJmCin:
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ctbG pwgwhwJUlnLU t 2w11w2w4wCi q.plllntpJWU tmpJntCi[!. «'2wri.w2w-
4wCi q.!llllntpJntCi[! ~bl.Jlf! t 2whwq.11q.114w6 LtiGti tiCiullltilllmUlCibpfl w1111-
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86
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upCiQCi wllbCipg wnw2 wqwlllmpJmCi dnri.n4.flllP hwllwp L. dnri.n4.[11lP JnL-
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pnl{wCiqwl.impJmCio L. hwCiqmll UJJCi hbuiL.mpJwCi, n('l dwllwCiw4wl.ipg
uiwJllwCiCibpnul wnwl{bL LiwJmCi b[14J1Cib[1pCi pCin11n2 t n! wJCiQwCi 11bllnl.i-
[1UJIIlwl.iwCi, n('lQUJCi uinLPWfltupw4wCi nbdpllo: 'T)nLPUJfltupw hwuljwgm-

30 Duverger M., Institution politiques et dro1t constitutionnel, 5-me ed.-Parts, 1960,

p. 58-59.
31 Yntuw~gmpJmuubpp llwutiu llwurwllwuu lilt. u 11wuwqrl!ti hwuwlljwlllwutuwu
pwdCinLll:
87
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p1mG» (1971 p.) w2tuwlllmp1mGn:
UJG hwflgpG, pb 4wfln"rt t Wflf'lJ"I? 4wnwLtwflmp1mGG w1G1.1.1bu
dL.wt.lnflllbL, nfl llWflf'l4wGg rtb4wt.lwrin 4nGubGumut1 l:i QW'lWQw4wG hw-
t.twuwflmp1wG hpll12nt.l. 'lwrn l.1.IWlllwutuwGmll t' G2tt1'lq 4wnwLtwflllwG 3
ll1Wflpbflw4' f'lblln4flWlllpw llb6wllwuGmp1wG 4wnwLtwrillwG llp2ngnt.l.
tLnlllwJn 4wnwt.twflmll, 1.1.1ntnwfltunw:
'lwtn 1.1.1ntnwfltunwG lflmrntumll, LflWgGmll t f'lblln4flWIIlPWJP unt.tn-
flW4wG u4qpmG12Gbfl[!, llb6wllwuGmp1wG 4wnwLtwflmll[! hblllL.JWL
f'lflnLJpGbrint.l.
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- llpG1L. n"fl wul.llp6wGG bG ttb4lllnflWL L. WJL 4wnnljgGbfl[! G1.1.1wu1J1mll
llb6wllwuGmp1wG 4wnwtlwflllWG[!32:
,wllwllwuGmp1mG wGg4wgGbLntl f'lblln4f1Wll1PWJP L. 1.1.1nLnw11tutiwiti
llp2L.' 'lwrn q1J1Gmll t. "fl 1.1.1nttiw11tutiwG L.u 4wflbLn t f'ltilllwf14bL ll1Wflpbf1
1J1buwG41mGGbfltJg. 1.1.1nLtiwfltutiwG n111.1.1bu tlw11iwdL., n111.1.1bu wqq-1.1.1bl1lm-
PJWG 11blln4f1WlllwgllwG w1111JmG12, n111.1.1bu 11blln4f1Wl1lw4wG qn116nGpw-
gp wGhflwdbzlllmpJmG, n111.1.1bu db11Ghwump1wG (4nll1.1.1b1J1bG1J1mpiwG)
UlllmqllwG hwllw4Wflq, n111.1.1bu n11wtlmG12Gt11ti hwllw4w11q: Culll 'lwLn
nflnz hwuw11w4mp1mGGbflmll 11blln4pwl1lw4wG G1.1.1w1J1w4Gbf1[! 11b11L.u
hulllw4bgtlw6 itG L. 2Wl1l llnlllwtlnri bG WJG tillwulllntl. nri n1 LtiflbpGbf1G
bG n11w4wGwgGmll hwllbllw111wpwf1 mdbrt hu4nrtmpJmG Lti11b11Gt11ti
tl11w: U1u 1.1.1wflwqw1mll ungtiwLw4wCi qn116[!GpwgGb11n 4w1mG hwllw-
4w11qn 'lwLG wGttwGmll t 1.1.1nLtiw11tutiw: 'llnLtiwfltutiwCi oq1J1wqn116tlmll t
12w11w12w4wG hwllw4wflqbf1ti 111Wflpbf1ti! pGmpwq11b11ti Ci4w11wq11llwCi
hwllw11:
l2w11w12w4wG hwllw4WflQ.bf1ti q.n116w11Cimp1wG Gn11 llbpnf1Cibf1 L.
u4qpmG12Gb11 t w11w2wfl4mll 4wGw11wgti 12w11w9wq.bl1l 'lbJtltill tiu111nun:
«'2w11w12w4wG hwllw4w11q.», «l2w11w12w4wG 41wG12ti hwllw4w11q.wJtiCi
tlbf1Lm6mp1mG», «4nGgb1.1.1111mwL 4w11mgtlw612 9w11w12w4wCi tlbf1LnL6m-
PJWG hwllwf1» w2tuw111mp1mGGb11mll f"lu111nGG w1.1.1wgmgmll t, n11 12w11w-
12w4wG q.plllmpJmGn tll1.1.1tiflti4 q.tJ111bLti12Gt11ti pGwq.wttwn t, n11n pGm-
pwq11tlmll t qtJlllw4wG pwf1df1 llw4w1111w4ntl:

88
 tiuurnli[! llbo GbJ1'1JlnLll m!ip .ew11.w.ew4w!i hwllw4wpq.bpp q.np6wn-
Gmp1w!i hwllw4wpq.wJpli llmnbgllw!i u4qpm!i,e!ibpp u llbpnl'llibpp 4ti-
pwnllw!i wu~wpbqmll: ~w11.w.ew4w!i lilbumpJwli 4blilllpn!iw4wu,
wnw!ig.ew1tiG hpll!iwhwpg[!, [!Ulil t°'ulilnlip, .ew11.w.ew4w!i hwllw4wpq.bpp
4bJ1LnLOmpJmOG t: uw WJ1'1WJ1W9tT t hwllwpmll .ew11.w.ew4w!i 4Jwli,ep m-
umll!iwuppmpJmli[! u4ubL 4wp,ewpw!iw4wu hwllw4wpq.pg: ~w11.w.ew-
4wo 4iwu.eo pwg hwllw4wpq. t. '1W u2wuw4mll t. np WJO hw44wo t WJL
ungpWLW4w0 hwllw4wpq.bpp Wql'lbgmpJWU[!: n11n2 ,ew11.w,ew4u.JO hw-
llw4wpq.bp, ti01~tiup Wql'lbgmpJWU tL bupwJ144bG, Od"l114W6 b(j 2J12W-
~Wlllp lflntuwq'1bgmp1mGCibppCi '1tlllw4wJbLm [!Ci'1mow4mp1wllp· '1J1W-
Cin4 pu4 hwpllwp4bLn4 lflnlflntu4n11. ~WJllwCiubppCi:
Uubpp4JwCi ungtinLnq.pw4wCi wungpwgpwJp ~pbqp!'lbCilil ranL4nlll
'llwpunCiup q.plllw4wCi lflCililJllilm,ep Ci~wlilw4Ci tp 4wnmgbL lilbuw4wCi
hwllw4wpq.bp, nrinCi.e 4w11n11. bu w~whn4bL 4w1mCimp1mCi u hwuwpw-
4mp1wCi wnw2w'1bll qwpq.wgmll: uw hwuwpw4mp1mCi[! '1PlilnLU t np-
~bu UWJ1'14wug lflntuq.np6n11.mp1muubpp wu4bJ12 pwqllmpimu, npnu.e
'llwpun!iu!i wli4wumll t 4wnmg4wo,eubp n11n2w4ti 11b11n4 u Cizwuw4m-
PJWllp: ti2tuwGmpJnLU[!, [!Ulil Gpw, [!li1'lhWGf'lwg4wo [!G11mGw4mpjmGub-
JlP ppwgmu t: Swu4mp1muCibpp pw4Wf'IWJ1nLllCi w~whn4bLm ou11muw-
4mpJmG[! ~blilp t Ltiliti o011hwOpw4wo. hw4wnw4 11b~pmll WJCi 4LPUP
qmlll q.npowrrnLJp, WJL n! pb ti2tuwump1mu: ti2tuwump1wu hwlll4m-
pJm0Cibpp 2WJ1J?nLU 'llwpun!iU[! 4wpunpmll t P2tuwCimpjWU LbQ.plilpllm-
pjmO[!, np[! 4wpunp qnponCi t 4ulilwhmpJw0 u lflntuw11w11~ hwuw~w1-
Cimp1wu hwllwp:
1wuwpw4mp1wu llb2 lilbll.P m!ibgn11. pwqllw~u u pwqllwpCimJp lfln-
lflntumpJnLUUbf'lp llwupCi PJl nLJlnLJU llnlilbgnulCibpu mup wllbpp4JWU
u2wCiw4np pw11.wpwqblil, «~nulil pu11mulilf'IPWL hwuwrw4mpJWU» hw-
Jbgw4wpqp hb11.puw4 0L4tiu ran~Lbf'lo: l"'p hplluw4wu w2tuwlilwu,eub-
11mll lan~Lb(lO hpllCiw4npmu t lilbtuup4w4wu unp hb11.wlflntumpJWU
u4pqp[!, npu wpllwlllw~bu lflntumll t llw11'14WJPU hWUWf'IW4nLPJWU
lillililbuw4wo, ungtiwLw4wu u ew11.wpw4wu 4JwGpo: UJ11 lflnlflntum-
pJmuubp[! ulilb11.omll bu unp «4b11tiu11mulilppwL .ewri.wew411pmp1mu»:
ICJn~Lbf'IQ, uwuuw4npw~bu 4wromll t, np Gzwuw4wLti lilbri.wzwpctbp bu
4WlllW(l4nLll J?W11.WJ?W4ppmpjWU nLnf'llilnlll, nrnup pumpWqf'l4nul bu ti2-
tuwuw4wu nbumpuCibf'lti 4bf'lwpwztullwu qnp6[!CipwgGbpn4: Culil lan:J>-
Lb(lp ti2tuwCimp1wu pwqllwpp4 1w11w2whmuubp[! hwuqbgf'lbL bCi CipwG,
nf'I ti2tuwumpJWCi[! 4bpwqp4bL bCi pwgwuw4wG hwlI14wGti20bp, !UWJWO
ti2tuwGmpjnLU[!, np~bu WJ'l~tiutiO. 4Wl11Wf'IJWL 1bqn.e t:
89
 Ubp ctw1huGw4Gbpnul, [!Ulll ran~tbf1p, u4u4nlll t pzfuwGwijlnfumpJwG
ctwllwGw4w2112wG[!, bpp wump6wGwpwp wG4mll bG Wll..!f1nLll qn1mp1mG
mGbgnri. P2tuwGw4wG 4wrmqgGbf1[! u ~uwitn11itnul bG u4qpmGQnpbG Gn-
pbf1[!: UJf"I. qnp6[!GpwgGbf1[! mbri.p bG mGbGmll llWflf"l.4WJpG hwuwpw4m-
PJWG pntnfl llw4Wf1f"l.W4Gbpmll: fan~tbflp 4wp6pQn4 pzfuwGwijlnfum-
pjmGG [!GpwGmll t WJGQwG Wf1f"l.JnLGw4bm, np hwllwztuwrihwJpG LPf"l.bp-
GbpG w4bLP 2mm bGpwp44nul bG Pf1Wf"l.Wfl~nLpJmGGbripG, QWG 4w12w-
4wpmll bG f"l.flWGQ: t°'G!ll..!bu b114riwzwpctp ctwllwGw4 mbrtwitintu4mll u
4nri6wG4mll bO mb4mnGp4 zbfllllbfl[!, GllwGwll..!bu ti2tuwGw4wO ..Pnfuhw-
pwpbf1mpJmGGbpp 4bpw4w12mgllwG Wflf"l.JnLGQmll u4u4mll t llWf1f"l.4WJPG
ll..!WlllllnLpJWU hwqitwq.JnLl.Il bf1UnLJpUbf1pg llb4!:!' pzfuwumpJWU pmu tm-
PJWU wpllwlllw4wu ..Pn..PnfumpJmG[!: l"2tuwuw..Pnfump1mO uzw0w4mll t
n1 pb ti2tuwump1muubpp l.Ilbrtw..Pnfumll, WJL Opw l.IlflWUu~npllwgpw
(41 nfuw4 b(lll..! nul) 33 :
1pllu4btn4 '.)bfl!PLP hwu6wpbri. «Ull..!wq.w tiztuwumpJnLU[! ttiubtm t
pwuw4wumpJWU ti2fuwumpJnLU» f"l.WlllnrtmpJWU 411w' fan~tbfl[! q.lllGmll
t. n(l l)bll ll..!blilQ t qplllw4gbt. PU!ll..!PUP l.Il(lWU~npllwgpwJp 4bupwri44ti
l.IlW(lb(lWJpu ti2tuwump1mu[!: Sbrtp mGbgnrt ti2tuwuwttinfumpJnLU[! pw-
gwmpmll bG WJUll..!PUP 4nu~LP4l.Ilubpml. npnuQ WJUO(l [!Uf1.q.p4mll bu wll-
pnrt2 w2fuwph[!: ran~tb(l[! u4wmp mGp WJU hwGq.wllwGQ[!, np ubplfw-
Jmllu [!Uf"l.LWJU4mll bu hwpul.IlmpJWU l.I1W(lw6llwu unp hwllw4wpq.bp: UJI)
hwllw4wpq.b(l[! ttinitinfubtm gwu4wgw6 ijln(l~ w12w2wgumll t WJG mctb-
(lp f1.pllwf1.pmpJmGn. mll zwhbp[! u tiztuwumpJnLU[! 4wll..!4w6 bu hpG hw-
llw4wriq.ti hbl.Il: Ull..!wq.wJp Ltriw hu4btm hwllwp ll..!WJQW(lnrt mctbpu
tiribug Ull..!Wll1W4Gb(l[! tiriw4wuwgubttiu. [!Ul.Il ran~tb(lp, Oq.lllwqnp6mll
bu p12umpjmU, f"l.(lWll u qpl11bLPQUbf1:
4.b112tiu ctwllwuw4ub11u ppqubumll, l.IlGlilbumpJWU, QWl'lWQw4wum-
PJWU llb2, PU!ll..!bu uwu q.tnPWL llw4w1111w4ub11mll oupwgnrt ttinttintum-
pJmuub11u ppbug punLJpn~ fl.bnuu w12w2tiu pwfumllub11u bu ti2tuwum-
pJwu hwllw11 llrtllnfl ll..!WJQWf1mll' w12w~bL llb6 llwuzl.Ilwpub11nll, ewuti n11
llbuQ 4wuq.uw6 buQ llwriri4witiu ll..!WlllllmpJWU llb2 mctb11. ti2tuwuwttin-
fumpiwu zbllpu:
19-11ri 11w11ti Llb112tiu u 20-fll) l)Wf'lp 4bub11pu hwuw11w4w4wu 4JWUQP
~bpbLQ[! llbo LP9Q hw11.n1111bg qw11.wttiwf1WEWf1.WQw4wu u ti11wLtw-ttltiLti-
un~w1w4wu hnuwuQub11pu: UJu 2112wGmll w1111tiw4wump1mu bu Ltw1b-
tmll LPPbflWtub11' '.)p1b11tiuti. U. U. Um11nllgl.i.p, u. U. Lm114munLtti. lJ. lJ.
Yn~wtl.i.u4m, l.1..!Whl.1..!wGn11.w4wGub11' u. 3. '1wutitL.uljm, '-!. u. LbnGl.Ilup,

33 Sb·u Tomer A, Tue powersluft era /Powersluft N.Y., 1990, t2 8-10:

90
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LppbflWL llplilQQ 6wqbL t puJ2uwljwLwlJwu L. w11pul!lnlj(lwl!lwljwu
J2wnup, wl{wurimJpUb(lp hwripwhwpllwu L. hwljw1111mpJmuub11ti ll2lilw-
Ljwu uiwrnwrimll: LppbflWL!iqllp tmpJnLU[!, QUUl ~li!b11pup, llw1111mu, n11-
uibu wqwlil tmpjnLU ubpljWJWQUbLCi t, n(lU WJU n11wljnl{ Ol!lUnLO t hwuw-
flWljnLpjmCi: uw llumll t wqwlll CinLJCipulj WJU ctwllwCiwlj, b(lp uwhllwuw-
lf1wljmll t pfl LjwOJ2[!. bCipw1144.bLn4 QW'1WJ2WQpwljwCi UjWfllilwljwCim-
PJnLUCibppCi L. ti2tuwumpJmCiCib11pCi:
tunubLn4 UjblilnLPJWCi llwupCi' '.)p!bflpCiQ qLnumll t, n11 UjbUlmpJmCin
UjWLnOnLpjWU llb2 hwuribu t ctWLPU n11uibu ctnrin4ririti llpmpjnLU, n(lU
opbGQp llp2ngnl{ riwpObL t llblj tiriwl{wpwGwljwG wllpnri2mpJmG, n11'1G
rtb4w4w11mll t qbpwq.mJG ti2tuwGmpJmun· hwllnG11hwGm11 pwpbljbgm-
PJWG hwuGbLnL hwllwp:
UngtJwL-EW'1WJ2WljwG qw11qwgllwG GUjwLnwljG t, [!UUl '.:l!i!b(lpGti.
tumuwlf1bL wGhwlilwljwG wGwritu!iqllpg L. llbtuwGpljwljwG tLnwlllpqllpg,
Ljw11nriwGwL Gbp11w2Gwlj qmqwljgbL wGOGwljwG L. Ujbl!lwljwG uljq-
pmGJ2Gb(l[!, wGhwlilwljwG wqWLnnLPJnLU[} Li OflbUj2[!: UqWlilnLPJnLU[} oti-
WJU ti11w4.mGQUb(lp ObnQpb11llwCi L. [!LI'lLWJGllwG llb2 it: «lJw1111G tiriw-
l{mGQGbp mGp llpwJG WJG pwGti hwllw(l, n11 mGp n11n2 UjWfllllWLjwGm-
pJmGCibp L., hwljwnwlj[!, GpwGpg ljwflbLP t UjWhwli2bL UjWfllilWLjwGm-
pjmGGb(lp LjWLnWflnLO WJU pwCip hWOW(l, n(l muti tiriw4mUj2Ub(l»3 4 :
nt2 2ri2wuti uLw4.nuwubpub11ti hwJWQJ2Gb11mo nu11q64.w6 bG LJmL-
Lnm11-GwgpnCiwLtiulilwlj wG hWJflb uwu ppwljwG un lllwlibp: '1w G!iL Liu Ljp G
till «rtnLUWULnWU[! L. bl{(lnUjWU» wztuwlilnLPJWU llb2 qwpqwg(lbL t OW(l'l-
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UW qLnUnLO t, np J2W'1WJ2Wljw(j Li J2W'1WEWQpwljw(j ppwl{nLUj2Ub(lp llp2Li
hwlllmlj bpwztutiELib(l iLJwG: Pw11011 t qGwhwLnmll tunuJ2p wqwlilmpJm-
un · ql11UbLn4, nri 'lW ni pt; wnw4.bLnLPJnLU t, WJL pGwljwO wqwlilntpjmG:
rtmuwljwu UjbLnwljwumpJmUQ, '1wG!iLliuljm Ljwp6pJ2nl{, OL.w4nri4bL t n!
pb l{l!lWUql{WO ctnrtn4nLflllUb(lp hptlJ2n4., WJL n! pnup Opw4.nf14W6 gbrtb-
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UjWLn!Swnn, n(l rtmuwuLnwuo !11 Ljw11n11 b4.11nuiwJti uwu hwuw114.bL n !
6wq.uwup, n·i n1111bqpuwup: Curihwljwnwljo, «rtmuwuLnwun LjwJmO ULW-
4.nGwljwu dnrin4.mri11Gbpp hblll Ljwu Oliw4.n11mll t pGQGm11mJG lJntLlilnL-
11wljwG upwl{n(l Li nurimuwlj t riwnumu hwljw11114bLnt WflliOLnJWU wq11b-
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34 11cropwi IIOJ\.. H llpdllOBblX )"lemm, IIOA 06~. peA. B. C. Hepcec~a. M. 1997,
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liwglip ungpwtw4wli 12b~n11lllib11: Uw Untn~nlt_p pw(lnJw4wli mullmlipp
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qnlj!i, hnqL.n11 pw11pp· l'}flW hbtn llb4tnbri. !4briglibtn4 llbqlijlg pliw4wli
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124
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141
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Gb[l bG riwnGmu Ujblllwl.jwu L. n! Ujblllwl.jwG, !jln[1UWL L. n! !jln[1UWL hwu-
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tpGpl.jwl.jwu, ungtiwLw4wG L. l.jwqllwl.jbflUjWl.jwG hwGrimpJwG hpllpntl
l.jwqllwtlnritlw6 llw11114wGg Ltinp(l m llb6 tullpb110:
'2wriwewl.jwGmp1mGo hwllwlllbl'l ungtiwLw4wG 4iwGpp wriqwupp Lti-
GbLntl hwG11t116 · ll'12lll tL jlpwl.jwGwGmll t n11n2w4ti l.jwpqwtlpCiwl.j L. L'1W-
qn11mpimGGbp mGbgnri wGOwGg qjllllwljg4_w6 m l.jwllwJtiG qn116mGbm-
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160
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oq1J1wqor6bL POLOf'l huwrwl{ormpJmUUbf'l[!, q1J1UbL Qwri.wgw4wG tuG-
lltirubrti Lm6tl1uu wnwl{bL wr111mGwl{b1J1 mri.tiubr m Liti2ogutr:
=iwuwrw4mpJmGo. ctoriol{mr110. wqqbrio. tputiljwljwu tulipbro. 11w-
uwljwrqbru. ungtiwtw4wu 2brt1J1bf'l[!, tlwr114wug qwuqLJ.w6w1tiG 2wr-
dmtlubru tiu!l!.lbu Gwl.i. U1W[1pb[1 tlw4wri11w4utriti uogtiwtw4wu hwu-
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rmJU tirwl{wpwGw4wU wu6 !bU l.i. !bU 4wriori. l!.jWUlwu[uwuwuil{mpJWU
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ri.ou.l qori6nrimp1mGutrio. w1utiugG 11w12Gmtl wGllGw4.ori4.w6 umpJb4ui-
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170
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171
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172
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173
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219
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15-38 225
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267
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268
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269
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271
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272
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273
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274
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275
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pw11rimll, nri WJU 4wtl WJU bril!rimll ~WfllilW!lPfl ~blilQ t qnri6bG llpwJG
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llwljmuwljgmpJnLU[!, EWGp nri tun2nri Ljmuwljgmpimuubrip hblil llpwupu
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4m 4w11un11 tuGflpp: Up 4nri.llpg· qn116nri. Ew11.w2w4wG nbctpllp u4qpmG-
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306
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Oti ljmuwljgmpjmGGbf1tJ urigwljgmpjwllp, nrinugtJg n! ubl1Q ti tlti<SwljtJ !t
ub6wuwu0mpJnLU Otlwt'ibt LI..jWllLWllbulilmll LL tJGpOm[lmJG tiztuwunLpJmG
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pnqmpiwup. m Qf1tlw6mpiwup, nrinGg hwljwumpimOGbrio huwriwLtnrim-

307
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Cibfl4WJWQUnLU EWl"lWEWQPW4wG hwuwriw4nLPJWU qwriq.wguwCi m tiGE-
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uti24muw4gw4wu urigw4gmpjwG m lfinPJW'lWflll j:?UUWllWLilnLpjwG ub-
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gjlwubri: ~nppn1111. w1.4whnljmu t wGhpwdbzUl CS4mCi tiztlJwGmpJmCi
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PJnLCiubnn4. hwG11tnll. !l4bUll? t wCiuibubt WJCi 4wnttnn hwCiq.wuwODn. nri
308
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l1l w fl pbpw4tiG:
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tlwtlp tlbGw2Gnrih mGbgnrt tlb4 4muwl.jgmpjwtlp: 'lw G2wGw4mtl t, nri
liltlJWL bfl4flnttl tlpWJU tlb4 QlUl"[WEW4wG 4muwl.igmpjm0 muti LbQLUL
4wriqw4.pl5w4 L. tiriwtlmGQ' 6L.w4.nribLm 4wnw4.WflnLPJnLU (wtlpnrt2w-
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19 sb·u =Fi qn116n11 011bCipubptJ c1wilwuw4wc;rw4wu c1nri_nt{w6nt ( 1990-1995), tri ,
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21 C. Lemke. Protestverhalten in Transfonnationsgesellschaften,//Politische Vier-
teiljahresschrift, 1997, H 1. 38. Jg., S. 51.
22 Sb"u =!=! Uqqwitiu dnrtn4.ti http.//www.parliament.am pCiL11bpCibl11WJPCi t2nul:
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ri.nLl.Gbpo: '11bLnf1 t G4wLnbL, np 1w1wuLnwGjl tun11hm11110 lipwJG pwf1llpw-
qnLJG opbGu11ti11 liwpllpG !tf1, wnL. mGbp qnp6w11'111 '12tuwGmp1wG qnp-
6w11m1pGbp: tun11hm1111G '111 hwGllGwctnri.nLl.Gbpjl lij12ngn4. LnGopjlGmli t11
4wnw4.Wf1!W4wG pGmJpp qnp6bf1 L. opbGeGbpjl wGi.twG l11w4 hpw1.4wriw-
4mll tp 4.wri!w4wG hpwhwGqGbp m npnzmliGbri: U4.bL'1G. tun11hri11w11w-
Gj1G 4pg qnp6mli tp 1.4bl11w4wG 4.bpwhu4nri.mp1wG liwplipG, np[! hjlzbg-
Gmli t libf10f1JUJ UqqwJpG ctnri.n4.'1 4.bpwhu4'1! L4WLWl11[!: !:.>L.w4.n114.bg GwL.
wG4wtu hwGpw1.4bl11mp1wG 4w11wL1.w11mp1mGo: 1w1ng Uqqw1j1G tunri-
1 u. "'rwgjwQ, =!UJJUJUlilUJUP =!wli[lWUjblilnLPJnLU, t[ll,,wli, «=IWJWUlilWU» h[!Wlll., 1993
p., t2 160:
2 Sb'u CinlJG l!lbrtnL~. t2 161:
326
hnl(l'l[! Ltwflj_WIJ.lblllfl IJ.lW2tnnGnul w12w2w1111bg =\nl[h. S2w2wqGmGmG
(Gwtuw11w11-Gwtuwq.wh), U11wll UwGmluwutiG (GbflpflG q.n116b11), UL. tuw-
tnflu1wGpG (WfllnWpflG q.nf16bfl), tuw[WlnnLfl 4w11tSf14JwGpG (:j>flGwGu-
Gbfl), =\nl[h. =\wtutlbfl'lJWGpG (qtJGtln11w4wG), qf1flq.n11 Sb11-'Tlbtnf1nUJWGflG
(Wfl'lWflW'lWlilnLPJmG): '-l.b112tiG b114muo wG4muw4gw4wGGb11 ttiu. llGw-
gw6Gb110· hwJ hbri.w4intuw4wG 11w2Gw4gmp1wG 6wuwitlw6 q.n116tiiub11:
<DwulilnflbG 6uwl[n11Ltw6 q.n116w11ti11 llw11utiuo llb6wllwuwllp ll~wljm­
uwljgwljwG t11:
=\WJWUUlWGti tun11h1111ti u 1.jw12wl[w11mpjWU wG11wllGb11ti b11liwG dw-
llwGbLmg hbllln, oq.nulllnup 1-tJG, Ulbrtti mGbgwl[ tun11h1111w11wuti w12w-
2tiu Gflulll[!, n11tnbrt 4w12wl[w11mp1wG q.n116mGbmp1wG 611wq.11w1f1G bLnLJ-
pnl[ hwG11bu b4wl[ l[Wfl!WIJ.lblll =\nl[h. ~w2wqGmutiG: liw hwG11wl.J.lblilm-
PJWU GbflpflG 4JwGpmll wGhbtnw6q.bLfl, hflWlilWIJ.l LnL6mll IJ.lWhwG2nri.
tuG11f111Gb11 hwllw11bg UlWflflUJl.jUJG ti11wl[wljwriq.fl, 4JWGpti li q.mrnti WIJ.lW-
hnl[mpjWU hwutnwtnmuo. hwri.n1111w4gmp1wG mri.f1Gb11ti l[b11wpwgmuo.
IJ.lW[1bGw1flG 6q.Gwdwufl hwri.pwhw11muo. nripbflfl li q.wri.pw4wGmpJwG
tuG11flriub11fl Lm6mll[!, 11riwuw4wG hwllw4w11q.fl 4wriq.wl[n11muo. flUJU1W-
4wG Gn11 hwuw4w11q.fl Wf1UUJU1Wl[n11muo, ni ub6, pwjg mdbfl L. 4w11q.w-
IJ.lWh pwGw4ti utnbri.omuo. flulj W[llilWJ?flG EWf1.WJ?W4wGmpjWG WUIJ.lW-
11bqmu' hw11liwGGb11fl hblll pw11ti1111wgflw4wG hw11wpb11mp1mGGb11ti
hwutnwlllmuo. tuwri.wri. llf12ngGb11nl[ uwhuwGwitiG hw11gb11fl LnL6muo li
WJL tuG11f111Gb11: 4w12wl[w11mpJnLUQ hwllnql[w6 t11. n11 flfl w12w2w1111w6
611wq.f1110 w12wllbLwq.m1GG t WJUOfll[W hGwriwlln11mp1wG, n11 WJ'l Oflwq.fl-
flC! l.jwflbLfl t wGl[wGbL IJ.lOlnnLPJWG q.njmpjmGG WIJ.lWhnl[nri. wubGwwG-
h11wdbzU1 q.11wllw4wGGb11fl 611wq.f111 3 :
ctnri.nlJ.1111wlJ.w11w4wG u4qpmGpGbrinlJ. 1919 p. hmGtiufl 21-23-Q Ulbflti
mGbgwG tun11h1111w11wGw4wG Gn11 QGlilflnLpJmGGbri· oG11hwGm11. q.wri.lll-
Gfl L. hwllwuwuGwl.jwG· 4muwljgw4wG u4qpmGpGb11nl[: liwtuwlllbul[w6
80 IJ.lWlilq.wuwLtnriw4wG Ulbrtb11tig 72-o qpwri.bg11bg =i=i '1w2Gwljgmp1wG
l.jmuw4gmpJmGo. 4-o· ungflwL-hbri.w4intuw4wGGtJ110. 3-o· pmflpbflQ, 1-
o· wGl.jmuw4gwl.jwG q.Jmri.wgflw4wG utJmpJmGo: tun11h1111w11wGmu Ulb-
rtbfl !UlilwgwG wun11f1Gbf1Q, dnrinlJ.ri11wl[w11w4wGGb(1Q li EflllOfl[!:
tun11h1111w11wOfl wG1111wOti4 Oflulllmll 6liwl[n11l{bg Gn11 4w12wl[w11m-
PJmO· UL. tuwtntiuiwufl QLtuwt.ln11mpjwllp: ~G11hw0(1WIJ.lbU =\UJjWUlnUJGti
w12w2flO =\w011wl.J.lbtnmp1mOo mObgbL t bpljm tun11h1111w11wG, in11u 4w-
nwlJ.w11mpJmO: 1920 p. uwitiuiwu ti11w11wri6mp1mGObptJg hbtnn 6L.wl[np-
l[mll t b1111n1111 4wnwl[w11mp1mOo · =\wlin Ohw02w01wOfl q.Ltuwl{npm-
3 Sb u GntjG lllbrJnt~, t2 195, 197:
327
PJWUp, pull hwGriwuibuimpjWG UWJ[1WllmuipG' U. 4.[lWQJWGp LJwppGbuitJ:
UpwGqwllpg G2bGp, n(l 1920 p. ljbubritiG ,WJWUVlWGQ LJwquwlJbriui-
l{wo uibuimpimG tri. mGbfl wqwlll m WflflWfl QGVlflnLpJmGGbrin4. ljwqu-
l{wo tunflhflflWflWG li. LJwnwl{wrimpimG: bfl4f1mu uwhllwGl{wo ttiG pw-
11.wpwlJi.uG m 411nCiwljwG hwllnqumCiQCibflp, tunuQp, llwllmLti. ctn11.nl{Cib11ti
Li. gnLJgbflti wqwlllmpJmCiCib(l: Uqwllln(lbCi qn(lOnul tpCi wl{wG11wlJwCi
timuwljgmpJmCiCibflQ, Li. LJwqlll{mll ttiu Ciwli. Cin(lbflQ: Oritiuwlj, ,,_mll
hw2l{mu ·ttiG 2m112 llblj Vlwuuiwllti hwuGn11 pw11.wpwljwCi ljmuwLJgm-
pJmCiCibfl, uwljwiu tun11h1111w11wumll uiw2VlnGwuibu qn[lObL bu !n11u ljm-
uwljgwljwCi tuupwljgmpJmGGbfl. =H'1, n(l[} uljqptig upG1li. l{b112 b11.bL t ljw-
11wl{w11n11. Li. b[lbQ [!Ufl'1tillw11tifl LJmuwlJgmpJmCiGb[lp tullpwljgmpJmG-
Gbri · ,dY, UngtJwL-flblln4f1Wlllw4wG (llbG2li.plj li. pnL2li.plj) Li. ungtJWLPUlll-
hb11.w4intuwljw(i (tutn): '2w11.w11Gb11mll li. qwl{wnCib(lmll hwulllw1.mlw6 t[l
pGQCiwl{w11mp1mCi, ljwqllwljb11uilJ.w6 ttiu bfl4flti 4.w111mp1mGCi m uiwhw-
4wqn110: YWV1Wf14.bL tpu VlGlilbuw4wG Li. ungtiwLw4wCi pGnqpp 4w11Li.n[l
4in4intumpimuub11: qn116w6mpJwG llb2 t11 11114.w6 hw14w4wCi nmpLtJCi, Li.
hpllCilJ.bL t11 flflWUWlilmCi: UV1b116l{mu t11 llp2Gw4w11q, n1 LflP4. llp2Ciw-
4wf1q Li. pw(ld[lwqnLJCi llwuCiwqplllw4wCi rp.~(lngGb[lp LWJU gwCig: Pwg-
l{wo tri wqqwitiu hwLlWLUWflWU[}, n11n2l{w6 t11 pwgbL pw(ld[lwqmJCi
b11wct2lilwCing, Ujblilw4wCi pWlil[lnG, wqqwJpCi q11w11w11wu: 4.bf1w4wqll-
l{bg flWlilw4wCi qn1100. ulllbll.64.bg pwGw4o. ulllgl{bg UjWfllllWflPfl qpGl{n-
[lWq[lmpJmCi: ,WJWUlilWGCi W[llilWQpU w2tuw11hmll l'.'iwGw1l{w6 Ujblilm-
PJnLU t[l, 11w11dbt t11 Llp2wqqwitiu p[lwl{mCipp umpJb4lil: uw 11ti4.wCiwqp-
lilw4wG Gbfl4WJW9nLQ!nLPJntGCib[l mGb[l Jati~Ltiumll, Pwpl{mu, 1Clbh11w-
Cimll, '-lw2pGqlilnGmll, LnG11nGmLl, <I>w[lpqmll, ,nnllmll, UpbGpmLl, flnu-
Vlnl{mll, Uli.wulllnuintmll, PbnLtiGmLl, Sn4tinimll, Pbtq11w11mll u wnm11:
,WU[lWqmLlw[lp pb(lbtntl ,WJWUUlwCip ,WU[lWUjblilntpjWG b114m
tun(lh[lflW[lWUUb[lp O[lbUUflflW4wG wztuwlilWUQp W[1'1JnLGQCib[l[} 4WflbLP
t wubL, n(l wnw2tiG tun11h1111w11wuo 12GGw114bL u oG11mCibt t 116 011bGQ,
pu4 b11411n11110· 2m112 200, bpb ti G4wuip mubuwGQ, np b11411n1111
tun11h1111w11wuo 1920 p. LlwitiuiwG 11bui12bppg hbuin m11.w1144.nul t hwp-
4w11ti11 u uiuw4wCi wpdw4m1111ti. pu4 ,3'1-Ci pp dbnQCi t 4.b11gGmLl
011buu11ti11 u qnp6w11ti11 tiztuwumpJmGo uuib116btn4. pJmrin-4wnwl{w11m-
PJWG '1P4lllwuimpw: t11411mll 4wlllwpl{bgpu ctn11.n4.1111wl{w11w4wCi
u4qpmG12Gbpp llp 2w1112 tuwtulilnulGbp, npnCip pmLwgppG Ujblilw4wCim-
PJWG hpllpbpo:
Uiuuitiunl{, 1918-1920 pp. ,WJWUlilwGo tun11h1111w11wuw4wu 4wnw-
l{wpLlwCi hwG11wuiblilmpimu t11. QWGp n(l uiblilw4wG tiztuwumpJwCi
328
pw(li'.i(lwqmJfi llw(lupCi[! tun(lh(lflW(lwCiCi t(l: '-l.b(l2pupu 4nriutig t(l
auwi.ln(li.tmu Ciwu qn(l6Wflp(l pztuwCimpjnLCi[!' 4wnwi.lW(lnLpjnLU[!, n(l(!
wCiup2w4wCin(lbCi hwzi.lbl11m t(l 1WJWUU1wCip tun(lh(lf'lpCi: 11 tun(lhflflW-
pwCiCi [!UflnLCibg «1WJWUlllWUp tun(lh(lf'lW(lWUp [!Ulll(lnLpjmCiGb(lp uw-
upCi», «1WJWUlllWUp QWf'lWQWQpnLpJWU UWUpU», «'-l.W(l!WlI1WflW6QWJpU
pwctwCiuwCi uwupCi», «U(lflW(lWflWlllnLPJWU u flWU1W4wCi tiztuwCimpjWU
uwupCi» u WJL 4w(lun(l opbCigCib(l: 11-Ci !nLCibgwi.l Pll hpuuw4wu onbCig[!'
UwhuwCiWfl(lnLPJnLCi[!, n(lp nu11mumll[! Llb(lWLL1Whi.lw6 t(l Wlllwqw Uwh-
uwCiwf'ltill ctnrini.ttiu. n(l(! Cib(lgpCi m Wfll11WgpCi pw(l'l hwCiqwuwCigCib(lp
LL1WlllOWnni.t WJ'll.llbU tL !c+nLUW(li.lbg:
11-mu tun(lh(l'lW(lwCiw4wCi 4wnwLtw(lllwCi hwllw4wllc+ti (!UU1flnLPJnL-
Ci[! UjWlllwhw4wCi !t(l. Ciwtu· tun(lh(l'lW(lwCiw4wCi hwuw4wpq[! lllwpw6-
Ltw6 t(l wztuwphmu: bi.l(lnUjWjp hWUWflJW pntnfl bp4pCib(l[! (!Ulllflbl tpCi
gwriwgw4wu hwllw4wllc+ti WJ'l Ou[!: bp4pnpf1· tunph(l'lW(lwCiw4wCi hw-
uw4wllc+P [!Ulil(lnLPJnLU[! tupwCimu t(l lllWflpbp QWf'lWQW4wCi pCiulllp-
lllnLlilUb(lp qw(lqwgmll[!, lI1Ulllbuw4wCi pwpblj'lntumuCib(l[! L. ctnrinLlri11w-
Ltw(lmpJwCi u4qpmCigCib(lp CiJmpw4wCiwgmu[!: b(lpn(l'l. tun(lh(lflW(lWUW-
4wCi hwllw4wllc+D 4ntb4l11PLl 4wnwi.twpuwCi imriwhwl11m4 oppCiw4 t(l,
n(llllbf'l wztuwlllmu t(l 4ntb4l11PLl llplilg(! L. pwCiw4wCimpJnLU[!: Uhw hbCig
wiu hwCiqwuwCigCibpnLl tr LllWJUwCiwLtnriLtw6 Ujbl11w4wCi tiztuwCimpJwCi
tun(lhfl'lW(lWUW4wCi aL.p [!Ulll(lnLPJnLU[! 1WJWUU1WUp wnw2tiu 1wCipw-
UjbU1nLpjmCimu: Pwjg 11-tiu LltitSw4i.tw6 !t(l b(l4WllW4JW9 LllCibtm: ram(l-
gb(lp L. pnL2L.p4Cib(lp hwuwqn(l6w4gmp1wup tunpl11w4qbg 1wiwulilwCip
wCi4wtumpJnLU[!, gwriwgw4wCi hwuw4wpq[!: l°'Ci!Lllbu pCimpwqpbt t U.
'-1.(lWQJWU[!. «n! hWJ ctnrinLlll'lP hnctw(l 4wllgnq, WJL WfllllWgpCi mctb(lp
tSCizuwCi lilW4, 1920 p. f'lb4U1bUpb(lp 2-pCi 1WJWUlllWUnLU Lilbf'lp mCibgwi.t
LlW(l!WOL.p Lj'lnlj'lntumpJmCi, ctnrinLl(l'lWLlW(l tiriwLtw4w(lqp U1bf'l[! pp(llll
mctni.t pnCiwUjbl11w4wCi ti2tuwump1mu hwulllwllli.lbg: tun(lh(lflWflWCiw-
4wCi 4wnwi.twpmpJWU[! hw2nri11bg 1wiwul11wGti 1bri4nuo· nmuw4wG
ui.tpGCib(lp LllW2lI1LllWCimpjwCi l11W4» 4 : U1CimhwG11b(lO, tun(lhflflWJpCi 1w-
JWUlllWU[! flWflOWLl hwj Ujblllw4wCimpjWU upw4 41lnf'l[!, hwUWJU hWjnL-
pjWU hWJflbGpg[!, G(lw :ppqtJ4w4wG, hnqL.n(l L. uzw4mpwjpCi Llbpouaimri-
uwCi utiw4 hmuwtti bpwztuwi.tnrio:

4 Sb u unqu 1J1b"lnu.l, tQ 540:

329
 iU3UUSUL~ tr4rnr1 iULrU~tsntta3UL
PU~UPU4UL iUUU4UrQD

=iWJWUl!lWUP b11411n11ri hWU(lWUjbl!lnLPJnLUO 1920-1990 pp. 6L.wttn11-

ttbg pnL2L.ti4JWU lilP(lWUjblilnLPJWU L. Ul!lWLPUJWU wlipnri.2wl!lp(lmpJWU
UjWJliwuub11mli: =iwu4wuwlti t. n11 WJl'l dwliwGw4whwlI14w6p QWf'l.WQW-
4wu hw~w4w11qu mumliuwup(lbLm hwliw(l, pb4mq L. hwliwnnlllw4ti.
wuh11wdb2lll t 6wunpwUWL fun(lh(ll'lWJPU =iWJWUl!lwup ourimuw6 b(lbQ
uw hu w uwri11n LP Jn Luu b11tiu:
Unw2tiu uwhliwuwri11mpjmuu ourimuttbg 1922p. lJiblI1(14w11pu fun11-
hnL(11'lUb(lp wnw2tiu hwuwqmliw11mli: Uiu ourimuttbg fltul>=\ Uwhuw-
uwri11mpiwu l'l(lnljpUb(lp hpuwu tt11w. PWJQ upwdwuwuw4 hw2ttti ttiu
wnG4w6 =iWJWUl!lwup hWU(lWUjblilnLPJWU wnwG6uwhwlil4nLPJnLUUb(1Q:
Uwhuwuwri11mp1wup 2w11wri11ttw6 ttiu tun11h11riwitiu ti2tuwump1wu hpli-
Gw4wu u4qpmugub110: Ulipnri.2 ti2tuwumpimuo 4bul!l(lnunul L. l!lbf'lb(lmli
UjWlI14wumli t11 pwu4n11ub11ti. qimri.wgpub11ti L. 4w11liti11 pwuw4witiuub-
11P UjWlilqwuw4nriw4wu tun11hm11riub11pu, hn~w44mli t11 pnLn(l wqqb(lp L.
wqqmpimuub11ti ti11wttwhwttwuw11mp1muo: b4bri.bgpu wG2wlilttmu t11
Ujbl!lmpimutig. tiu4 l'll!l(lngo· b4bri.bgmg: Uwhliwuttmu t11 61111 411pm-
p1mu, tunugp L. liwumLti wqwl!lmpimu:
Uwhliwuwri11mpiwu b11411n11ri liwumli wuttw6 tp, np =ituu=i-mu Ujb-
lllw4wu ti2tuwump1wu pwp611wqmiu llwplitiuo pwuttn11ubptJ, q1mri.wgti-
ub11ti L. 4w11litJp pwuw4witiuubptJ UjWl!lqwllwttnpubptJ tun11hmpriubptJ
hwuwqmuw11u t, n(lQ qmuwpttmu t lI1Wf1b4wu ub4 wuqwu: =iwuwqm-
UW(lU QUlilf'lnLU tp =ituu=i 4bulllqnp64nll, npo hwuwqmuwpGbptJ uti2L. ou-
4w6 dwuwuw4wzp2wumll hwuritiuwumu t11 tiztuwumpiwu opbuuritifl,
4wpqwriti!l L. 11b4w4wp tlwputiu L. hwz4blllm t11 hwllwqmuwpti wnw2:
'.)npu wutiuo llb4 hpwttti11ttmu t(l 4bulllqnp64nllti hb11pwlfwu UULilW-
2(l2WU: LibGLilqnp6lfnllo lfwqunul t11 lfwnwttw11mpimu· qnp6writi!l ti2tuw-
ump1mu· dn11nll(ll'lWlfwCi lfnutJUW(lUb(ltJ fun(lhnL(ll'l: =iblllwqwjmtl, b(lp
6L.wlln11ttmu t Uurip~bribpwgtiwu, WUlW i.qblllwlfwu ti2tuwump1wG
pwp611wqm1u uwplltJuo, bpbQ hwupwtqblilmp1mGGb11tJ hwuw(l, 11wnCimll
t Uuri114bulllqn116lfnllo. tiulf lfwnwttw11mp1muo· Uuri11dn11lfnutun11ho:
1922 p. ritlflllbupt11tiu 6L.wlln11ttnul t uwL. tuu=iu-o. n11ti wnw2tiu uwhllw-
uwri11mp1wu ut2 uzttmu t(l, n(l tuU=\U-o hWU(lWtqblilmpJmuub(ltJ lfwllw-
Llnp lltJmpimu t, nplllbll gwu4wgw6 lltJmpbuwlfwu hwuriwl!lblilmpJmG
lfw11n11 t lllilGbL L. gwulfwgw6 dwtlwuwlf rim11u qwl lltJmpimutig: ULlbLtJu,
=iwiwul!lwuti 1937 p. Uwhllwuwri11mpJWU llb2 uzttw6 t, n(l =iwJlfwlfwu

330
tuU=i-u L4bl1lw4wu '12tuwumpimuo '1flwqnfl6nul t jlugGmflmJG 4bfll4mr
L'1mlj1Ci L4WhUjuiGbLntl '1fl qbfl'12tuwu '1flwtJ.mugubfl(!, nfl =iwi4w4wu
tuU=i-Ci jlflwlJ.mug mujl wqwUl 4bflUjntJ. flnLflU qWLnL tuU=iU-jl 4wqlljlg 5 :
'lb-Jmflb WJflUjbu tfl, pwjg '1flw4wumll WJflUjbu 1tfl: UwhllwuwflflnLPJWU
zwLn flflnLJpUbfl, hnfllJ.w6Gbfl 4JWUQjl 4ntbL huwflwlJ.nfl itfl, nflntJ.hbLnL.
qnfl6mll tfl qbflhqnfl wllpn112wLnjlflw4wG gw11wgwl.jwu hwllw4wflq[!,
nfl'1 hjlllCiwl.jwu u4qpmugu tfl. «lanLJLWLnfltlmll t wiu wllbuo. jlu1,hflw-
llwitlw6 t tJ.bflL.jlg»: =ibLnwqwimll· 1937 L. 1978 ptJ.wl.jwuubfljlu ourimu-
lJ.bgjlu uwL. =iWJWUUlWUjl lunflhflflWjjlU =iWUflWUjbUlnLj:)JWU bfll.jflnflfl L.
bflflnflfl uwhllwCiUJflflnLpJmCiubfl(!. tuU=iU-jl 1936 L. 1977 pp. uwhllwGwri-
flnLPJnLUUbfljl hjlllwu tlflw:
~uLn nurimutJ.w6 uwhllwGwrwmpimuGbfljl tuu=w UjlmpbGwl.jwCi pn-
Lnfl =iwCiflWL4bLnmpimuGbfl(!, WJfl ptJ.mll L. =ih.JU=i-G, mCibjlu tunflhflflWflW-
Gw4wCi l.jwnwtJ.wflllwCi hwllw4wflqbfl, nflntlhbLnL. UjbLnwl.jwu '12tuwum-
PJWU pwfldflwqmiu llwplljluo tunflhflflWflwuG tfl: liw tp 4wqllmll L. hwu-
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[!ULnflnLll lunflhflflWflWUjl uwfuwqwh, Lnb11w4wLGbfl, 1.4wLnqwllwtJ.nflUJ-
4uiu hwCi6Ciwdn11nlJ.Gbfl, Gwfuwqwhmpimu, qbflwqnLJCi flWLnWflUJU L. WJL
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llwp GzbGg, nfl hwCipw1.4bLnnLpJWU Gwtuwqwhjl qnp6wnmJpUbfl(! 4iwu-
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hwCimfl, '1flw4wCiwgtJ.mll bu qw11Lnujlmp1wu u4qpmGgntJ., nfl pnLnfl gw-
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tJ.bgjlG n1 pb dn11ntlflfl'1 4n11lljlg, WJL UflWGg, w1u1.4bu 4n1tJ.w6, «[!ULI1flJWL-
Gbfl'1» llj12ngntJ., wiujlugu tunflhnLflflUbfljl hwllwqmllUJflUbflmll, ClbflW-
qmJCi tunflhflfl'1 GulI1W2fl2UJGGbflmll:
5 'lwi4w4wG tvnrhflllWJtiG Ungtiwttiu1J1w4wG 'lwGrwu.ibl11nLflJUJG UwhuwGwrirnLpJnt-
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331
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pjmGGb11ti tlw11tltJGGbf1[! tlpwJG 4w11w4.w11n11 4muw4gmp1wG n11n2mtlGb-
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4wG 4muw4gmpiwG wtlbGw4.bppG WlllJWGGbpmtl, tiu4 w1Gmhblllu hwu-
lllWlllilwG ttiG 11114.nul WJll tlw11lltJGGb11mtl: 'lw w114.mll t11 4.b11tig 4.wp,
OnLJGtiu4 lllb'lw4w0 ti2tuwGmp1mGGb11ti llw4w1111w4n4.:
'.)np11n1111. lI1Ulllbump1wG w11111mGw4.blI1 4wnwl[w11mtl tirw4wGwgGb-
Lnt G1.4wlllw4n4. JntflWQWU!JnLfl Upmpb0w4w0 hwGpw1.4blllntpjntOnul
qn116nul ttiG hwG11w1.4blllw4wO, hwG11w1.4blllw4w0-llpmpbGw4wO h
lltimpb0w4wG 0 wtuwf1Wf1ntpJmOOt11tiO bOpw4w ~b110w114mpJntGObf1,
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GwOuOtnti. OtnQtiO w11la.lI1flti, wnn112w1.4whmpiwG, GbflQtiO qnnotnti La.
WJLG) 1.4wlI14wGn11 uiOUlbuw4wo 4wrinLJgObf1[!, qn11ow11wGObf1[!, ~wp11ti-
4wOt110 h wnO mGttiO t114w4ti bGpw4wJnLPJntG: unwOQ hw24.l:iuim ttiO
La.' hw011w1.4blllntpjWU 4w11w4.Wf1nLPJWUQ, ii· tuu=uJ-ti 4wnw4.WflnLPJWU[!:
1ti0qb[1nf1fl, tunnhllflWJtiO 1WJWUlI1W0ntll, [!Ulll QUflntG4.w6 bf1bQ uwh-
llwGWflf1nLpjnt001:ipti, hWUlI1Wllll[w6 tn 4w11w4.w11llwG tun11h(lflW(lWUW-
4wo hwllw4w11q. !UWJWO Wjfl llwutiO !t(l o011q64.mll: U11w2tiO Uwhllw-
UWflf1nLPJWllp 1.4buiw4wo ti2tuwGmpiwG pw11~11wqnLJO llwnlltiGo hwllwn-
4.mll tri tun11hm11110t11ti hwllwqmllwno h Opw 4n11lltig Q0lllp4.w6 41:i0lll-
qnn64nllo. tiu4 llJmu t114m uwhllwOw1111mpJmOOl:i11n4.· 1937, 1978, qb-
nwqmJO tunphnt(lflQ h Onw OwtuwqwhntpJmOo: PnLnll 11t1.4Qbpmll tL,
ouui uwhllwOw1111mpjntOOt11ti. qnp6w11ti11 ti2tuwGmpimuo· 4w11w4.w11m-
PJntOQ, 4wqllwl[n11mll tri ctn11n4.1111wl[w11w4wG htillmOQOl:i11n4.: 'lwlllw-
4w0 ti2tuwOmpJntGQ Omj01.4bu [!Ulllf1nl[ti t11· 1937 p. UwhllwOw1111m-
PJWllp QUlllf1l[nul tri bf1bQ uiw11ti ctwllwGw4n4.. tiu4 1978 p. UwhllwOw11-
f1ntpJwllp' htiOq l11Wf1ti ctwllwGw4n4.. wnwOg ll11gw4gmp1wO, ti2tuwOm-
PJntGOt11ti gmgmllOtnn4.:
'-1.bgt11n1111. wnqliL4.w6 tn 4w11wl[w11n11 4nll4muw4gmpJmGtig pwgti
wn 4muw4gmpJmGOtnti qnnomGbmpimGo: Uw G2wow4mll tr. 1111
tun11h1111witiG QW'lWQw4wG hwllw4wnqo !tn [!011mOmll QW'lWQw4wG
pwqllw4w116mp1mG Q, pwqllw4muw4gw4 wO ctn11n4.1111wl[w11 w4wO
332
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ubfl, 4nllbppl1lw4wu, Ujflnubpw4wu, 4nnll.jbf1Wl1lf14. u WJLU} qnp6mubm-
PJnLU[! pmJLWlllf14.w6 tp llpwju WJU 11.jWJllwunLj_, np upwug ll.jUJfllllWLj_np tpu
flriw4wuwgubL 4waw4.wrinri. 4muw~rnmpjwu gwri.wgw4wumpJnLU[! u bri4-
flP gwri.wgw4wCi 4iwugnul pCigCimpnLJCi hwCi11bu qwl !ttiG ljwpnri.:
3npbpnf1fl, uwh llwCi WflflnLpJmCiCib pn 4. tunphfl flWJ flu =\wiwul!lwu ti gw-
11.wgwgpu bpp Ci l1lf14.w6 tpCi opbCign4. Wll.jwhn4.4.nri. LWJCi tiriw4.mCi9Cibp la
wqwl.1lnLf>JntCiCibp· [!UflhnLUj llflCi!L. tunugp, dnri.n4.ubpp L. llplllpuqubpp,
tllnri.ngwJflCi bppbpp m gmjgbpp wqwlllmpJmu: PwJQ flflWUR OL.w4wu
opbCigubp tpu, npnug 70-UlwppCibpp [!upwggmll !4tirwa4_bgpu: =\f12bug
pbpL.u 1965 p. bri.baup 50-wlliw4fl 11.jwhwu2wl!lflflw4wu QnLJ9[! bpL.wu
QWl'J.UJRnlll L. 11riw hbl11L.wu12ubp[!: LiwribLfl t u2bL uwu WJL wawuOCiw-
hwl114mpJmuCibp, pwJ9 pw4.wrwri4.bug upwCignLj_:
bpb [!Ci11hwCipwgCibLm LflCibCig, UJll.jUJ tunrihri11w1tiu ti2tuwumpJwCi lllw-
flflCibppCi pnLnfl llflmi:>buw4wu hwupwll.jblllnLPJnLUCibpmll tunphp11wpw-
Ciw4wCi hwllw4wpqbpp tllntuwpbu hwulllwl!l4_w6 tri PJnLfln4pwlilw4wli-
wllpnri.2wl.1lflflUJ4wCi hwllw4wpq, nplllbrt 4nll4muo hwu11fluwCimll tri
ClLtuw4.nri f1Ciulllplllml11Q: Ullpnri2wlllflflw4wCi ti2tuwCimp1mCiCi ppbCi tri bu-
pwp~bL hwuwpw4w4wG 4JwCigp pnLnfl nLnfll!lCibpo: Ullpnri2 hwuwpw-
4mpimu[! 2wri12wiflu L. rtb4w4.wri wuhwlllubflQ qlilu4.mll ttiu hwll[!Ci11hw-
Cimp 4.wtuti 11.jWJllwCiCibpmll, nriti LJ.pw tL hbuLj_mll tri wllpnri2wl.1lf1flw4wu
h1.Udw4wpq[!: PWJQ WJ'l gwriwgw4wCi hwllw4wpqp 11.jWJllwuCibpmll
wudtuUlbLfl bu tunphflllWJflCi =\wiwulllwup CilJ.w!'.imllubpQ hwuwriw4w4wCi
4iwugp pnLnfl pCiwqwlJ.waubpmll: tunrihri11w1tiu =\wJWUUlUJU[! 11wpOwlJ.
f1Ci11mul.1lf1PWL bri4Pfl qwpqwgw6 qfllllnLpJwllp m ll2w4nLJpnlJ., Wf'lflJnL-
CiwpbflnLPJWllp L. qJmrtwlllCilllbumpjwllp: Up gwup l!lwuuwllJw4ubpp QCi-
pwggmll Ul.1lbrt6lJ.bg WJCiUjflup ll2w4mJp, wpi.J.bul!l L. qf1l!lmp1mu, np wug-
JWLnLll !ttiG ulllbrt64.bL L. !ttiG 4wrinrt ul!lbrt64.bL: PwJQ WJ'l pnLnrio Obag
pbpLj_bg hwJ dnrin4.ri11ti hwllwamp1wllp, w2tuwl!lwuflrimi::>1wllp, hw1pbuw-
uppmp1wllp L., flCi!m !t. l!lWUUJW4 hwqwpwlJ.nri llwri114wCig WflJWCi qunlJ.:

=\wiwul!lwumll ti2tuwCiwtllntumpimu l!lbrtfl mCibgwlJ. 1990 p., bpp

qwpCiwCi[! 4wiwgw6 tunrihri11wpwCiw4wu [!Cil!lpmpJmCiubpp dwllwCiw4
%pwqmJu tunrihri11ti Ciwtuwqwh [!CilllplJ.bg L. Sbp-'f1bl!lpnu1wCi[!: Qbpw-
qnLJCi tunrihflllP Cinp [!CilllpmpJmuCibpp hbUll..wugnlJ. =\wiwul!lwumu wu-

333
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hwllw4w11q1f lltiw4muw4gw4wG rtb4w4.w11mp1wllp: «'lWflWPWrt» 4nllti-
UlbG 1989 p. hwllwqmllw11mll 6L.w4.n11bg Gn11 4muw4gmp1mG· =r=ic-G:
1w1wuUlwGti b1111n1111 hwG11wu.ibUlmp1wG gw11wgw4wG qw11qwgmllo.
u.iw1llwGw4wGn11bG 4w11bLti t pwdwGbL bflbQ 1.PmLb11ti· 1990-95, 1995-98
Li. 1998 p. hbUln oG4w6 dwllwGw4wz112wG:
U11~2tiG l.PmLtiG pGn11n2 t11 hwG11wu.ibUlmp1wG 011bGu11ti11 Li. qn116w11ti11
llw11lltJGGb11mll 11C-ti pwgw116w4 qb11w4w1mp1mGo: U1GmhwG11b116 WJ'l
UlWfltiGb11tiG 4WlI1Wfl4.bgtJG lI1Glilbuw4wG Li. QWrtWQW4wG pGnLJpti llti
2w11g 4w11L.n111.Pn1.Pntump1mGGb11: qt:;11wqnLJG tun11hm11110 1990 p. oqnu-
Ulnuti 23-tJG nG11mGbg «UG4wtu U1bUlw4wGnLJ:!JWG hWUUlWUlllwG qn11-
6[]GpwgtJ u4tJqpG» wq11w11w11n11· 1w1wuUlwGti wG4wtump1wG h11iw4w-
qtJ(l[}, n11n2w4tiwg11bg 1wJWUUlwGti u.il:illlw4wu m hwuw11w4w4wu 4w-
11mg4_w6gtJ htJlluw4wu u4qpmuEul:i110· ti2tuwumpimuul:i11ti lilw11wu2w-
lilmll, ubi.pw4wumpiwu 6L.l:i11ti hw4_wuw11mpimu, tunuEti. turt!StJ, llwllm-
Lti. dnrtn4_ul:i11ti. lltJU1tJuqul:i11ti. gnl]gb11ti wqWUlnLPJnLUUb[l, QWrtWEW4wu
pwqllw4w116mpimu, pwqllw4muw4gw4wumpimu, 4muw4gmpimuub-
flti hw4_wuw11mpimu, qtJ04.w6 mctt11ti Li. ti11wLtwu.iwh llwrilltiuul:i11ti wu.iw-
EWrtWEW4wuwgmll: 111iw4wqtirin htJllQ nu11mubg llWfl'lnL ti11wLtmu2ub-
flti hwllnu11hwumri h11iw4wqritiu. n1111tq11l:ig 1918 p. llwitiuti 28-tiu
UUlbrt64.w6 1WJWUlilwGti wu4wtu hWUflWll.lblilnLPJWU ctn11n4.1111w4.wriw-
4wu w4_wu11mii:tul:irin. 1wi4w4wu tuU1-u 4.l:iriwu4_wubg 1wiwuUlwuti
1wuriwu.il:ililmpJmG, ti LnLfl wztuwrihti hWJlilWflWflbg, nri 11 wllpn112 UlW-
11w62mll ~n116mll bu lltiWJU ,, UwhllWUW'lflnLPJnLU[} LL O(lbUEUb(l[},
hll!W4bg «1WJWUUlWUti 1WU(lWll.lbUlnLPJnLU[} n11u.il:iu llti2wqqw1tiu ti11w-
LtmGEti umpJb4Ul, n11n LtwflbLm t wu4wtu WfllllWEtiu EWrtWEW4wum-
PJnLU»6: Uw tutiqwtu EWJL t11 11l:i11L.u qnJnLPJnLU mGbgnrt luU1U-ti U1WJ-
llwuGb11mll Li. hw4wumll t11 luU1U-ti qn116nrt 1977 p. Uwhllwuw1111mp1w-
Gn: 11l!W4wqti11n htillE hwu11tiuwgw4_ 11 un11 UwhllwUW'lflntpjwu:
11C-ti ti2tuwGmp1wu lilw11tiut11tiu (tunuEn w11w2tiu lflnqti llwutiu t)
6wG11wqm1u htillGwtuu11ti11ul:i11 4w1tiu. n11nuE mGl:itiu w11w114w1w4wu htill-
El:i11: PUEGnL[lnLJU ll.lblilw4wu ti2tuwumpjWU 4w11migub11tig Ii EWrtWEW-
4wu w4_wu11m1pul:i11tig qmri4 1w1wuUlwumll ti2tuwumpimuutrin 4wuq-
uw6 ttJu, llti 4nrtlltig' ll.lbUlw4wumpjWU UUlbrt6llWU, lljntU 4nrtlltJg· wll-
pnrt2WliltJflw4wu, Ltw11iwh11wllw1w4wu ungtiwLtJUUlw4wu hwllw4w11qtig
dn11n4.1111w4. WflW 4wu-ti11w 4. w4wu hwll w4w11qtiu WU gubLnL llW(lUlWh(lW-
4. bpGbflti w112LL: '.)4w11 u.iwUlllw4wu lfln(lll. lf1Lmq4_w6 ungtiwLtJUUlw4wG
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334
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qnlllh, lfiwtuulllw4wGGbr: Pwrn LL WJG~bu 11C-w4wG 4brGwtuw4Q ubr-
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4mpiwu, wrmri2w~whmpiwG, 4rpmpiwu LL qhlllmpiwu qwrqwguwG
ntnrlllGbrmu· wupn112mpJWUp 4r4GornGw4bg WJll hwuwrw4wrqh UWJ-
rwumlllh 2r2wGmu wupn112wlllhrw4wG 4bruwtuw4hG hwlllm4 pwrEb-
r1f 4w2wnw4brmpJnLUQ, hn4wGw4nr!nLPJnLGQ, grGhqLlo:
Uiu lfimtmll 4wnw4wrnri 4muw4gmpiwuo· =nc-rG. wnw4bL hb-
lllWErEnmu tr hr h2tuwGmpjnLU[! wurw~Gribtm tuGrihro: UJll G~Wl11UJ-
4n4 Gwtuw~wlllrwulllbg hwGrw~blllnLPJWU Gwtuwqwhh uwunG orbG-
Eh Gwtuwqh6 LL Gbr4wiwgrbg Q.brwqmiu tunrhrllh ECiGwn4uwGo: <Dwu-
lllnrbG =i=ic-G rrw4wGwgGmu tr tuwriwri. 1SwGw~wrhn4 ~blllw4wG hb-
riw2n2mu· tunnhnriwnwGw4wG 4wnw4wnllwG hwllw4wnqhg wGgmu
4wlllwrbtn4 Gwtuwqwhw4wunG: U111~bu tL bri.w1{: UnwGg dnrtn4rllh
4wllED hwrgGbtm Q.bnwqnqG tunrhmnrio 1991 p. oqnulllnun 1-pG QG11m-
Gbg WJI) onbGEo: UhG! WJI) CfbrwqnqG tunrhn11h GwtuwqwhmpjnLU[!
1991 p. hmGpupG oG11mGbt tn nrn2mu 11-mll Gwtuwqwhp ~w2lllnG hrll-
Gbtm LlwupG, tJG!~bu GwLL =i=i w12w2tiG Gwtuwqwhp [!GlilrmpJmGGbrG
wug4wgGbt 1991 p. hn4lllbllpbrti 16-pu: U1GmhblilLL c+brwqnqG tunn-
hmr11G oG11mGbg orbGE , , wllpnri.2 lllwrw6EnLU hwGrwE4b wGg4wgGb-
LnL uwupG, nno G2wGw44bg 1991 p. ub~lllbllptJrti 21-pG: UJU hwGrwE-
4bn4 =i=i-o. wllpnri.2 dnrin4nriti 4wllE[! wrlilwhwJVlbtn4. 11mru b4w4
tuu=iu-ti 4wqllpg: Um onG tL hwuwr4bg 11 wG4LutumpiwG or:
1990-1991 pp. tunrhr11wrwGtJ [!Grimuw6 orbGEubrn4 LL nrn2mllub-
rn4 WUlllplSwGwpwn {iLLw4nr4mll tpu ~blllw4w0 hztuwumpjwG Llwn-
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tr4nti ~blllw4wu LL uti2~bUlw4wu hwrwpbrmpjmGubrhG WllLI!4nrt
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3 Sb'u nomiep Kap.ii. On::pi,rroe 0611:1eCTBo H ero Bpara, T. 1, 2, M., 1992:

4 Sb'u P.A. Hayek. The Road to Serfdom, London, 1944:
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puutnptnmgpnGWL 11b11w4wtnW(1Ub(1, n(lnUE u2wuw4WLP nbum11uub11 bu
6wtuumll n1 ctn11.n4.1111w4.w11w4wu nbctpllp utnb11.Mwu L. ~btnmpJWU wu-
2wtnllwu Ciwuw~w11hn4. p11bug u~wlllw4pu hwuubLm hwllw11:
u~wtnw4wipu wnnuln4. ctn11.n4.1111w4.w11w4wu nbdpllo 4w11bLP t hw-
llw11bt Lict, bpb puw41mpiwu Ciu2n11. llb6wllwuumpimuo. 1uw1w6 tnutnb-
uw4wu· 11ct4.w11mpimuub11pu L. hpwupw~mp1muub11pu, 4w116mll t. n11
ctn11.n4.1111w4wu qn116£!upwgub11u m puutnptnmtnub(l[! hwllw11tlmll bu
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Uwhllwuwri11w4wu wnmllntl ctn11.ntl1111witw11mpJmU[! 4nuuntpflwg-
itw6 t. b(lp 4wnwitw11n11.ub11u m 4wnwitw11tln11.ub11£! llpwullwu bu bu-
pw1144.mll 011buEp 2112wuw4mll 4.b1Sb11p tmMwun:

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 Uw1111m ew11.wew4wu ti11w4,mueubpu m wqwlilmpJmuubp[! ppw-
4,mueub11p m wqwlilmpJmUubpp wllpn112w4wG hwllw4wpqp pw114w-
gmgtl! UlW(1(1bppg bu, npnGg ubpL4bl!lw4wG (wqqwJpG) u llfl2L4blllw4wG
(llp2wqqwjpU) L4W2UlWL4WUnLpjWU llbtuwOpqllGbpn4. t L4WJllwGwi.tnp-
4.w6 hwUWJlW4nLPJWU J2W'1WJ2W4wu 4JWUJ?pU ewrtwew4flpp llwuGw4-
gmpJnLU[!:
Uw1111m J?Wrtwew4wu ti11w4.mGeubJ1[! 4wqllnul bG ti11wi.tw4wG un11-
llbflp WJUL4flup hwllw4wpq, np[] 4wpqw4.nrmll t llw11114wGg u ew11wew-
4wu pflwi.tmGeti WJL umpJb4lllubpp llfl2u hwpwpbpmpJmUubp[]: 'lpwug
L4W2lllL4WUnLpJwU llbtuwupqllubp[] uwhllwOi.two u bpw2tuw4.n114.w6 bu
Uw1111m ti11w4.mueGb11fl hwllQG11hwump hri~w4wqpn4. (1948). Uw1111m
ti11wi.tmueub11ti u hpllUW(1WJ1 wqwlllnLPJnLUUb(lp L4W2LI1L4WUnLpJWU llw-
upu bLl11nl.4w4wG 4nu4,bGgpwJn4. (1950), LiwGwug ew11wew4wu ti11w-
4,mueub11ti llwutiu 4nui.tbugpwJnLl (1952), <tw11mpwJtiG b11411ubppu u ctn-
11ni.tm1111ub11tiu wu4wtumpJmU lllpwllw1111bLm uwupG hri!w4wq11n4.
(1960), flWUWJW4WU tulI1J1W4wGnLpjWU pnln(l ~ub(lp i.lb(lwguwG uwupG
ufl2wqqwJpG 11w2Gwq11n4. (1965), '2w11wewgpw4wu u ewriwew4wG
ti11w4.mGJ?GbJ1p llwupG llfl2wqqwJpG 11w2Gwq11n4. (1966), LiwGwGg hwG-
'lbl.4 tulllJ1W4wGmpjwG 4,b(lwgllwG uwupG hri!w4wqpn4, (1967). Ungpw-
LW4w0 wriw2w11jlumpJwG m qwpqwguwO hri!w4wqpn4. (1969), Liw-
GwGg hwG11bl.4 tulllJ1w4wGmpJwG pnLn(1 ~ubpjl 4,bpwguwG uwupG 4nG-
4,bGgpwJn4. (1979), '-ljlbGGwJti hrnw4wqpml u qnp6n11mpJmGGb11fl 6pwq-
pn4. (1993), PLI!L4bU Gwu ujl2wqqwjpG, Gb(1L4blllw4wG, UlW(1W6w2n2w-
GwjpG m WJL lfiwulllUJPrtPbJ1n4.:
Uwp11m ew11wew4wG linw4.mGJ?Gbpp hwllw4wpq[] ubnwrimll t.
J?WrtWJ?W4wG 4JWUJ?pU uwuGw4gbLm ppw4.mGJ?(],
[]UUlflW4wu u hWUflWJ?4. bjl linwt.lmGJ?[]'
tuw11w11 ctn11nt.lGbfl, hwunwhwt.lweGbp, bppbfl u gnLJgbp wGg4wgGb-
LnL ppwt.lmUJ?[],
uflwt.lnnt.lbLm jlpw4,mGJ?Q,
405
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LtmGpn:
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wnwCigew1pG 11bpw4wl.llwpmp1mG mCibG LfpwLtn11Ltw6 Uqqbpp 4wqtlw-
4bp1.4mp1mGn (UU4), btlpn1.4w1ti tun11hm1111n (btu), btlpn1.4w1mtl wG-
L!LllwCiqmp1wG L. hwtlwqnp6w4gmp1wG 4wqwtlw4bp1.4mp1mGn (bU14),
btlpn1.4w4wG tlpmp1mGn (bU) L. WJL hwul.llwl.llmp1mGGbp, tlwuGwLtn11w-
1.4bu· UUl4-~ Uw1111m ppwtlmGpGbpp hwGllGwctnri.nLtn. Uw1111m ppw-
LtmGpGbpp 4ntlpl.llbG, Uwp11m ppwLtmGgCibptr' hwpgbpnq QbpwqnLJG
hwGMw4wLilWf1(}, Up2wqqw1tiG 'lWLilWf1WG(}, btlpwp.mphf1'1P Uwp11m
ppwqmGpGbpp hwGllCiwctnri.m~n. Uwp11m ppwqmGpGbpp q6nq hwGllGw-
4wLilwpn. Uw1111m ppwqmGpGbpp bqpn1.4w4wG 'lWLilWf1WCi(}, bU~l4-~
Uw1111m ppwqmGpGbpp L. 11btln4pwLilw4wG pGul.llpl.llml.llGbpp pJmpnG,
£2wGqqw6w1pG Ulbri.b4wLilqmpjwG tlp2ngGbpp wqwUlntpjwG hwpgbpnq
Gbp4w1wgmgtirn. bqpwtlpmp1wG f1WUlwpwGn. bqpwotlpm11utlbGn.
i"'pwqmGpGbpp L. QW1'1.WQwgpw4wG ppwqmGgGbpp 4ntlpUlbG, 1ptlGw-
4wG wqwlllmpJmGGbpp L. GbpgpG qnp6bpp 4ntlpl.llbG, 4wGwGg ppw-
qmGgGbpp 4ntlpUlbG L. WJL hwuUlWLilntpJmGGbp1: UJULilbrt qnp6 mGbCiQ
tlwp11m L. gw11w2wgm ppwqmCigCibpp m wqwlllmp1mGCibpp l4W2Ull4W-
GmpJWG pGwqwqwnmtl lflntuhwtlwqnp6w4gnri. tlbtuwGpqtlGbpp hblll,
nrmG2 4wqtlmtl bG tlb4 tlpwuGw4wG hwtlw4wpq: Y.bp2pGGbppu 1111uL.np-
tlwG oppGw4Cibppg b(j 1WJWUUlWCip wG11wtlw4gmp1mGn UU4-pG, bqpw-
tun11h1111tiG. bU14-pG L. tlp2wqqwJpG m Lllwpw6w2112wGw1pG tlp 2w112
ppwqw4wG, gw11w2w4wG L. WJL 4wqtlw4bp1.4mp1mGCibppG: UJu wnmtlnq
wnwGggwjpG GzwGw4mpJmG mGp GwL.1wJWULilWG-bqpwtlpmpJmG QW-
11w2w4wG L. UlGUlbuw4wG hri4tunumpJmGn. nrin hGwpwqnp 11wpllwq
1996 p. Wl4f1PLP 22-pG utnnpwqpqwo Qnp6oG4bpmpJwG L. hwtlwqnp-
6w4gmp1wG hwtlwdw1Gwqpnq2: 4wpL.npqmtl t GwL. 1998 p. Wl411PLP 27-
pG 11 GwtuwqwhpG wnoGpbp utnb11.6qw6 Uw1111m ppwqmCigGbpp hwp-

1 Sb"u OOH. OCHoBJWe <t>aJcrw. Cnpaso'IHHK, M., 2000, Cnpclllo'DIHlt OECE. BeHa,
2000, 0CHOBbl llpcllld EBponeiiCKoro COI03a: a:eMbl H KOMMeHTapHH: yqe6. noco6He
c.
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4wCi 6b12Ciwp4, tip., 2002 L. mppzCibp:
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5 Sb'u Brrp H., CoqHohoI'IDI nOJlHTH'IeCKHX oTIIomeHHH:, M., 1979:

6 Sb'u .Amml r. K. JlliAepCTBO. Co[{HahLHO-IlOJIHTH'leCKHe H IlCHXOhOI"H'leCKHe ac-
neKTH. (IToAHTHKa. ITpo6AeMbl TeopHH H npdXTHKH, M., 1990, BhlII. 7, 'I. 2, t2 313-314):

440
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7 Sb·u Political science. An introduction. New-Jersey, 1991, t2 303-304:
442
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2 St; u fep.&.ep 11. r., YfAeH K cpH11.ocoqJHH HCTOpHH 'leAOBe'leCTBa, M., 1977, t2
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3 St:;'u Almond G., Comparative Political System. - "Journal of Politics" 18
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5 Sb u, COJU>BeB A. H., TioAHToAofWI: IIOJUITH'lecKiUI reopHH H IIpaK11f1.lecKHe

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1 Sb u B.irrp E., CoqHoAofWI 1101UITH'leCKHX ornoIIIemtii:, M., 1979, t2 151. ~ell
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pp PW'l.Wflf'lWlIIWf'lf'lbf'll} l.flntuwGgbL ubpmGflpg ubpmGfl Li. ew11wpwl.jwG
l.flnpd, hulilmpJmGGbf'l m WJL wpdbpGbp hw4_wpwqpbL:
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pw11wpwl.jwG qpLnbLneGbpn. hwunqumGpGbpn. pG!ll.lbu Gwli.' wpdbpGb-
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2ng UW['lflnL Lt QW'l.WQWLjwG ti2tuwGmp1wG ufl2Li.: UJG Ull.lWUlllnLU t. np
QW'lWQW4wGmpjWG umpjbl.jLnGbpn uwuGwl.jflg flWnGwG QW'lWQWLjwG
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11MxOBA r., Ilaye.u AJL, C-rpoN K., /JpAJ.TOB P: CpaBHH'I'eJUiliaJI IlOhHTOll.OIWI

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12 Sb u XBocroB A. A., TicHXoAorH'!ecKHe H AO!"H'IecKHe ocHOBhl IIOAHTH'lecKoro

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13 Sb u Calmcre6aa Cl!l.llLBa A OcHoBLJ noAHTH'lecKoif Hil)'KH. M .. 1990, tp 58:

14 Sb u OoJUITH'!ecKCUI KyALrypa o6~ecrna H ee 06yc.11.oBAe1111ocTb. MHp l!OAIITHKH
OQeHKH H cyJRAeHIUI 3dlliJNiLIX noJUITOAoron. M., 1992, tp 76:
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pbrillmGg ewrtwgwl.jwG qnri6QGpwgGbpp Gl.jwl!ltlwllp: S2w11.wewl.jwG
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16 Sb u Rosenbaum W. A., Political culture: Basic Concepts in Political Science. N. Y.,
1975, t2 47:
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1. Ctuwl.jwu l.jwll mbri.wljwu gw11wgwl.jwu llzwljmJp (Parochial
Political Culture). wulJ.wGLJ.mll t uwL. wl{wuriwl.jwu, uwhwUJbmwl.jwu 1B:
S2wri.wgwl.jwu llzwljmJpti wiu tnt'iUJD pumpwqril{mll t ewri.wewljwu hw-
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1.jwG, L.' tnumbuwl.jwu, L. 4rinuwl.jwu qnri6wnnLJpubf1, pGwl.j!nLPJWG pw-

17 Sl.i u Almond G., Verba S., The Civic Culture Political Attitudes and Democracy in
Five Nations Princeton, 1963. ti;>17-19
18 Sb u. or~Gw4. BJITP E. Co1~HOAO!'HJ1 llOAHTK'lccKHX onwmc1111f1. M., 1979, ti;> 263.

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Gti hbm:

499
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500
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501
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502
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503
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l11 wutuwuw l114_mp JUJU h wtlwl4Wl11W utuw G tl p2n gGbp:

504
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505
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riwljznmpJmG t hwulllw1J1t.lmtl l.IlWf1pbf1 ungtiwtwljwG tutlpbf1ti zwhl::iriti
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ungtintnqtiwiti llt2 dL.wt.lnf14bL t 1950-wljwCt pp. t.lbf12tiG 'lwf1bGrinf1~ti
(q.bf1tlwGtiw), 4nqbriti. PnmtritlCiqti (UUu) wztuwlllmpJmGGbf1ti zGnf1hti4:
4nG~Lti41J1Gbf1tl hblllwqnlllmpiwG Wf11ltiwljwGmpJmGG m ungtiwtwlJwG
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506
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508
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511
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512
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514
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515
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516
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pw11.wpwljwu hwllwljwriq.ti ~bJluwpljmllubp[!: UwljwJU huwpwqnri t uwL.
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517
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519
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520
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521
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=\pllGwqn[lbLn4 ungpwLpu111w4wCi hbrtwltlntumpJWCi pf1w4wuwgllwCi
hCiwriw4nrimpimCio n! qwriqwgw6 bri4riCibrimll' LbCipuG m pfl 4n11.llCiw-
4pgubrio hwribgpCi «qp111w4wG ungpWLpqllp» wrillw111w4wCi pla.pCi: LbCip-
Cio Cinri LP9E hw11nri11bg llwriEupqllp hplluw11rimipubripG' 2b21110 11CibLn4
EW11.WEW4wCi La. qw11wltlwriwtunuw4wCi hw4wnw4nri11Cibrip 11bll llrt4n11.
~wrnwrip 4riw: Uw4wJG 11w !tuwGqwribg CiriwCi q611w4wCi ~WJllwCiCib­
rimll met q1J1CibL hw11pwhwribLm 11wuw4wriqwJpCi Ciwtuw~w2wrillmCiE­
Gbfl1J La. wGgGbL w4bLp pf1W1J1buw4wG qwqwljlwriwtunuw4wCi u4qpmCiE-
Cibrip 4priwollwuo (lit'11): PnLzla.p4JwCi qwqwljlwflCibflp oG11mCimllo flm-
uwul.llwCip pCiw4!nLPJWCi 4nrtllpg ~WJllwCiwqnriqw6 tp WJUIIlbrt 111prin11.
hbrtwltlntuw4wu tuwG11wqw11mpjwllp, rG!~bu Gwla. EW'l.WEW4WCi
wqwu11mpJmCiCibflp nrin2 w11wu~Ciwhw1114mpJmCiCibpn4 (mctbrt ~b111m­
PJWG llDfllJ, hwuwpw4mpjwCi llb2 pwriniw4wG, WJL "! pb rriw4w4wCi qp-
111w4gmpjwG w11w2CimpJnLUIJ, 111G1111:iuw4wCi 4JWGEmll 4nLb4111plJ.pu111w-
4wu u4qpmGECibflp ql:ipw4wimpimuo La. wnCi):
UwriEupqllp 1111:iumpJnLUIJ 1J11:iuw4wCi pCiwqwlJ.wopg qn[16Ciw4wCip Ll.b-
riw6lJ.bg wriLa.buwCi 111p~p hwuwriw4mpJmGGbrimll, nrilllbrt rnwlJ.nriCil:ifllJ,
gw6p l:i4wllm111 umwgnq wztuwlllwlJ.nriGbrio CiGznrt llb6wllwumpJmCi tpCi
4wqllmll: Ubljlw4wGmpJwCi lJ.briwpwztullwCi, pmrictmw4wCi 11wuw4wpqp
lJ.briwgllwCi La. hwllwctn11.n4ri11w4wCi ~b111mpJWCi u111b1161lwCi llwupG 4n-
llmCipu111w4wG qwqwljlwpCil:iriG WJUIIlbrt hriw~mribgpCi llpLpnCiwlJ.nri
llwri114wCig: li2lJ.w6 bfl4f1Gbflp pCiw4!nLPJWCi llb6 llwuo !nLCibfl UWflEUP
G4wpwqriw6 hwuwpw4mpJwCi 4womgllwCi hwllwri ~whwCi2lJ.n11 EWrtW-
EW4wCi 4nLLIJlnLflWJp hwllw~w111wutuwu llw4wri11w4: LbCipCiJWU wrillw-

538
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JWCi UlbuwpwCiCibp[! wnw2 pwzbgt'ICi WJCi qw11.w4'1wp[!. hwliw~wJCi npti
ungtiwLt'lqlit'l 4wnmgliwCi[! qmqwhtn upqmli t 11wuw4wpqwJ1'1Ci UlWJPW-
fl[!: 'lpwCinq tiu4 pwri.wpw4wCiwll.lbu ht'lliCiwqnptgtiCi ll.lbUlnLpjwCi 4nri.litig
ti11w4wCiwgqnri. qwCiqqw6wJtiCi ·whwpb4inLPJnLCiCitri[!: Ungtiwlt'lul11w4w0
qw11.w4iwriCit11ti 4bCiuwqnp6liwCi 4'1np~[! hbUlll.lWUlbpwqliJwCi '.JtiuwuUlw-
Cimli wnw2w1111tg ungtiwLtiqliti lit4 WJL U1WflWUlbuw4· liwnti,qli[! ('.Jt'l-
CiwuUlwuti 4nli4muti qLtuwqnp QWf1UlnL11.Wf1 Vwn Sqt 'lmuti wumunq):
Uiu m11.11mp1mCiu [!Ci11011tiuw4tg Cit1121'1Ci m wpUlwptiCi pzCiwlitiCitpti 11tli
ll.lWJPwflbLm wCihpwdbzU1mp1wu liwutiu uUlwLtiDiwCi qwri.w4iwrio: Uw-
4wJCi ungtiwLt'lqlit'l 4wnmgliwu qn(l6mli liwntiqliQ ll.lWl11liw4wO
4wpl.t.npwqmiu md tri llt'll11mli q1m11.wgtimp1mCiQ, n(lQ ll.lbUlp t «qtriw-
11wul11tiwriw4bf1» hwuwpw4mp1wu pnLnfl zbf1Ulbf11'10 htri.w4intuw4w0
nqnq: Uwntiqli[! U1W(lw6qtg =i0114w!tiDmli, U:f>11ti4wJmli Lt. Lwl11t'1Ciw4w0
Ulitriti4wimli: UngtiwLt'IUUlw4wO ztiuwriwrimpjWU lit4 WJL hnuwup WllW-
2wgwq =iwriw4uLw4tiwimli: UJO 4n!qbg l11t'll11nt'lqli (r. StiUlnO u4qpmli
:iwriwqULWqt'lwJti 4nli4muti cntuwqnp QWflUlnLll.W(lU tp, tiu4 hbUln :iw-
pwqulw4w4wCi :iwO(lWll.lblllmpjwO uwtuwqwh[!): Stimntiqli[! huwpwqnri
hwliw(lbg ti11w4wCiwg0bL ungtiwlt'lqlit'l 4wnmgliwu 6pwq(lbpu wnwug
tunph(l'lWJt'ICi qnppb(lti ubp4WJnLPJWU (ti UlW(lpbpmpjnLU U(ll.i.buwu bq(ln-
ll.lWJti bf14f1Cibf1ti): Pwgti 11riwutig, WJU hnuwCipCi [!011mumli tp ungtiwLtiu-
mw4wO ztiOw(lWflnLPJWU [!Opwgpmu wnw2wgn11. ubriptiu 4nli:f>Lti4m0t-
111'1 Lt. hw4wump1muub11ti qn1mp1muo. qLtuw4nri Cibpptiu pzuwum· pJm-
11n411wmtiw1ti 11bu ll.lWJPW(lbLm wuhriwdbzmmpimuo. ~qmmu t(l uwh-
uwCiw4iw4bL 4nli4muti 'lb(l[! hwUWf1W4nLPJWU ub2 l.i. ll.lWhll.lWUbL 2m4w-
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4nriw4w0 zwridliwu ll.lWU1Ump1wu hbm: UJO wnw2wgwq nrill.lbu 4wll.lti-
UlWLtiquti WJL[!CiU1f1WUp: U4qpmu WJ'l qwri.w41Wf1W4w0 hnuwupCi ou11m-
Cimli t(l 4Wll.lt'll11WLtiquti qb(lWQUWU l.i. hwUWf1W4nLPJWU W(lliwmw4w0
4 b(lw4'1ntuliwu, ll.lf"l"l bU1Wf1t'IWU1t'l riti4U1WU1nL(lWJti, W(lU1Wll(lWUti2ngub-
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mtiwu hbm 4wCiqCibg WJ'l 'lf1nLJpub111'1g l.i. [!Ci11mubg pmridmw4wCi hwuw-
f1w4w4w0-pwri.wpw4wCi tiOumtiLnmmCib(lt'l qnJnLPJWU wCihpwdt2mm-
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4w2112wu:

539
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4wCi UIWJf!W[l[! gnljg l114_bg, nf1 pwCilJ.nfl 'lWUW4Wf1qp UIWhWU2UOf1pQ 2W-
l.110[l[! 4Wflnll bCi p[lwqn[l6lJ.bL tuwri.wfl ISwCiWUIWflhnlJ. hWUWflW4nLPJWU
pw[lb~ntutlwCi tlp2ngn4_: UJll tlpLnmtl[! hwLn4w111bu mdbri.wgwlJ. 1917 p.
,n4LnbtlpbflJWCi hbri.w2112mtlpg hbLnn: 4wCituwqmzw4bLn4. w4_Lnn[lpl11Wfl
ungpwlpqtlp w11w2wgtlwCi hCiwriwlJ.nrimpJmCio" hbri.w~ntuw4wCi ISwCiw-
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4wCi ungpwlpqtlp 4wnmgmtlo: 'lbtln4f1WLnw4wCi ungpwlpqtl hwu4wgm-
pJmCiCi w11w2pCi wCiqwtl oqLnwqnri6lJ.bg 1888 p. ungpwL-11btln4f1wLnw-
4wCi nb~nritlpqtl[! pCin11n2l:iLm hwtlwn: UlJ.bLfl mz WJCi oqLnwqn116bgpCi t.
Pb11Ci2LnbJCi[! u 4. 4wmg4f1Ci: Pb11Ci2LnbJCifl tl2w4wo 11ttln4f1wLnw4wCi un-
gflwlflqtlp 4nCigb111gflwCi tlb[ldbg 4wlllf1LnWLflqtlp 6qCiwdwtlp u dn-
ri.n4.1111w4wCi qwCiq4_w6Cib11fl hbLnwqw WflQWLnwgtlwCi tlwupG Uwngup
mutlmCigo: UJ'l 111wLn6wnn4. Ciw hptlQ !tfl LnbuCinul 11111nLbl11WflW4wG hb-
ri.w~ntumpJwCi hwtlwn: '.)Ciwiw6 ~bn11wLflqtl[! 4.b11wg4_bg pnGp 6wGw-
111w11hnlJ., [!UUl Pb11CizUlbJCifl, dwtlwCiw4w4flg LflPbflWL pCiuUlpUlntUlCibfl[!,
ti UlWflpbflntpjmCi ~bn11WLW4wCip, WJUQWU 64mG bG, nn pwCi4.n11 11wuw-
4w[lq[! "! pb ll.lbUlQ t lllWJQWflP 'lflWUQ 11bll, WJL wtlb(i 4b11111 ll.lbl.11Q t
Ci111wuUlp 1111wCig qwnqwgtlwCiCi m 4WUlWflbLwqn116tlwCi[!: UJll 4w111w4-
gmpjwtlp pwCilJ.nn 11wuw4w11qo 111bLnQ t hbLnup pwribunnnqnulCibflfl
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hwlloG11hwGm[l uGuif1w4wG pflwL!mGQQ hwuuiwuiL!bg n! pb 4w~puiwLti.
WJL pwGL!n[lGb[lp zGn[lhpL!: Um~tiuti 11Mn4flWU1pWG hwliw[lL!tig 11b~p
ungpwlpqli uiwGnri tSwGw~w[lhGb[lpg wnwL!bL G~wuiw4whw[lliW[l[!:
Pb[lGzuibJGG Pfl hbuiwqnuimpJmGGb[lmli hwGqbg wiG qwriwLtiwflpG,
n[l flblin4flWUlpwG ~bUlQ t 'lPUlbL n! llpwJG n[l~bu tlp2ng, WJL GwL.· G~w­
uiw4: 'lw n! lipwJG ungpwlpqlipG hwuGbLnL ClwGw~w[lhG t. WJLL. ungpw-
LtJqllp tiflw4wGwgllwG 6L.: Ltiw4wuiw[l gwriw2w4wG hwL!wuw[lnLpJwG
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wnwG6Gwg[lbg b[lbf! hpliGw4wG qwri.wLtiwfl· wqwuimpJnLG, hwL!wuw-
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llpwL!nflt.!bgpu ungtJwLtiuuiw4wG pwGt.!nf1w4wG pGlilb[lGwgpnuwlti
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17 «Urtllp», 25-~ hndii.J.wpp, 1990 p.:
18 3aropoB o .• Iicnma, HCTHHa, HCTHHa, Co<tJHll, 1987, t2 148:
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20 no..urrOAOrIDr, Kpanatii: :mn;HKAoOeAH'J:CCKHH CAOBapb, M., 1997.

21 <Df1Lf1unttiwJW4wu pWllWflWU. t;p., 1975:
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23 H. DePJl,lleB, CyAL6a Pocom, M., crp. 98:
24 UliU'lnli~ 'l. Ull~p, UqqwJtiu tJGgun1p1mG, ul..wriw. 1991, tp 74:
25 Sb u Haas E. Beyond the Nation-State-Funetionahsrn and internatioual org.miza-
tion, Stanford University press 1964, p. 465-466:
26 Sb u Vti2wqqw1tiu hwpwpbpntpJntuGLpti wririti uibuntpJn1u. t2 203
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27 Sb u Snyder L Varieties of Nationalism. A Comparitive Study. New -Work.

1976, p. 210:
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pJwllp, tuwrtw11wubr ctn11n4.m1111· nwqllwlilbU!P hwrL.wGmp1wllp, hpu

36 J.A Piabman, Language and Ethnicity in Bilingual Education. - in: Culture,

Ethnicity and Identity, Academic Press, 1983, p.130
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ubpp LnLOliwG 4nu4pbl11 bri.wuw4ubp, lip2ngubp: 1WJlllUp t, np QWl'J.WQW-
4wu 4wGtuwlI1buliwu PU!ll.lbu u4qpmugubpp, wiull.lbu tL libpn11ub11ti
qnpouw4wumli 62q.pplll 4ti11wnmpJnLU[! lipwJG 4w11nri t pliwulI1wt.J.n11bL
ewriwew4wu 4wutuwlllbumliub11ti wpctbg(!:
42wqwl!w4wG 4wGtuwUlbullwG u4qpmGj!GbnG bu. w. WJL[!UlllpwuewJ-
umpJnLU[!, p.hwt.J.wulllpnLf)JnLU[!, q. WU[!Ul'lhWlllnLf)JnLU[!, l'l· hwliWLP[lnL-
PJnLU[! (4nlill.ILbQUWJLinLpjmu), b. hwliw4wpqWJUnLf)JnLU[!, q. pwqliw-
ll.ILWLIWJUnLf)JnLU[!, t. 62Q.[1UlnLPJnLU[!, [!. hblllWl'lW[16 4wll.lti wn4WJnLj:>JWU
Wll.lwhnt.J.mli[!:
42wqwl!w4wG 4wGtuwUlbullwQ llbpnl"}.GbnG bu. w. lflnp6wq.plllw4wG
quwhwlllliwu libpn11, npp Ull.1Wl1lw4u t' pwgwhWJlI1bL ewri.wew4wG
qnpooupwgubpp qwpqwgliwu lipUlmliubp[!, p. hwlibliwlllmpJwu libpn11.
npp Lill.IUJlllW4u t tJG!ll.lbu ll.1Wl1lliw4wu hwlibliwlllmpjmuGbpp hblll QW-
ri.wew4wu qnpO[!upwgGbpp, WJUll.lbu tL lipwctwliwGw41w QWl'J.WQW4wu
qnpO[!UpwgGbpp hwliw11pmli[!, q. lin11bLwt.J.npliwG libpn11, npp Ull.IWlllW4u
t 4wqlibL ugbGwpGbp Lt ubp4WJWgUbL QWl'J.WQW4wu ppw11wp6mpjnLU-
ubpp U1[1Wliwpwuw4wu hw2n1111w4wumpjnLU[!, l'l· tQUU1[1Wll.lnLJW9PWJp
(W[llllW[14liwG) libpnri. nriti Ull.1Wl11W4G t' wugJWLP pwqwiti t.J.pw 2wrim-
Gw4bL Wll.IWQ.WJP ewri.wgwl.jwu qnpooupwgubriti qwriqwgliwu liplllmli-

581
ubnfl hblilwqmmlwu w2tuwl11wupub110. b. 4fltSw4wq.11w4wO llbpnfl, nnti
G1.4wl11w40 t pw11.w2w4wu 4iwupfl l11WJ1pbJ1 4n11.llbJ1fl llwuflu 4fltSw-
4wq.11w4wu gmgwuf12ub11ti hw2Ltw111lwu llf12ngntl l11Ll.JWL b11um1pfl tinw-
4wump1mu 11w11uwLm hw4wuw4wump1wu wulilfltSwufl n11n2mllo. q.
lflWUl11Wq.Jlw4wu llbpn11 (wttwu11w4wu 4bnLm6mpjnLU), nnti G1.4wl11w4u
t ungflwLw4wu tiu~nnllwgflwiti w11.p1mnti. lflwul11wq.nw4wu uimpfl 04w-
nwq.n.liwu, l11bl'l.b4mp1muub11ti wnctwuwhwtlwl11mp1wu m ctwllwuw4w-
q.nw4wu 11wuw4wnq.liwu u tlb11Lm6mp1wu llf12ngn4 w1.4whntlbL qwn-
q.wgliwu nnut l11WJ1pbJ1W4fl flJ1W4WUWQliWU pwqwu, t. hWJlgliw(j libpnfl
(flul11bJ14Jm, pbulil u WJlU), nnfl u1.4wl11w40 t wulif12w4w0 u hb11w4w
hwngliwu lif12ngn4 ul11wgtlw6 ungflnLnq.flw4wu tiu~nnliwgflwiti hflliwu
tlnw tSwCiw!tlbL u 41::inwhu441::iL hwuwnw4w4wCi lI111wtlwru1mp1mGGl::i11fl
lflnlflntuliwCi 11f1Ciwlif14wCi, [!. wCi41::illlw4n11liwCi lll::ipn11. n11ti oq.CimpJwlip
tlb11Lm64nul t hw11gtlwCi tSwCiw1.4w11hntl hw4wp4w6 wtlpn11.2 llll::il'l.l::i4wlI1-
4mpJmCio:
4w(jfuwinbullw(j lllbfu(jnLnq~WJ~ h~ll(jw~w(j 4tmLb11n: n111.4bu 4wCinCi,
pw11.w2w4wCi 4wCifuwllll::iutlwCi OpJl::i4lllfl hl::illlwqnlilmlio 4wl11w114.mli t
tiuo lflmLn4" liflCi!U tlb112uw4wu w1111JmCipGl::i11ti wlilflnlflmllo:
1-flCi lflml: 4wCifuwl.111::iutlwCi Gwtuw611wq.f111: UJu lflmlfl oupwgpmtl
wuh11wctl::i2l11 t" w) hwtlw4w11q.wJlinLpJWO u4qpmOpfl pOOw114mtl,
wiuflOpu· ~q.lill::iL hblllwqnl11mpjw0 opJb4l11D Gl::i114wiwg01::iL n111.4l::iu hwtlw-
4w11q u lilWL tll::i112f1Ciflu 4w0fuwllll::iutlw0 o011hwOm11 pOmpwq.f1110. p)
hl::illlwqnlllnl'lfl w112u 11114w6 01.4wlllw4Gl::i110 1.4blllp t hw11wpb11w4gmpiwu
lil::i2 ql11Ci41::i0 Owfuw611wq11fl u u1.4wuttl::iLflP gw04wlfl w11111mOpf1 hl::illl, q)
4wlllw11bL lilllntlti hwliw1111nul hblllwqnllltln11. b11um1pfl u OliwCiwlllfll.4 Lill
WJl w1.4wqw1ti l::i11L.nLJpfl hl::illl. Gtlw0w4o pwgwhWJllll::iLm Ci1.4wlllw4n4:
2-1111 lflml: bLw41::illlWJflCi, pwqwJflO lin11l::iLfl 4wnmgmli: Uiu lflmlfl
oupwgpmli oqlllwq.n1164mli t hwliw4w11q.wJf1Ci 41::i11Lm6mp1wu tll::ipn110:
Uuh11wctl::i2l11 t CiwL. hw11gtlwO, 4fltSw4wq.11mp1wO llltlJWLCil::i11fl hw2tlw-
11mli, fl0!1.4l::iu OwL. liwuOwql::ilI1Cib11fl, 4in11~wq.l::il.l1Cil::i11fl hl::illl 24imliOl::i11fl
hWUlllWlilnLli:
3-1111 4imL: UJU 4inqf1 [!Opwgpmtl llll::irtfl t mOl::iOmtl 4wOtuwllll::iuliwO
4iwulllwq.11w4w0 ~nu11fl hwtlw11 hwtlw1.4wlllwutuwO llltlJWLlil::i11fl
hwtlwpmtl: UJuflCipO· hblllwqnlllmpJWO OpJl::i4lllti 04wlllllwtlp Wl1l11Wpf1Ci
1.4w1llwuOl::i11ti L. Ol::i11q.n116mp1mOGl::i11ti wtlpnri.2mp1wO tlwutiO hulllw4
1.4wl1141::i11wgtlwO w1.4whntlmtl:
4-1111 4inq: l°'11w11w11~mp1mGOl::i11fl hOw11w4.n11 qw11q.wgllwO llfl pwOfl
lllw11pb11w4Gl::i11fl ll2w4mll:
582
 5-1111 lflnq: UJU lflmtfl oupwgpnu.'i uibrtfl t mGbGnu.'i uwtuGwljwG,
hfll4npbuif14 l.'in11btGb11fl u OpJb4uiGb11fl ljwnmgml.'i· hw24fl wnGbtn4
4wGtuwuibul.'iwG lflwuuiwq.pwljwG ~nu11ml.'i ljmuiw44w6 hwl.'iwl4WU1WU-
tuwG uitlJwtOb110:
6-1111 lflmt: UJu lflmtfl QGpwgpml.'i uibrtfl t mGbGml.'i QWf'lWpwljwG
4wGtuwuibul.'iwG hw4,wuuiflmpJWU, Cizq.11uimp1wu u hfll.'iGw4,n114,w6m-
PJWG q.Gwhwuiml.'i:
7-1111 lflmt: UJu lflnqml.'i l.'i2w44ml.'i bG b11w2tuflpGb11· QWf'lW.QwljwG
(4wnwLtw111.'iwG) ntn11uiml.'i n11n2ml.'iGb11 4w1wgGbtm hwl.'iw11:
8-1111 lflnq: UJu lflmtmll uip4,ml.'i t w1111bu l4wui11wuui4wo-l.'i2w44,w6
ljwGtuwuibul.'iwG lfln11~wq.f1uiwljwG q.Gwhw1J1wljwGo u pGGw11t:iml.'iub11flg
hbuin t11wl.'i2w44ml.'i:
9-1111 lflmt: UJU lflmtml.'i ljwGtuw1J1bul.'iwG w11111mGpGbpQ, w1111bG
wLtw11ui4w6 4f1Ciwljml.'i, hwG~GLtml.'i t L4WL114fl11w1J1mf1G: S2wrtwpwljwG
ljwGtuwuibul.'iwG q.~l11whbl11wqnuiwljwG w2tuwuiwGpGbpfl Gwtun1111 pn-
tn11 lflmtb110 Liri4G4ml.'i bG, pwrn WJU wGq.wl.'i pntnrin4f1G Gn11 lflwuU1bpfl Li
uitlJWtGb11fl hfll.'iwG 4riw:
CG11hwG11wl.4bu LjwGtuwuibuml.'iGbpfl U1fll4wpwGmpJnLGQ Ljwnmgtlnul
t flG!L4DU WL4Wq.Wjfl ctwl.'iwGwljwjflG, WJUL4DU Lin!ttwo· «UlW(lnrtmGwljm-
~jWG !Wlflfl» Ljwl.'i «oG11q.1141.'iwG !Wlflfl» uiw11pbpwljml.'iGbpfl, WJGL4bU tL
Gwtuwl.4bu Cizlll4w6 !Wlflml.'iGbpfl, Gl4wuiwljGbpfl u 4wGtuwlllbul.'iwG
bG~w4w w12w114wGb11fl. op1bljlllGb11fl pGnLJpfl, q.np6w1111Ltnrt l.'ibpn11ubpfl Li
WJL q.n116nGGb11fl hfll.'iwG Ltriw:
~wl.'iw~wJG ljwGtuw1J1buml.'iGbpfl Lnfll4wpwGwljwG 11wuw4wpq.l.'iwG
u4qpmGpfl, WL4WQWJfl 4wGtuwuibuml.'iGbp 0G11q.114nrt ctwl.'iwGwljwjflO
!Wlfll.'iwG hwl.'iwl4WlllwutuwG 1.'iflwtln11Gbpfl pn4wG11w4w1flG uwhliwGo tli-
l4flllfl4 l4LWCimli mGfl hbuiuJWL L4WUlljbpQ. QWf'lWQWljwG LjwGtuwuib-
umliGt:;p(j QUU1 ctwl.'iwGw4wiflG lif12w4wrnbrifl tflGmli t:;G· w. Ol4DflWLnfl4
LjwGtuwlllbuml.'i· l.'iflG!l..i 1 wliflu ctwuljbuifl uwhliwGmu, p. 4wpeiwctwu4b1J1
ljwGtuwlllbuml.'i· uflG!l..i 1 UlWflfl ctwu4buifl uwhuwGmu, q.. uf12Gwctwuljb1J1
LjwGtuw1J1buml.'i· l.'iflG!u 5 UlWflfl ctwli4bl11fl uwhuwGmu, 11· b[lljwpwctwu-
Ljblll 4wGtuwlllbuml.'i· l.'iflG!u 20 UlWflfl ctwuljbuifl uwhuwGmu, b. q.brib11-
Ljw11wctwl.'iljblll LjwGtuwlllbuml.'i· 50-flg l.'iflG!l..i 100 UlWflfl ctwuljbuifl uwh-
uwGml.'i:
UL.4wq.w1fl ljwGtuwuibuml.'iGbriflG 4b11wpb[lnrt ctwuwGwljw1flG !Wlflmli-
Gb11f1 4b11nhfl2JWL 1.'iflwttn11Gbpfl UlW(lpb11wljmuGb[lG, wG2m2ui. L4WJUW-
GwljwG t:;G Li 4wtu4w6 bG 1111wGg UL4WLnw4Gbriflg m pGnLJpflg, nrinGp
n11n2wljf1n11bG lllWl1J'.'Dll4ml.'i t:;G 1.'ifll.'iJwGgflg: UJul4bu, OL4b11wuifl4. 4wG-
583
tuwmbunul0tq10 4bpwpbpnul bG llnmw4w ctwllwGw4w2112wGpG, npp ou-
pwggmll !bCi UL4Wll4mll bplinLJpCibpp wpllwUlw4wG lfimflntumpJmCiCibpo
(phwp4b. hwpwpbpw4wCi pllwuUln4f n·! gwCiw4w4wCi Ii n·! tL npw4w-
4wCi wnmllCibpn4: 4wp1Swctwll4bm 4wCituwmbumllCibpp opJb4mo hpll-
Ciw4wCimll hbnwu4wpwJpCi gwCiw4w4wCi lfinlfintumpJmCiubpCi bCi: Uti2-
Ciwctwll4bm 4wutuwmbunulCibpo Gbpwnmll bG hbnwCi4wpmll llp2wG4-
JWL. 4w[l1Swctwll4bmp Ii bfl4WflWd'wll4bU1p llp2li [!U4w6 ctwllwCiw4w-
hwm4iu6mll UL4WU4bLP2 npw4w4wCi lfinlfintumpjmGCibpp Ci4wmllwllp
gwCiw4w4wG lfinlfintumpimGCibpp qbpw42nmpJwCi ti11n11.mpimGo: bp4w-
pwctwll4bm 4wCituwmbumllCibpp tuG1111n wnwp4wCi n! llpwJCi gwCiw4w-
4wu, wnli npw4w4wG lfinlfintumpJmCiCibpCi bCi: l"Ci! 4bpwpbpmll t qbpbp-
4wpwctwll4bm 4wGtuwmbumllGbppG, WlllW 1111wCig wnCi!4mll bCi hbnw-
4np ctwllwCiw4Cibpmll 4wmwp4bLP2 npw4w4wG lfinlfintumpJmCiCibpp
pCinLJppCi Ii hwuwpw4mpJwG qwpqwgllwG oppCiw!wlfimpJmCiCibpp wllb-
CiwoG11hwGmp q6bppCi:
'2w11.w2w4wG 4wGtuwmbullwG qpU1wllbpn11wpwCiw4wG mbtuGnLn-
qpwG wCioG11hwm. ll2mwl4bu 4wmw11bLWQn1164n11. hbmwqnmw4wG qnp-
6oGpwg t:
S2w11.wgw4wG bplinl)pGbp[! 4wGtuwmbubLtiu l.llbmg t gmgwpbflbL
bpbg llnmbgmll:
Unw2tiG hbpppG qpmw4wCi hwllw4n11.llwGp 4bf1Lm6mpjwG bG bG-
pwf144mll wn4w llpmmllGbpp L4Whl.4wCillwG hGwpw4n11 pnlnf1 mwppb-
pw4Gb110 · GbpwnbLn4 1111wGg L4Whl4wGmllo bpw2tuwttn11n11 P"L"f1 qnp-
6nGGbp[!, Ii 4wmwp4mll bG hwllwlllwmwutuwG bqpw4wgmpjmGGbp,
tiu4 WJGmhbmli G24nul t. pb qwpqwgllwCi tiG! mwppbpw4 4wll mwppb-
pw4Gbp bCi hGwpw4np: UpwCin4 wttw11m4mll t wn4w llpmmllGbpp L4Wh-
L4WGllwG 11bll12mll 4wGtuwmbu4n11. bplimjpp 1SwCiw!n11.mpJWG wnw2tiG
lfimLo:
bp4pnp11 hbpppG gGCi4mll t, pb wn4w llptnmllGbpp !L4Whl4wG4bLnL
11bll12mll qwpqwgllwG p"G! tnwppbpw4 4wll tnwppbpw4Gbp bG hGwpw-
4n11· lfinp6bLn4 L4WU1UJutuwGbL «tJCi!n°L», «PU!L4b u» Ii «b"pp» hwpgb-
0

ppG: UJU L4Wf1WQWJnLll L.u hwllw4n11.llwCip 4bf1Lm6mpiwG t bGpw1144mll

tuGqpn wnwp4wu· G4wtnp mCibGwLn4 wn4w llptnmllCibpo !L4Whl.4wCi4b-
LnL 411w Gbpqnp6nrt opJb4tnti4 L. umpJb4tnti4 pnlnf1 hGwpw4nf1 qnri6nCi-
Gbp[!, 4114tiG G2bLn4. pb qwpqwgllwCi p"G! tnwppbpw4 t UL4Wu4mll: UJu
4bf1L4 w4w11m4mll t 4wCituwtnbu4n11. bplimJPP ISwGw!n11.mpiwG b11411n1111
lfimw:
4wGtuwmbu4nrt bplimJpp ISwCiw!llwG bppn1111· 41Snw4wu lfimLmll Gw-

584
 tunriri. tri4m ll'lmLbnnul 4bnLm6mpJw0 b0pwri4lfw6 hOwnw4nn pntnfl
ll1Wf1pbnw40b11flg 4wlllwnl[nul t [!OU1nmpJm0, w1ufl09Q 1.4wnql{nul t. pb
w124w huwnwl[np pntnfl ll1Wf1pbpw40bpflg n·no t w12wl{bL hwl[w0w4w-
O[!, n11flO t 1.4w1J14w0nul qwnq.wgtlwO w1.4wq.wO:
tnnn11ri. lllmtmtl 4wutuwlllbul{nrt opJb4lllfl Owfuw1.4bu hwtlw4nrttlw0fl
4'1wu1J1Wf14L{w6 qw11q.wgtlwQ w12wl[bL hwl[w0w4w0 ll1Wf1pbf1W4[! 4wtl
ll1wnpb11w40bf1[! 4w11n11. bO ri.nLlbt L[6f1120b11 4wtl nnnzmtlObn 4w1wgCin11.
hwtlw1.4wlllwufuwCi rtb4wl{wf1 tlwptlQp, Ll14JWL ri.tui9mtl 1.4b1J1nLpJwO
4nrttlflg lllwppbn hwpgbnfl tmOtlwCi Ci4wll1tlwtlp mCibgw6 ri.f1n9n11n2tlwu
hptl9mtl:
UCigObtn4 4wOtuw1J1bul{n11. bplimJpfl 6wCiwin11.mpJwG bnb9 lllmtbnmt
Li wnri.bCi Ciwtuwuibu Ob129p Ll1W4 m0bCiwtn4' w) w124w llp1J1mtlp 4wtl tlfl-
lllmllCibnll qwpq.wgtlwCi 1.4w1tlwOOb11ti. OpJb4Ll1114 Li umpJb41J11ll[ Ow-
tuwf"l.f1JWLCibriti tlwuflO wtlpnru~w4wo 1.4w1J14bnwgmtlCibn, flCig~bu Ciwl.i
ri.riwOg qwnq.wgtlwO hCiwpwl[np Lllwnpbnw4ti 4wll Ll1Wf1pbriw40bpp q.p-
Lllw4wCi hwtlnqfli Li 4'1wu1J1w114l{w6 hptl0w4nnnul0bri, p) q.pbpb Cim1G1.4p-
uf1 1.4whwCi2Cibpf1 4wlllwptlwG tuOri.llnr! tm6bLn4 w124w tlp1J1mtlf1 4wtl llf1-
lllnttlObno i1.4whuiwOL{btm 1.4wpwq.w1mtl· CibpwllJWL «f10!n"L», «'1G!-
1.4b·u» Li «b"pp» hwpgbnti hwl[wGw4wO L4WU1WUf\lwCiObp[!, q.) [!Ulllfll{WO
w12wl[bL hwl[w0w4w0 qwnq.wgtlwQ hfltl0w4w0 ll1Wflpbpw4o 4wtl ll1Wf1-
pbpw40bp[!, tuOri.nn w12w114w bnumJpfl hwuri.b1.4, 4wGtuwU1bumtlo 4w-
ll1wnl[mtl t Obp9nhf12JWL Ll1!1Wtlwpwuw4wo hw2nnri.w4wGmp1wtlp:
U12w2f10: Cl>nnO t wnl[nul tlf11J1mtlfl hOwpwl[np qwnq.wgtlwCi q.np6QG-
pwgmtl llnLllwl{np, PWJQ L{612nnn2 ri.bn tuwrtwgnrt opJb4lllfll{ Li umpJb4-
Lllf1L{ q.np6nOObrif1 Li ri.rwug ppw4wOmp1wO tlb2 w124w Gwfuwri.nJwtGbrifl
tlf12Li q.1J1Gbt w1G bqnbfl[!, nnnug (wG4wtu w10 pwOf1g, pb 11rwu9 Gb11-
1.4blllw4w·u. Obnhwuwpw4w4w·o 6wq.mtl mubG, pb" tlf12wqq.wJflu,
tlf121.4b1J1w4wG, 9wuf1 np ri.rwug pumJp[! wnri.bu 15zU1L{wo t lllmtwJflCi
lJ.b11Lm6mp1muubn'1 dwtlwuw4) hfltlJ;!bfl[! ouri.hwumri w12tlwtlp hw-
tloG4Gnul bu: U1uflu9u, nnnzbtnl{ w124w tlfllllmllubpp ri.ruLinritlwu tln-
lllwl{np 2112wCiw4o. 1.4wjtlwGCibpp q.n116w12tlwu 11tiuwtlp4wu, 4wflbL'1 t
4nuLwtw1 1.4wll14bnwgmtl 4wqtlbt 4wGfuwU1butlwu opJb4Ul hwG'lfluwgnri
ri.b1.49p, tirwri.wpOmp1wG 4wll b11Lim1pf1 6wq.tlwu Gwtuw'lflJWLCibriti
tlwuf1Ci, npnug mumtluwutirimtl[! hCiw11wl[n11mp1mCiub11 t [!Gdb12mtl
ISwCiw!btm n! tlflwJCi Wll4W llpUlmtlCibpfl 1.4wh1.4wutlwu, wnli' f"l.flWUp
i1.4whuiw Gbtm. 4'1n4'1 ntumpJmlHibpfl bupwri4 btm 1.4wll16w12 w hb-
U1liwCi9w1f1Ci 4w1.4bp[! Li tlmnwlJ.npw1.4bu CizbL Ciwli WJ'l tlpuimtlCibrifl (Li
1.4wh1.4wCilfbLm. Li' !L4Wh1.4wCilJ.bLm) dwtl4bU1Cibrio:
585
 bri4rin11rr U114w llntnnulCibp[! UjWhUjwUbLnLU 4wll !UlWhUjWUbLnLU
hwllwUjwtnwutuwu UlWJllwuub11n L. 4wutuwtnbullwu bupw4w bpL.m1pn
owqllwu OwtuWlll1JWLUbfln mumllOwunpmpjmUObpng hbtnn h0wpw4n11
qwpq.wgllwO ll1LUl1Phl1W40bpn (tnwppbpw4M WllW2WllflnLll[!, nG!UjbU
wri11bu wu4bL t. huw11w4n11mpJmU t utnbriomll wri11bu wnw4bL hw4w-
Ow4w0 tnwppb11w4n [!OtnpmpJmUQ pwqllw4nrillwunn11bu hnllOw4n11bLm
hwllw11:
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