Cell Structure

Prokaryote: Dna all over the place, they have pili and flagella (binary fission)
Eukaryote: They have nucleus, mitosis and meiosis occur in eukaryotic cells. (plant and
animal cells).

Ribosomes: P:70s E:80s

Prokaryotes are smaller than eukaryotic cells

Animal cells: no chloroplasts (they only have cell membrane).

Plant cells; they have cell walls and cell membranes, they have centrioles.

Vacuole: organelle that stores water and plant cell will have it bigger than animal cells.
Macromolecules: Protein (monomer: Amino Acids), Carbohydrates
(Monosaccharides), lipids (fatty acids), Nucleic Acids (nucleotides).

Covalent bonds prevent nucleotides from separating.

Hydrogen bonds connect nitrogen bonds.

Fatty acids= carbon bonds

Carbohydrates have glycosidic bonds

Limiting factors OF ENZYMES : temperature and PH

Structure of Proteins:
Digestive System
Polysaccharide (Starch) —- Disaccharide (Maltose) —- Monosaccharide (Glucose) —-
Polysaccharide (Glycogen)

Lipids are insoluble in water.

Enzymes break down nutrients, villi increases surface area.

Ecology
It’s the study of how living things interact with each other and the environment

Factors that affect organism survival

Biotic factors: living conditions.
Abiotic factors: non-living conditions.

Species are organisms that can interbreed.

Population is the members of a single species.

Community is groups of different populations.

Ecosystem is community and environment.

Habitat is where species live.

Bacterias do not interbreed (Asexual Reproduction)

Energy pyramid: Producers, Primary Consumers, Secondary and Tertiary

Carbon Cycle
Pools: location where carbon stored or released

Atmosphere, Pedosphere, Biosphere, Hydrosphere, Lithosphere and Fossil fuels

Flux: Photosynthesis (Carbon dioxide diffuses from the atmosphere or water into
autotrophs)

Respiration: All organisms of the biosphere and pedosphere release carbon during
cellular respiration.

Decomposition

Diffusion: Carbon is absorbed and released to the hydrosphere.

Lithification: sediments compacts under pressure (heat)

Combustion: Forest fires and fossil fuels combustion releases carbon gasses.
Combustion moves carbon from fossil fuels and biosphere to atmosphere.

Fossilization: the process of how fossil fuels are created.

Feeding: how animals exchange carbon