Hydraulic Design of Sanitary and Storm Sewers

UNIVERSITY OF GONDAR
INSTITUTION OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF HYDRAULIC AND WATER
RESOURCE ENGINEERING
Sewage Disposal and Treatment
By: Muluken.A
December 2022
3. HYDRAULIC DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF
SANITARY SEWERS AND STORM SEWERS
Hydraulic Design of Sanitary sewers
Types of Sewer System
There are two main sewer system;
1. Separate sewer system; A separate sewer system which one
pipe system carries sanitary sewage/wastewater/ and another
separate pipe system carries storm water.
2. Combined sewer system; carries both sanitary sewage/ww/
and storm water.
Public sanitary sewers perform two primary functions:
• Safely carry the design peak discharge,
• Transport suspended materials to prevent deposition in the
sewer.
Hydraulic design of sanitary sewers (cont…)
 Sanitary sewers are designed to carry the maximum
quantity of sanitary sewage.
 In a separate sewerage system, the sanitary sewer
pipes are laid below the ground level, sloping
continually at sufficient steeper gradients towards
the outfall point.
 Storm water drains (Storm Sewers) are separately
constructed rectangular or trapezoidal surface
drains constructed at suitable gradient, and may be
covered or kept open.
Difference b/n sewer pipes and water supply pipes
 There are two major differences between the characteristics
of flows in the sewer pipes and water supply pipes:
1. Water supply system carry pure water without containing
considerable solid particles, organic or inorganic in nature.
• The sewage, on the other hand, does contain such
particles in suspension.
 The solids may settle in sewer pipes when flow velocity
reduces thereby clogging the sewer.
 Unlike water supply pipes, sewer pipes must be of sufficient
size, laid at sufficient slope that imparts self cleansing
velocity for the particles at different possible discharges.
2. Water supply pipes carry water under pressure and,
hence, they may be carried up and down the hills and
the valleys.
• On the other hand, sewer pipes carry the sewage as
gravity conduits (or open channels) and they must be
laid at continuous gradient in the downward direction
up to the outfall point, from where it will be lifted up
or treated and disposed off.
• Provision of freeboard is required in sewers and storm
water drains.
Comparison b/n water supply pipes and sanitary sewers.
Required Information For Sewer Design
 Conduct Preliminary Investigations;
 Review Design Considerations and Select Basic Design
Data and Criteria;
 Design the Sewer
Preliminary Investigation
 Obtain pertinent maps;
 Describe existing structures and utilities;
 Determine ground water conditions;
 Determine character of the soil (and subsurface
obstructions) in which sewers are to be constructed.
Information From Map

 Location of streets, alleys, drainage ditches, public
parks and railways;
 Location of buildings;
 Location of ponds and streams with surface water
elevations;
 Land elevation and contours;
 Geologic conditions
Basic Design Considerations:
Wastewater Flow Rate and variations;
 Hydraulic Design Equation;
 Sewer Pipe Materials;
 Minimum Pipe Sizes;
Minimum and Maximum Velocity;
 Slopes and cover;
 Evaluation of alternative alignments or designs;
 Selection of appropriate sewer appurtenances;
Information On Existing System

Depths of basements of buildings;
 Character, age, and condition of the pavements of
streets in which sewers will be laid;
 Location of water and gas mains, electric conditions,
drain lines, and other underground structures;
Hydraulic Design Equitation
 Sewers are generally designed as open channel
except when it is especially required to design them
as flowing under pressure.
 There are various empirical formula for hydraulic
design of sewers:
 Chezy’s Formula
Hazen's-William formula:
Manning’s Formula
Hydraulic Design Equitation (cont…)
Chezy’s Formula :- This formula states that ,
V = c √rs
Where:- V = velocity of flow in the channel in m/sec.
r = hydraulic mean depth of channel (area/perimeter)
For a circular sewer running full, r is given by r = D/4
S = hydraulic gradient, equal to the ground slope.
C = Chezy's constant.
• The Chezy's constant c depends upon various factors,
such as the size and the shape of the channel,
roughness of the channel surface, the hydraulic
characteristics of the channel.
Hydraulic Design Equitation (Cont…)
Manning’s Formula:- is the most popular formula used
for designing sewers and drains.
v = 1/n x r2/3 x s1/2
Where, V=Flow Velocity (m/sec)

n=Manning’s Constant;
r= Hydraulic Mean Depth (m)
s = Sewer Bed Slope (m/m)
Hydraulic Design Equitation (Cont…)
Table Values of Mannings’ coefficient ‘n’
Conduit Material Condition of interior Conduit Material
Good Fair
Salt glazed stoneware 0.012 0.014
Cement concrete 0.013 0.015
Cast Iron 0.012 0.013
Brick, unglazed 0.013 0.015
Asbestos cement 0.011 0.012
Plastic smooth 0.011 0.011

• Hydraulic Design Equitation (Cont…)
• Hazen's-William formula:- his formula is generally used
for flows under pressure for designing water supply pipes,
and is seldom used for designing sewers.
V = 0.85*CH*r0.63*S0.54
Where:- V = velocity of flow in m/sec.
r = hydraulic mean depth of channel .
S = hydraulic gradient, equal to the ground
slope.
CH= Hazen's-William constant.
Table: values of CH for William Hazen’s formula
Maximum and minimum flow velocity
Minimum velocity of 0.6 m/sec with flow at ½ full or
full depth. this velocity is called self cleansing velocity.
A self-cleansing velocity may be defined as that velocity
at which the solid particles will remain in suspension,
without setting at the bottom of the sewer.
Maximum and minimum flow velocity(Cont…)
 Recommended maximum average velocities of flow is 2.5-
3.0 m/sec at design depth of flow.
 Higher value can also be considered based on the surface
characteristics of the sewer material.
 The maximum allowable velocity is Scouring Velocity.
 If the velocity of flow exceeds this velocity, the smooth
interior surface of the pipe gets scoured to the continuous
abrasion caused by the suspended solids present in the
sewage.
 Wear and tear/becoming old, case of max. velocity/ the
pipe will not only reduce their life spans but will also
reduce their carrying capacity.
 Therefore, it is very import to limit the maximum velocity.
Sewer Slopes
 Sewer with flat slopes may be required to avoid
excessive excavation where surface slopes are flat or
the changes in elevation are small.
In such ceases, the sewer sizes and slopes should be
designed so that the velocity of flow will increase
progressively, or at least will be steady throughout
the length of sewer.
Hydraulic Characteristics of Circular Sewer Sections Running Full or
Partially full
• The circular section is most widely adopted for sewer pipes.
• The circular sewers may sometimes run full or May run partially full.
• When they run full, their hydraulic properties will be as given below:
Area of cross-section
Wetted perimeter:
Hydraulic mean depth:
When the sewers run partially full, at a depth, say d. as shown in Fig.
below, the hydraulic elements can be worked out as given below:
Fig: partially filled circular sewer section

Partial full flow …..
Proportionate area: = a/A
Proportionate perimeter: = p/P
Proportionate hydraulic mean depth: = r/R
Partial full flow …..
Assuming that roughness coefficient n does not vary with depth,
we haven n=N.
Proportionate velocity:
• Since, discharge is given by a*v, therefore, Discharge when pipe
is running partially full: q = aυ
• Discharge when pipe is running full: = Q = A.V
Proportionate discharge:
Table: Proportionate Values of Hydraulic Elements for Circular
Sewers when flowing partially full (without being corrected for
variations of roughness with depth)
Table: Hydraulic Particulars of Circular Sewers, accounting Variations
of n with depth
Example1: A pipe segment having slope of 0.002

(i.e. 2 in 1000) carries wastewater flow of
4m3/min. determine the following parameters:
a. Sewer pipe diameter and velocity for full flow
condition (n=0.013);
b. Discharge and velocity for 40% (d/D=0.4) flow
ratio.
Design of Storm Sewers
 Storm drainage systems may be:
 closed conduit
 open conduit
 some combination of the two
• In most urban areas, the smaller drains frequently are
closed conduits, and as the system moves downstream,
open channels are often employed.
• Because quantities of storm water runoff are usually quite
large when contrasted with flows in sanitary sewers, the
drainage works needed to carry them are also large.
• Common practice is to build storm drains under the
centerline of the street.
Design of Storm Sewers /cont…..
• To produce a workable system layout, a map of the area
is needed showing contours, streets, buildings, other
existing utilities, natural drainage ways, and areas for
future development.
• Storm drains will generally be located under streets or in
designed drainage rights-of-way.
• The entire area to be served must be considered.
Design of Storm Sewers /cont…..
Example 2: Determine the size of a sewer made of
concrete (n=0.015) laid on a slope of 1%. The peak
discharge through the pipe is estimated to be 4000L/s and
the flow velocity is 0.9m/s.
Example 3: A concrete channel (n = 0.013) rectangular in
shape and 1.25 m wide, must carry water at a uniform rate
of flow of 2000 L/s and a depth of 0.75 m.
Determine the required channel bottom slope for this
channel.
Sewer materials and Construction
Factors influencing the selection of materials for sewers are:
• flow characteristics,
• availability in the sizes required including fittings and ease of
handling and installation,
• water tightness and simplicity of assembly,
• physical strength, resistance to acids, alkalies, gases, solvents,
etc., resistance to scour,
• durability and cost including handling and installation.
Sewer materials and Construction …
Types of sewers
The principal sewer material for pipes with small or medium
diameters is polyvinyl chloride (PVC). For larger pipe diameters,
ductile iron pipe (DIP), high density polyethylene (HDPE) pipe, or
reinforced concrete pipe (RCP) may be specified.
Vitrified Clay Pipe/sewer (VCP): It has a high resistance to
corrosion and abrasion.
• Its major disadvantage is its high mass per unit length that makes
it more difficult to handle and increases installation costs.
• It is available in diameters from 75 mm to 1,050 mm and lengths
up to 3 m
Types of sewers …
Polyvinyl Chloride Pipe/sewer (PVC): This pipe is made by
extrusion of polyvinyl chloride.
• It is available in diameters from 10 mm to 1.2 m and lengths up
to 6 m.
• Its advantages are corrosion resistance and low mass per unit
length. The low mass per unit length gives it some cost
advantage in installation.
Types of sewers …
Ductile Iron Pipe (DIP): The ductile iron pipes are usually
provided with cement mortar lining.
• high wear and tear resistance, high tensile strength and
ductility and corrosion resistance.
Types of sewers …
Reinforced Cement Concrete sewers (RCC): Concrete
pipes are manufactured in small sizes up to 0.45 m diameter.
RCC pipes are easily available in sizes up to diameters say 1.8 m, and
may be got manufactured for larger diameters say up to about 4.5 m.
These pipes may either be prepared at site by transporting
ingredients (i.e., cement, steel, aggregates, water, etc.) or Can be
manufactured in factories, and then transported to site.
Types of sewers …
Brick sewers: They may also be preferred for constructing
large sized combined sewers, or particularly for storm water
drains.
Manholes
• Manholes are masonry or R.C.C.
• The manholes, thus, help in joining sewer lengths, and also help
in their inspection, cleaning and maintenance.
• If the manhole covers are perforated, they may also assist in
ventilating the sewers.
Location and Spacing of Manholes: The manholes are generally
provided at every bend, junction, change of gradient, or change of
sewer diameter.
Manholes …
Fig: manholes
Alternative Sewer Alignments….
 Straight Alignment Required: All collection mains
shall be laid in a straight alignment between
manholes.
 Alignment Changes: All changes in alignment require
a manhole at the alignment change connection.
Alternative Sewer Alignments ….
 It is generally not advisable to construct ordinary
sewers outside public rights of way unless there is a
significant advantage in cost or other conditions.
 Interceptors are often constructed in private
easements because the most favorable locations for
interceptors are usually in valleys near natural drainage
channels.
Considerations for Design of Collection Mains….
 Minimum Diameter: Minimum Diameter of
Collection mains shall be a minimum eight (8) inches in
diameter. (200mm)
 Size Changes: All changes in pipe size shall require a
manhole at the size change.
 Easements: All wastewater mains shall be installed in
public rights-of-way or easements, as prescribed under
urban regulation.
Considerations for Design of Collection Mains …

 Minimum and Maximum Cover:
 All collection mains shall have a minimum depth of
cover of three (3) feet, (90cm) and a maximum depth
of cover of eighteen (18) feet (540cm) feet,
measured from the top of pipe to the final surface
grade.

Hydraulic Design of Sanitary and Storm Sewers

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UNIVERSITY OF GONDAR

Sewage Disposal and Treatment

Information From Map

Information On Existing System

v = 1/n x r2/3 x s1/2

Where, V=Flow Velocity (m/sec)

Salt glazed stoneware 0.012 0.014

Cement concrete 0.013 0.015

Cast Iron 0.012 0.013

Brick, unglazed 0.013 0.015

Asbestos cement 0.011 0.012

Plastic smooth 0.011 0.011

Fig: partially filled circular sewer section

Example1: A pipe segment having slope of 0.002

Considerations for Design of Collection Mains …

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