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Waste glass as partial replacement in cement – A review

To cite this article: A. A. Al-jburi Najad et al 2019 IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 357 012023
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Sustainable Civil and Construction Engineering Conference IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 357 (2019) 012023 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/357/1/012023
Waste glass as partial replacement in cement – A review
Al-jburi Najad A. A.*, Hasan Kareem, J.K. , Noor Azline and Nima Ostovar
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia,
43400UPM
*angid.amer51@gmail.com
Abstract: The industries of Cement and glass are dealing with a variety of demanding
situations due to the excessive factories gases emissions, the extensive use of power and the
intensive use of the earth's natural resources. The temporary landfills of dumping waste glass
are now not providing a friendly environment, because of waste glass particle are non-
biodegradable. Furthermore, the chemical structure and the pozzolanic characteristics of waste
glass are inspiring for using this waste in the cement industries and urban industries and to
provide an environmentally friendly answer for the glass and cement industries. Thus, it can be
used as a partial cement replacement in Portland cement concrete or as a partial replacement in
the form of waste glass powder (WGP) or as waste glass sludge (WGS). The use of glass
powder in Portland cement concrete does have some negative impact on characteristics of the
concrete; however, waste glass in its crushed condition can be use in about 100 % and it can
still be a practical applicability. This paper reviews the unusual uses of waste glass in cement
and concrete and the effect of thermal and pozzolanic activity on the properties of waste glass
the impact of the glass characteristics on the durability and performance of the produced
cement and concrete.
1. Introduction
Glass waste is one of the major problems on the environment that happens in every country in the
world [1]. Because of the nature of glass is non-biodegradable, and the ability to trigger a severe
environmental pollution. Similarly, the nonexistence of area for new depot is a difficulty which cities
are facing to, that are overpopulated in several regions around the world; therefore, a considerable part
of the landfills spaces was occupied by these materials. The best solution to reduce the influence of
these glass wastes on the environment is by using them again. The process of recycling of glass wastes
have lots of benefits for the resources on earth and could reduce the landfills spaces and save energy
and money for [2]. The demand for low-quality provisions, large supplies and the significant
construction and building sites make civil engineering and construction one of the main means to
solve the environmental problem of the waste glass.
The time, place, or the methods that how human population was taught to make glass is uncertain.
In Iraq about 3000 years ago. Firstly hand-made glass was found, and the initial glass containers were
built, around1500 years ago, in Iraq and Egypt [3,4]. Since the furnaces and oven were, the clay pots
making quality was not fine and the amount of heat was not enough for melting the uncooked
materials the glass industry was in that time costly and slow. In about 30 B.C., The blowpipe was
invented which made the glass manufacture easier, cheaper, and faster eventually this invention made
glass became possible and normal for ordinary people to use the glass for their own for the first time in
the human history [3,4]. Through the introduction of manganese oxide, the glass which does not have
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any color in the early A.D. century, [3,4]. In 1674, a new type of glass was invented by George
Ravenscroft called lead glass which developed using a significant amount of lead oxide in the rare
material. In France, researchers found a novel way to produce plate glass in 1688. This production led
to make high-quality mirrors. In 1910 Edouard Benedictus in France made a novel type of Triple glass
which was made by lamination method. Recently, Britain Pilkington Brothers Ltd. In 1959 invented a
new process of making flate plate [3,4].
The glass manufacturing could be achieved by melting the combination of sodium carbonate, silica,
limestone (CaCO3) and dolomite (Ca Mg(CO3)2) by making it in high temperature to about1500 °C.
The blended and mixed material then chilled to harden without being crystallize. Specific
characteristics of glass like its color can be achieved by using a special additive [5].
There are lots of variety glasses in the market, based on the chemical configuration and the usage
of additives, like: alkali silicates, vitreous silica , borosilicate glasses, barium glasses (TV screen and
optical dense barium crown), soda-lime glasses (bottles ,light bulbs, jars, and windowpanes), lead
glasses (TV funnel, neon tubes), aluminosilicate glasses (gauge glasses for high-pressure steam
boilers, halogen-tungsten lamps , screen protectors for mobile) and. These glasses are made in various
colors, most of them green, colorless and brown [6].
Because of the absence of information from different regions around the world, such as the North
Africa East as an example, statistically, the data is not clear about the amount of glass which is wasted
in the world. Based on wasting data base there was 200 million toms solid waste in 2004 and about
glass part was about 7 %s, i.e., according to information which was extracted from the estimation of
the solid waste of UN,14 million tons were waste glass [7].
The earth’s natural raw resources are being used in a considerable amount by the glass industry. It
can be said that it is needed to use 1.73 kg of raw materials and 0.15 m3 water to produce one kg of
sheet glass [8]. Also, it was shown in previous studies that to make every one tone of container glass
1.2 tone of expensive raw material should be used [9].
Also, due to the need for a high temperature to liquefy the raw materials, glass industry could be
said that is one of the most energy consumer industries in all around the world. Approximately each
kilo gram of glass sheet can produce 16.9 MJ of the heating waste [8]. The process of making a ton of
European glass used 7.8 GJ energy. The total amount of the energy which was consumed was about
352 PJ in 2007, it can be seen that this amount is about 13-17% of the whole energy which was used in
Europe [10].
In different circumstances, too much usage of energy is lead to a high amount CO2released. In 2007, It
was revealed, that the producing a ton of the European glass can lead to produce 0.57 ton of CO2 [10].
It was indicated that 0.2 ton of CO2 releases in melting step of container glass created [9].
Basically, the production of the container glass and the glass wool is widely using the cullet (Can be
named as recyclable crush waste glass) [10]. The energy consumption can be reduced by 2–3% by
mounting the cult usage by 10% in the glass with the raw materials [10]. Also, 40% of energy
consuming is needed to make glass from sand [11]. Glass is able to be recycled completely without
any change in physical and chemical characteristics. Other than, because the crushed waste glass can
cause a variation in the chemical composition of the recycled glass its makes the recycling process
impractical and highly expensive [12]. Impurities and polluter which is found in the waste glass can
make the new produced glass effected [12].
The ratio of recycled wasted glass in entire world is negligible, and most of it focused on the
container and packaging section [1]. For example in US only 27% of the glasses produced by
recycling which was about 11.5 million tons [13]. 4.1 million tons in 2008 is the estimated total of
glass waste in EU countries with 60% recycling ratio [14]. In Sweden, in 2010 this amount was about
95% for separate color waste utilized in making bottles and container glass [15].
Cement and concrete industry which are part of the Construction industry, provide a fundamental
and helpful to use in environmental effects of glass waste, because of physical and chemical structure
of glass which are like sand and cement. The earth’s natural resources are conserved by the use of
2
waste glass in the production of cement and concrete; additionally, the use of waste glass in the
production of concrete saves resources, financial investment and decreases the released of harmful
gas.
This paper will represent an overview of many studies that have illustrated the usage of waste glass
in making concrete and cement. Some researchers have studied about used waste glass as a powder,
others used it as a cement replacement, and some others used it as a glass powder and glass sludge
wastes in the same mixture. And it will illustrate the properties and thermal behavior of the waste
glass.
2. Thermal behavior of waste-glass cement mortars

Aly (2011), [16] studied the hydration of cement compounds was followed by way of differential
thermal analysis (DTA), thermos gravimetric analysis (TGA), shows a significance increase in the
compressive strength of the paste that use Nano clay and waste glass crystal powder in comparing with
that of Portland cement.
Liu (2015), [17] studied the effect of curative temperature at the characteristics of waste glass
powder in cement-primarily based substances had been deliberate by way of using X-ray diffraction,
thermos gravimetric and differential thermal analysis, Exams results show that high curative
temperature is operative in promoting the pozzolanic response of glass powder, which enhance the
mechanical and overall microstructure performance. As well, the pozzolanic reaction is found in the
glass powder particle.
Sikora (2017), [18] experiment test conducted by Sekor indicated that the existence of (WG)
aggregate can considerably reduced the thermal conductivity of the cement, the sorptivity coefficient
decreased, this is related to change in the air holes which can be filled up by water or water in the air
like moisture, which cause to an increase in thermal conductivity. A decrease of thermal conductivity
in the existence of WG can be attached to the lower thermal conductivity of waste glass and the more
moderate WG density, conducted to a decrease of density and thermal conductivity.
Pan (2017), [19] studied the addition of glass powder (GP) on thermal expansion of pastes below
500˚ C could not be affected. Above 500˚ C, amorphous glass powders faceda change in glass shape,
and the softening glasses led to more wide reduction, as comparison to control samples as shown in
(fig.1). At temperatures below 500˚ C, the mortars including of GP worked better than materials with
no GP. When the temperature goes up to move 500˚C, the strength loss of mortars including GP was
more than that of control mortars.
Jang (2017), [20]investigated the inclusion of borosilicate glass powder which is lead to make the
thermal neutron shielding capability higher. Investigating about the 28-day cement paste with 20%
borosilicate glass powder TG-DTA curve represents a apparent endothermic peak (DTA curve) was
known at around 430–470 °C accompanied by the considerable weight losing (TG curve) at this
moment. Thermal neutron shielding capability amplified as the replacement ratio of borosilicate glass
powder enlarged. Thus, borosilicate glass powder is able to work as a mineral stabilizer for a range of
radiation shielding.
3
Figure 1. show the different reaction of Glass powder paste to the different range of temperature using
scanning electron microscope (SEM) [19].
3. The impact of waste glass powder fineness on the cement properties.

Chiou (2013), [21]indicated that the fineness of WG as shown in (fig.2) rises the degree of glassiness
and smoothness of sediment aggregate surfaces. Adding a waste-glass with an exact size less than 150
µm, sediment positively affects the potential alkali-silica reactivity and chemical-corrosion resistance
of the reservoir-sediment aggregates.
Nwaubani (2013), [22] investigated the characteristics of concrete integrated with waste glass as a
partial replacement for Portland cement in quantities of 5%, 20%, and 30% had been investigated. The
waste glass material used turned into acquired entirely from green glass cullet floor to a fineness of
300 µm. The results earned display indeed that glass powder complements the compressive strength
characteristics of the very last concrete product if used on the proper level of the substitute. The level
4
of alternative plus the size and distribution of the glass particles appear to be of crucial significance for
the advantage of pozzolanic interest to come to be evident in the short-term.
Penacho (2014), [23] studied the use mortars with a cement-to-sand a volume proportion of 1 to 4
were formed with a portion of the sand changed by fine glass aggregates, while the aggregate's size
distribution in the replacement remained the same. The outcome illustrate that the mixture of 20%
substitute of sand and fine glass aggregates could be used for interior and inside the building or in the
façades. To have elevated replacement ratios, even taking into account the reasonable function in the
ASR tests [1], the worse behavior in the mixing with water indicates that these mortars have better
function in interior applications.
Choi (2017), [24]considered the appropriateness of heavyweight WG as an admirable aggregate
material is considered. The consequences of flow test, unit volume weight, radiation shielding
performance, compressive strength, flexural strength, and micropore and macropore distribution of
mortar are compared and rated. It was shown that the heavyweight waste glass may be used as an
excellent aggregate material in the radiation shielding concrete.
Ling (2017), [25] deliberate although there is not too high difference in density in using of
fluorescent glass (FG) up to 40% replacement sand, showed an improvement in practical and make the
cement mortar to have less shrinkage. To compare these two issue, there could be said that the
reduction of mechanical strength for a given content of with fluorescent glass (FG-A) usage in mortar
is fairly lower than that of without fluorescent glass (FG-b). The mortars prepared with FG-A or FG-B
failed the permissible ASR limit of 0.1%. There should be more investigation in safety of FG.
Liu (2017), [26]investigated about a replacement for sand contributes for plummeting natural
aggregate using and the disposal of CRT funnel glass and he found out cycled cathode ray tube (CRT)
funnel glass could be used as a replacement. GFA has more significant incompatible influence on
flexural strength than compressive strength. The storage modulus first grows and then decline with
temperature for almost all samples. The influence of CRT glass on the loss tangent of mortar relies on
the replacement ratio. It can be seen that a frequency dependent on damping model is required when a
dynamic analysis is used in building with the usage of fused CRT glass in not hot weather.
Figure 2. A sample of waste glass fineness [21].
5
4. The use of Waste glass powder as replacement of cement in concrete

Du (2014), [27]showed that the compressive strength of concrete was not reduced with the aid of the
cement substitution due to the pozzolanic response among glass powders and cement products, the
high-performance concrete (impenetrability and improved strength against water) will be completed
by the usage of glass powder as an additive with 15%, which take part in the pozzolanic reaction
instead of being inert fines for compact packing.
Walczak (2015), [28] studied the possibility of using glass to produce autoclaved aerated concrete
(AAC) has been demonstrated. It is possible to create (AAC) with the adding of various kinds of glass
as can be seen in (fig.3). The (AAC) integrated with Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) glass had a very similar
compressive strength to the main model; the use of glass in the (AAC) production can be an excellent
technique of the waste utilization.
Aliabdo (2016), [29] studied about the effects of using glass powder as a substitution for cement and
in mechanical and physical properties. The taken into consideration glass powder contents had been
0.0%, to 25.0% every 5.0% via cement weight. The usage of 10% glass powder improved the mortar
compressive strength by approximately 9.0%. Also, normally the usage 15% glass powder as cement
addition improved concrete compressive strength by using 16.0% in average and achieved higher
performance in comparison with as cement alternative.
Yu (2016), [30] displayed that Waste glass can decrease the density of steel slag concrete and
improve the workability. When 17.5% waste glass replaced coarse aggregate, only a slight effect on
concrete mechanical properties was detected. Because of the excellent mechanical and thermal
characteristics of waste glass confirmed the ability to enhance the fire resistance of concrete.
Spiesz (2016), [31] investigated the fresh and compacted concrete characteristic was investigated.
Concrete mixes were made with up to (60 %) volume of fine and coarse waste glass aggregates; The
clearness of concrete tiles depends on the all-out tile thickness and glass particle size. The acquired
results designate that the concrete has satisfying transparency, mechanical characteristic’s, coupled
with high durability, and improved air distillation properties.
Du (2017), [32] showed the peak strength increment and the least porosity in the cement and
concrete that had been substituted by 15% and 30% of glass powder displayed. Past of 30%
substitution, calcium hydroxide turns out to be unsatisfactory concerning the pozzolanic reaction of
glass powder. A higher performance detected in all the mixture that uses glass powder (GP)in
comparison to the reference concrete sample. In order to reduce the consumption of energy in the
grinding an industrial-scale mill can be used.
Sadiqul Islam (2017), [33]investigated the chemical properties of colored and clean glass have been
estimated. Chemical analysis of glass and cement samples had been determined. With the growth in
glass addition, mortar float changed into barely improved while a small result on concrete
performance turned into a note. Concrete cube samples have been organized and examined for energy
(till 1year curing). The compressive strength takes a look at results showed that recycled glass
concrete and mortar improved the durability in comparison to manipulate samples. A 20%
replacement of cement incorporated with waste glass was located and it could reduce the considering
cost and being an environmental friendly.
Hooi (2017), [34] examined the WG included in the aerated lightweight concrete as cement alternative
at various ratios. The usage of waste glass as cement replacement is possible at a maximum value of
10%. the activity index of cement influenced by the usage of waste glass fineness according to the first
experiment results, the ground WG which may be replaced up to 20% as a pozzolanic material in
creating lightweight concrete.
6
Figure 3. show the different kind of glasses incorporated in the paste in compare to the main sample
using scanning electron microscope (SEM) [28].
5. Waste glass sludge impact on the Performance of concrete incorporating as supplementary

cementing material
Kim (2014), [35] showed the concrete compressive strength enhanced due to the incorporating of
waste glass sludge as a partial Cementous replacement, particularly when used with the fly ash.
(WGS) increase the freezing resistant with or without deicing salts, the resistance of surface and the
chloride ion infiltration of the concrete compared to the control mixture that made out of fly ash with a
percentage of 205.
Kim (2015), [36]demonstrated the inclusion of waste glass sludge (WGS) as shown in (fig.4)in
cement mortars with enhanced in strengths at age of (28 days), in contrast to the control mortar, the
hybrid adding of 10% WGS and 10% fly ash (FA) considerably also lessened the enlargement of
mortar bars. The implementation of WGS in as an adhesive decrease the concentration of calcium
hydroxide. WGS is a fit to replace cement as a pozzolanic mixture.
Lee (2018), [37] showed that After ninety-day age, the waste glass sludge (WGS) covered concrete
exhibited the satisfactory compressive energy. Furthermore, it modified into decided that WGS
7
integration in concrete mixture approximately decrease porosity due to their pozzolanic action due to
the essential WGS amorphous nature. Surveys on chloride ions and frost resistance infiltrability
further confirmed that those glass wastes are better in enhancing the one's properties. WGS
incorporation caused 24% good deal in the coefficient of chloride ion diffusion. Summarily, the effects
advise that WGS is advanced in improving, durability microstructural, and mechanical associated
characteristics of concrete.
Figure 4. Two types of (WGS) as (a) cake, and (b) powder [36].
6. The impact of using waste glass in cement mortar

Lu (2017), [38] conducted that the lower rate of hydration will cause in stretching the time of the
waste glass powder (WGP) revised pastes. An enhancement in stiffness rate was noticed when
substituting of 20% cement by (WGP). a drop in the flow of the mortar incorporated with the (WGP)
compared to that of control mortar due to the increase of waste glass powder fineness. During the first
half hour of hydration, the new characteristic of the modified(WGP) mortars was mostly depend on
the morphology, and the particle size of the (WGP) investigated.
Lu (2017), [39] investigated the impact of waste glass powder (WGP) as a supplemental cement
mortars. The test outcome indicated an outstanding the relation between WGP size and flow values
was linear, the effect of WGP on the performance of mortar relied on its surface characteristics, the
WGP mortar prepared strength illustrated a unique development after 90 days, the finer WGP mortar
showed a superior contribution rate to the flexural strength than that of Fly ash.
Lu (2017), [40] pointed that by a replacement of 20% cement by fine glass powder the glass
aggregates successfully suppressed the deteriorative alkali-silica-reaction. Also, the glass mortars
combined with fine GP displayed higher durability than fly ash mixed glass mortar. The characteristics
of hand-made mortar integrating GP with a particle size of fewer than 50 μm were higher to those of
the architectural mortar.
Šimonová (2017), [41] found a reduction in all the values of the observed parameters of mortars due to
replacing cement by WGP in order to contain a steady fresh mix consistency. a gradually decrease in
the flexural and compressive strength and effective fracture toughness of the deliberate mortars
Compared to the reference cement mortar, while the fracture energy followed by about 50 %. the
modulus of elasticity was having small increase for lesser amounts of waste glass powder.
8
7. glass powders Pozzolanic reactivity

Shi (2005), [42] study deals with the morphology, pozzolanic activity and fineness of 4 types of
glass powders (GP): (GP-fine) from crushed waste glasses, (GP-dust) from a dirt collector for the glass
crushing method and (GP-4000) and (GP-6000). Results of the testing indicated that the replacement
of Portland cement with ground glass powder also lessens the Alkali-aggregate reaction-induced
expansion, however it is not as useful as coal fly ash.
Mirzahosseini (2014), [43] studied the pozzolanic of clear and compressed green glassless than 25 μm
was measured chemical shrinkage, isothermal calorimetry, and thermos gravimetric analysis.
Outcomes suggest that substantial pozzolanic reaction was observed on the glass powder due to the
increasing temperatures. Furthermore, glass composition was considered to have a substantial
influence on reactivity. green glass shows a better reactivity than clear glass
Maraghechi (2014), [44] studied the stoichiometry and products of this response are deliberated, and
characterize the response products as an age function. GP responds pozzolanically with portlandite
(CH) and formulate a C–S–H as the primary outcome of the reaction. Alkali activation (using 1 M
NaOH solution) substantially quickens the rate of pozzolanic reaction. The Interactive elements of the
pozzolanic response are dependent on the availability of dissolved CH and GP.
Zheng (2016), [45] studied that the Glass pozzolanic reaction not only consumes portlandite, which
appears as reaction beset around glass scraps, but additionally lessens mono sulfate level the
pozzolanic reaction of glass grains increases concentrations of Silicon, sodium, Sulfur, and aluminum,
and decreases Calcium concentration, Glass powder controls Alkali-silica reaction (ASR) by
increasing the level of aluminum in the liquid mixture to reduce the dissolution of formless silica from
responsive aggregates.
Dvořák (2017), [46] characterized the recycled glass pozzolanic activity using an adjust Chapelle test.
The effect of the flexural and compressive strength and the grinding on the cement rheology was
valued. Experiment testing outcomes showed that the enhancement of the pozzolanic characteristics of
the recycled glass by using it as the foundation of mixed cement is possible. It positively influenced
the values of the material’s physical and mechanical parameters.
8. Conclusions
Because the nature of glass being nonbiodegradable make disposal a very challenging mission for
every country around the world due to the high cost and the bad environmental effect, because of the
high carbon dioxide emission to the atmosphere, it’s one of the causes of the global warming, using
the glass in the construction industry will be the best environmentally friendly solution.
The reviewed studies showed that the optimum usage of waste glass as a partial replacement in
cement is around (15 %,16 %, 17.5 % or 20 %) as an aggregate and fine, for using waste glass sludge
the optimum usage will be around 10 %. Results show that high curing temperature is effective in
promoting the pozzolanic response of glass powder and enhancing the mechanical and overall
microstructure performance, furthermore, it considerably reduced the thermal conductivity of the
cement mortars. The increase in the temperatures and the decreasing in particle sizes cause glass
powder to exhibit significant pozzolanic reaction.
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12

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Waste glass as partial replacement in cement – A review

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Waste glass as partial replacement in cement – A review

2. Thermal behavior of waste-glass cement mortars

3. The impact of waste glass powder fineness on the cement properties.

Figure 2. A sample of waste glass fineness [21].

4. The use of Waste glass powder as replacement of cement in concrete

5. Waste glass sludge impact on the Performance of concrete incorporating as supplementary

6. The impact of using waste glass in cement mortar

7. glass powders Pozzolanic reactivity

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