ANSYS Hyperelastic Materials

Hyperelastic Materials
1
© 2005 ANSYS, Inc. 1 ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary
Background on Elastomers
• Elastomers are a class of polymers with the following

properties
Unextended chain – Elastomers involve natural and synthetic rubbers,
which are amorphous and are comprised of long
molecular chains
Extended chain
– The molecular chains are highly twisted, coiled, and
randomly oriented in an undeformed state
Schematic of single molecular chain. In – These chains become partially straightened and
network, these chains are randomly oriented
and often have crosslinks.
untwisted under a tensile load
– Upon removal of the load, the chains revert back to its
original configuration
– Strengthening of the rubber is achieved by forming
crosslinks between molecular chains through a
vulcanization process
Example of Rubber boot, o-rings/seals

Background on Elastomers (cont’d)
• On a macroscopic level, rubber behavior

exhibits certain characteristics
– They can undergo large elastic (recoverable)
deformations, anywhere on the order of 100-
700%. As noted previously, this is due to the
F untwisting of cross-linked molecular chains.
Tension
– There is little volume change under applied
stress since the deformation is related to
u straightening of chains. Hence, elastomers are
nearly incompressible.
– Their stress-strain relationship can be highly
Compression
nonlinear
– Usually, in tension, the material softens then
stiffens again. On the other hand, in
compression, the response becomes quite stiff.

Background on Hyperelasticity
• There are some key assumptions related to the hyperelastic

constitutive models in ANSYS
– Material response is isotropic, isothermal, and elastic
• Thermal expansion is isotropic
• Deformations are fully recoverable (conservative)
– Material is fully or nearly incompressible
• Requires element formulations discussed earlier such as B-Bar or Mixed U-P to
handle incompressibility condition
• The constitutive hyperelastic models are defined through a strain
energy density function
– Unlike plasticity, hyperelasticity is not defined as a rate formulation
– Instead, total-stress vs. total-strain relationship is defined through a strain
energy potential (W)
σ& = D : ε&

Definition of Stretch Ratio
• Before proceeding to a detailed discussion on different forms of the

strain energy potential, some terms will be defined:
• The stretch ratio (or simply ‘stretch’) is defined as
L L + ∆u
λ= = = 1+ ε E
Lo Lo
• The above is an example of stretch ratio as defined for uniaxial
tension of a rubber specimen, where εE is engineering strain.
There are three principal stretch ratios λ1, λ2, and λ3 which will
provide a measure of the deformation. These will also be used in
defining the strain energy potential.

Definition of Stretch Ratio (cont’d)
• To illustrate the definition of the principal stretch ratios by an

example, consider a thin square rubber sheet in biaxial tension. The
principal stretch ratios λ1 and λ2 characterize in-plane deformation.
On the other hand, λ3 defines the thickness variation (t/to).
Additionally, if the material is assumed to be fully incompressible,
then λ3 will equal λ-2.
λ2 = λ = L L
o
λ3 = t t = λ− 2
o
λ1 = λ = L L
o
Definition of Strain Invariants
• The three strain invariants are commonly used to define the strain
energy density function.
I1 = λ12 + λ22 + λ32

I 2 = λ12 λ22 + λ22 λ32 + λ32 λ12
I 3 = λ12 λ22 λ32
• If a material is fully incompressible, I3 = 1.

• Because we assume that the material is isotropic, some forms of the
strain energy potential are expressed as a function of these scalar
invariants. In other words, strain invariants are measures of strain
which are independent of the coordinate system used to measure
the strains.

Definition of Volume Ratio
• The volume ratio J is defined as V

J = λ1λ2 λ3 =
Vo
As shown above, J can be thought of as the ratio of deformed to
undeformed volume of the material.
• In the case of thermal expansion, the thermal volumetric deformation is
J th = (1 + ε th )
3
The elastic volumetric deformation is related to the total and thermal

volumetric deformation by the following:
J total
J el = J =
J th

Definition of Strain Energy Potential
• The strain energy potential (or strain energy function) is usually

denoted as W
– Strain energy potential can either be a direct function of the principal
stretch ratios or a function of the strain invariants
W = W ( I1 , I 2 , I 3 )
or
W = W (λ1 , λ2 , λ3 )
– The particular forms of the strain energy potential will be discussed shortly.
These forms determine whether stretch ratios or strain invariants are used.
– Based on W, second Piola-Kirchoff stresses (and Green-Lagrange strains)
are determined:
dW
Sij =
dEij

Definition of Strain Energy Potential
• Because of material incompressibility, we split the deviatoric

(subscript d or with ‘bar’) and volumetric (subscript b) terms of the
strain energy function. As a result, the volumetric term is a function of
volume ratio J only.
W = Wd (I1 , I 2 ) + Wb ( J )
W = Wd (λ1 , λ2 , λ3 ) + Wb ( J )
where the deviatoric principal stretches and deviatoric invariants are
defined as (for p=1,2,3 ):
−1
λp = J 3
λp
−2
Ip = J 3
Ip
Note that I3=J2, so I3 is not used in the definition of W.

Strain Energy Functions
• In this section, the different hyperelastic models for the 18x series of
elements will be presented, as listed on the left. Each is a particular
form of W, based either on the strain invariants or on the principal
stretch ratios directly.
• The strain energy potential W will require certain types of parameters
input as material constants.
– The number of material constants will depend on the strain energy
function W chosen.
– The choice of W will depend on the user, although some very general
guidelines will be presented to aid the user in selection of W.
– From the selection of W and material constants which are input, stress
and strain behavior are calculated by ANSYS.

Polynomial Form
• The polynomial form is based on the first and second strain

invariants. It is a phenomenological model of the form
( )( ) 1
N N
W = ∑ cij I1 − 3 I 2 − 3 + ∑ (J el − 1)
i j 2k
i + j =1 k =1 d k
• where the initial bulk modulus and initial µ o = 2(c10 + c01 )

shear modulus are κo =
2
d1
• This option is defined via TB,HYPER,,,N,POLY. cij and di are

input via TBDATA. Usually, values of N greater than 3 are
rarely used. It may be applicable for strains up to 300%.

Polynomial Form (cont’d)
• Sample definition of 2-term Polynomial form shown below.

Constants c10, c01, c20, c11, c02, d1, d2 to be defined.
TB,HYPER,1,1,2,POLY
TBTEMP,0
TBDATA,1,c10,c01,c20,c11,c02
TBDATA,6,d_1,d_2
Mooney-Rivlin
• There are two-, three-, five-, and nine-term Mooney Rivlin models
available in ANSYS. These can also be thought of as particular
cases of the polynomial form.
– The two-term Mooney-Rivlin model is ( )
W = c10 I1 − 3 + c01 I 2 − 3 + ( ) 1
(J el − 1)2
equivalent to polynomial form with N=1: d
– The three-term Mooney-Rivlin model is (

W = c10 I1 − 3 + c01 I 2 − 3 + ) ( )
similar to the polynomial form when
N=2 and c20=c02=0: (
c11 I1 − 3 I 2 − 3 + )( ) 1
d
(J el − 1)2
– The five-term Mooney-Rivlin model is
( )( )
2
1
∑ cij I1 − 3 I 2 − 3 + (J el − 1)2
i j
same as the polynomial form when N=2: W=
i + j =1 d
– The nine-term Mooney-Rivlin model is
∑ c (I )( )
3
1
same as the polynomial form when N=3: (J el − 1)2
i j
W= ij 1 − 3 I2 − 3 +
i + j =1 d
• For all of the preceding Mooney-Rivlin forms,
the initial shear and initial bulk moduli are µ o = 2(c10 + c01 )
similar to that of the polynomial form, defined as: 2
κo =
d

Mooney-Rivlin (cont’d)
• For the 18x series of elements, this option is defined via

TB,HYPER,,,N,MOONEY. Constants cij and d are input via
TBDATA.
– As a very general guideline, the two-term MR form may be valid up to
90-100% tensile strains, although it will not account for stiffening effects
of the material, usually present at large strains. Compression behavior
may also not be characterized well with only two-term MR.
– As noted in the figure below, more terms may capture any inflection
points in the engineering stress-strain curve. As with the polynomial
form, the user must ensure that enough data is supplied with inclusion
of higher-order terms. Five- or Nine-term MR may be used up to 100-
200% strains (general guideline).
Two-Term MR Five-Term MR Nine-Term MR

Mooney-Rivlin (cont’d)
• Sample definition of 3-term Mooney-Rivlin form shown below.

Constants c10, c01, c11, d to be defined.
TB,HYPER,1,1,3,MOONEY
TBTEMP,0
TBDATA,1,c10,c01,c11,d
Yeoh
• The Yeoh model (a.k.a. reduced polynomial form) is similar to

the polynomial form but is based on first strain invariant only.
( ) 1
N N
W = ∑ ci 0 I1 − 3 + ∑ ( J el − 1)
i 2i
i =1 i =1 d i
The Yeoh model is commonly considered with N=3, although

ANSYS allows for any value of N. µ o = 2c10
• The initial shear and bulk moduli are defined κo =
2
similar to other invariant-based models: d1
• This option is defined via TB,HYPER,,,N,YEOH. ci0 and di are

input via TBDATA. The 3-term Yeoh model generally
provides a good fit over large strain ranges.

Yeoh (cont’d)
• Although the Yeoh model is available from 5.7 onwards, it is

undocumented. Hence, input for Yeoh parameters must be done
through command-line only.
TB,HYPER,mat,ntemp,N,YEOH
TBTEMP,temp1
TBDATA,1,ci0(i=1…N),di(i=1…N)
where
N = number of terms
ci0 (i=1…N) are coefficients
di (i=1…N) are compressibility terms.
For example, a three-term Yeoh model (MAT 1) would be input as:
TB,HYPER,1,1,3,YEOH
TBTEMP,0
TBDATA,1,c10,c20,c30,d1,d2,d3

Neo-Hookean
• The Neo-Hookean form can be thought of as a subset of the

polynomial form for N=1, c01=0, and c10=µ/2:
µ
W=
1
2
(I − 3) + ( J
1
2
d
el − 1)
2
where the initial bulk modulus is defined as κo =
d
• This option is defined via TB,HYPER,,,,NEO. The constants µ

and d are input via TBDATA.
– This is the simplest hyperelastic model which can serve as a
good starting point, using a constant shear modulus. However, it
is limited to strains up to 30-40% in uniaxial tension and up to
80-90% in pure shear (these are general guidelines).

Neo-Hookean (cont’d)
• Sample definition of Neo-Hookean form shown below.

Constants µ and d to be defined.
TB,HYPER,1,1,2,NEO
TBTEMP,0
TBDATA,1,mu,d
Arruda-Boyce
• The Arruda-Boyce form, also known as the eight-chain model, is a

statistical mechanics-based model. This means that the form was
developed as a statistical treatment of non-Gaussian chains
emanating from the center of the element to its corners (eight-chain
network).
( )
1 ⎛ J el -1 ⎞
5 2
Ci
W = µ∑ I − 3 + ⎜⎜
i i
− lnJ el ⎟⎟
λ
2i − 2 1
i =1 L d⎝ 2 ⎠
where the constants Ci are defined as
1 1 11 19 519
C1 = , C2 = , C3 = , C4 = , C5 =
2 20 1050 7050 673750
• From the above equation, it is clear that the Arruda-Boyce form can
be thought of as a Yeoh model with N=5, although the coefficients
are predefined functions of the limiting network stretch λL.
Arruda-Boyce (cont’d)
• This option is defined via TB,HYPER,,,,BOYCE. Constants µ,

λL, and d are input via TBDATA.
– The initial shear modulus is µ.
• In the Arruda-Boyce paper, this rubbery modulus is defined as nkΘ,
which is a function of chain density (n), Boltzmann’s constant (k),
and temperature (Θ).
– The limiting network stretch λL is the stretch at which stress
starts to increase without limit. Note that as λL becomes infinite,
the Arruda-Boyce form becomes the Neo-Hookean form.
• The Arruda-Boyce equation on the previous slide is actually the first
five terms of the series expansion of the strain energy. The original
equation contains an inverse Langevin function which is expanded.
This series expansion, however, may cause the limiting network
stretch to be less pronounced.
– Generally limited to 300% strain at most.

Arruda-Boyce (cont’d)
Sample definition of Arruda-Boyce form shown below.

Constants µ, λL, and d to be defined.
TB,HYPER,1,1,3,BOYCE
TBTEMP,0
TBDATA,1,mu,lamda_L,d
Gent
• The Gent model is also micromechanical model, similar to Arruda-

Boyce, which utilitizes the concept of limiting network stretch:
EI m ⎛ I1 − 3 ⎞ 1 ⎛ J el2 -1 ⎞
W =− ln⎜⎜1 − ⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜ − lnJ el ⎟⎟
6 ⎝ Im ⎠ d ⎝ 2 ⎠
where the constants E, Im, and d are input. E is the initial elastic
modulus, which, for incompressible materials, is 3µ0. Im is the
limiting value of (I1-3), analogous to λL for Arruda-Boyce.
• If the natural logarithm is expanded, the resulting form will be similar
to the Yeoh model. The coefficients, however, are predefined
functions of Im.
– It is quite clear that there are many similarities between the Gent and
Arruda-Boyce models.

Gent (cont’d)
• Although the Gent model is available from 5.7 onwards, it is

undocumented. Hence, input for Gent parameters must be done
TB,HYPER,mat,ntemp,3,GENT
TBTEMP,temp1
TBDATA,1,E,Im,d
where
E = small strain tensile modulus
Im = limiting value of (I1-3)
d = material compressibility term (=2/initial_bulk_modulus)
The following is a sample input (incompressible, material 1):
TB,HYPER,1,1,3,GENT
TBTEMP,0
TBDATA,1,0.81,101,0.0

Ogden
• The Ogden form, another phenomenological model, is directly

based on the principal stretch ratios rather than the strain
invariants: µ
( 1
)
N N
W =∑ i
λ αi
+ λ2α i + λ3α i − 3 + ∑ (J el − 1)2i N
α
1
i =1 i i =1 di ∑µα i i
2
µo = i =1
κo =
2
where the initial bulk and shear moduli are d1
• This option is defined via TB,HYPER,,,N,OGDEN. µi, αi, and

di need to be supplied via TBDATA.
– Degenerates to the Neo-Hookean form: N=1 µ1=µ α1=2
– Equivalent to the 2-term M-R form: N=2 µ1=2c10 α1=2 µ2=-2c01 α2=-2
– Since Ogden is based on principal stretch ratios directly, it may be more
accurate and may provide better data fitting. However, it is more
computationally expensive.
– In general, Ogden form may be applicable for strains up to 700%.

Ogden (cont’d)
• Sample definition of 2-term Ogden model shown below.

Constants µ1, α1, µ2, α2, d1, d2 to be defined.
TB,HYPER,1,1,2,OGDEN
TBTEMP,0
TBDATA,1,mu_1,a_1
TBDATA,3,mu_2,a_2
TBDATA,5,d_1,d_2

Hyperfoam Model
• The Hyperfoam model (a.k.a. Ogden foam model) is very

similar to the Ogden model for incompressible materials.
µi ⎛ α 3 α µ
W = ∑ ⎜ J el (λ1 + λ2α + λ3α ) − 3 ⎟ + ∑ i (J el−α β − 1)
N i
i ⎞ N
i i i
i =1 α i ⎝ ⎠ i =1 α i β i
where the initial bulk and
N
shear moduli are
∑µα i i N
⎛1 ⎞
µo = i =1
κ o = ∑ µ iα i ⎜ + β i ⎟
2 i =1 ⎝3 ⎠
• However, unlike the regular Ogden model, in the hyperfoam
model, the volumetric and deviatoric terms are tightly coupled.
Hence, this model is meant to model highly compressible
rubber behavior.

Hyperfoam Model (cont’d)
• Although the Hyperfoam model is available from 5.7 onwards, it is

undocumented. Hence, input for Hyperfoam parameters must be
done through command-line only.
TB,HYPER,mat,ntemp,npts,FOAM
TBTEMP,temp1
TBDATA,1,µi,αi(i=1…N),βi(i=1…N)
where
npts = number of terms for hyperfoam model
µi, αi, βi = material input parameters, as defined on previous slide
The following is a sample input:
TB,HYPER,1,1,3,FOAM
TBTEMP,0
TBDATA,1,mu_1,alpha_1
TBDATA,7,beta_1,beta_2,beta_3
Blatz-Ko
• The Blatz-Ko model is specifically for compressible

polyurethane foam rubber with the following form:
µ ⎛ I2 ⎞
W= ⎜⎜ + 2 I 3 − 5 ⎟⎟
2 ⎝ I3 ⎠
where µ is the shear modulus.
– This is the same model as available with HYPER84/86 with
KEYOPT(2)=1, although the input is different (not MP)
−µ −µ
– The Blatz-Ko model can be thought W = − 2 (λ + λ + λ − 3) + 2 ⋅ 0.5 (J
−2
1
−2
2
−2
3
2⋅0.5
el −1)
of as a subset of hyperfoam model,
W = ⎜⎜ − 3⎟⎟ + (2 I − 2 )
µ⎛I ⎞ µ2
with N=1, α1=-2, β1=0.5, µ1=-µ. 2⎝I ⎠ 23

3
– The effective Poisson’s ratio can be determined from β, which

leads to the assumption of ν=0.25 for Blatz-Ko model.

Blatz-Ko (cont’d)
• Although the Blatz-Ko model is available from 5.7 onwards, it is

undocumented. Hence, input for Blatz-Ko parameters must be done
TB,HYPER,mat,ntemp,1,BLATZ
TBTEMP,temp1
TBDATA,1,µ
where
µ = shear modulus
The following is a sample input:
TB,HYPER,1,1,1,BLATZ
TBTEMP,0
TBDATA,1,mu

Categorization of Models
It may be useful to attempt to establish a relationship between

various hyperelastic models discussed.
Polynomial Arruda-Boyce Gent

Phenomenological Model Micromechanical Model Micromechanical Model
1st and 2nd Strain Invariants 1st Strain Invariant 1st Strain Invariant
Nearly-/fully-incompressible micromechanical
models based on 1st strain invariant
Mooney-Rivlin Yeoh
Phenomenological Model Phenomenological Model
1st and 2nd Strain Invariants 1st Strain Invariant
2-term M-R 3-term Yeoh Ogden Hyperfoam

Phenomenological Model Phenomenological Model Phenomenological Model Phenomenological Model
1st and 2nd Strain Invariants 1st Strain Invariant Principal Stretches Principal Stretches
Neo-Hookean Neo-Hookean Blatz-Ko

Phenomenological Model Phenomenological Model Phenomenological Model
1st Strain Invariant 1st Strain Invariant 1st Strain Invariant
Nearly-/fully-incompressible phenomenological Incompressible (left) and compressible (right)

hyperelastic models based on strain invariants. models based on principal stretches
Notes: Mooney-Rivlin is similar to General Polynomial form. Yeoh model is also known as “Reduced Polynomial” form. Hyperfoam is also
referred to as “Rubber foam” or “Ogden foam” model.
Why So Many Models?
• A common concern which arises is the selection of an appropriate

hyperelastic model
– For nearly-/fully-incompressible elastomers, user must select between
phenomenological vs. micromechanical, strain invariant-based vs.
principal stretch-based models.
• Neo-Hookean model is most simple and a good way to start.
• Two-term Mooney-Rivlin is one of the most widely used models, although not
suitable to capture the stiffening effect. General M-R models (i.e.,
Polynomial) are an extension of this for larger strains
• Yeoh proposed omitting second invariant term, as it is harder to measure and
provides less accurate fit for limited test data. 3-term Yeoh model provides
good fit for large stretch values, though maybe not so for low strain.
• Arruda-Boyce and Gent models can be thought of as extensions of Yeoh,
where the constants have physical meaning. Good for small + large stretch.
• Ogden is based on principal stretches, usually provide much better curve
fitting. Usually a little more computationally intenstive because of this.
– For compressible polyurethane foam-type rubbers, Blatz-Ko is suitable.
Other highly compressible elastomeric foams require Hyperfoam model.
Material Characterization
• Collected data may need to be adjusted to account for effects such

as hysteresis and stress-softening behavior.
A typical engineering stress- 1.8
strain curve for a rubber sample
under cyclic loading is shown on 1.6
the right.
1.4
Note that hysteresis is present.

1.2
Stress-softening effects (such as
Mullins effect) are also present. 1
A stabilized curve needs to be 0.8

chosen:
1) Loading or unloading path 0.6
2) Initial or Nth repetition 0.4

This curve would then be shifted
to the origin (zero stress for 0.2
zero strain) and used for curve-

0
fitting procedures. -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

Anisotropic hyperelasticity
• Background
– Most elastomers exhibit initially isotropic and subsequently
anisotropic behavior at finite strain
– Other materials behave anisotropically
• Application
– Elastomers
• Rubber, polymers
– Biomaterials
• Muscles and arteries
– Reinforced elastomer composites
• Tires

• The strain energy potential
Ψ = Wv (J) + Wd (C, A ⊗ A, B ⊗ B )
Where:
Wv(…) is the volumetric part
Wd(…) is the deviatoric part
A, B are two material directions (vectors) in the
undeformed configuration characterizing the anisotropic
behavior of the material, and A
|A|=1, and |B|=1 B

2
3
1

• The volumetric strain energy potential

1
Wv (J) = ⋅ (J − 1)²
d
where
J is determinant of deformation gradient, F
d is the compressibility parameter

• The deviatoric strain energy potential

3 3 6
Wd (C, A ⊗ A, B ⊗ B) = ∑ a i ( I1 − 3) + ∑ b j (I 2 − 3) +
i j
∑ ck (I4 − 1) k
i =1 j=1 k =2
6 6 6 6
+ ∑ d l ( I5 − 1) +
l
∑ em (I6 − 1) m
+ ∑ f n (I7 − 1) n
+ ∑ g o (I8 − ς)o
l= 2 m=2 n =2 o=2
Where I1, I 2 , I 4 , I5 , I6 , I7 , I8 are invariants
and ς = (A ⋅ B ) 2

• Assumption
– Material is assumed to be purely or nearly
incompressible (J≅1)
d has to be
a very small number - nearly incompressible
or zero – purely incompressible
– Volumetric deformation is assumed to be isotropic

• The invariants are
I1 = tr C I 2 = 12 (tr 2 C − tr C 2 ),
I 4 = A ⋅ C A, I5 = A ⋅ C 2 A ,
I 6 = B ⋅ C B, I7 = B ⋅ C 2B.
I8 = ( A ⋅ B) A ⋅ C B
C=FTF is the right Cauchy green strain

• Stress
∂Ψ
S=2 Second Piolar-Kirchhoff stress
∂C
τ = FSFT Kirchhoff stress
σ = 1J τ = 1J FSFT Cauchy stress

• Second Piolar-Kirchhoff stress

S = S v + Sd
Where Sv and Sd are the volumetric and the
deviatoric stress, and
v ∂Wv −1
S =J C
∂J
2
d − ~
S = J DEV(S )
3
1 −1
DEV(•) := (•) − 3 (C : (•)) C
• The deviatoric stress

~
S = 2 (w1 + I w II ) 1 − 2 w 2 C
+ 2 w 4 ( A ⊗ A) + 2 w 5 M
+ 2 w 6 (B ⊗ B ) + 2 w 7 N
Where
+ 2 w8 K
w k := ∂W
∂I k
M := A ⊗ CA + C A ⊗ A
N := B ⊗ C B + C B ⊗ B
K := 12 (A ⋅ B )(A ⊗ B + B ⊗ A )
• Uniaxial tension
⎡λ1 0 0⎤
A=(1 0 0)
F = ⎢ 0 λ2 0⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0 λ 3 ⎥⎦ B=(0 1 0)
J = λ1λ 2λ 3 = 1 λ 2 = λ3 = λ−11/ 2
I1 = λ21 + 2λ−11 I6 = λ22
I 2 = 2λ1 + λ−11 I7 = λ42
I 4 = λ21 I8 = 0
I5 = λ41

• Command
TB,AHYPER,mat,ntemps,npts,TBOPT
mat – material number
ntemps – number of temperature
npts – number of material constants
TBOPT – POLY – Anisotropic potential
AVEC – define A vector
BVEC – define B vector
PVOL – Volumetric potential

• Command
TBOPT= POLY
material constants (defined by TBDATA)
C1 – C3 a1, a2, a3
C4 – C6 b1, b2, b3
C7 – C11c2, c3, c4, c5, c6,
C12 – C16 d2, d3, d4, d5, d6
C17 – C21 e2, e3, e4, e5, e6
C22 – C26 f2, f3, f4, f5, fc6
C27 – C31 g2, g3, g4, g5, g6

• Command
TBOPT=AVEC
NPTS = 3
C1 – C3 Ax, Ay, Az
• Command
TBOPT=BVEC
NPTS = 3
C1 – C3 Bx, By, Bz

• Command
TBOPT=PVOL
NPTS = 1
C1 d

• Temperature dependent data

Use command TBTEMP to define temperature
TB,AHYPER,,,,
TBTEMP,T1
TBDATA,…
TBTEMP,T2
TBDATA,…
TBTEMP,T3
TBDATA,…
……

• Example 1
– Single element subjected to equibiaxial displacement tension
– Element
• SOLID185
• B-Bar formulation
• Mixed UP
– Material
• Anisotropic
hyperelasticity
• Near incompressible
• Material is defined such that B
A
A direction is stiffer
Y
X
Z

• Example 1
– Single element subjected to equibiaxial displacement
tension
σY
500
sigma-x
σx 400 sigma-y
300
Stress
200
100
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
X-direction is stiffer Displacement
than Y-direction

Hyperelastic material characterization
52
Overview
• The coefficients of strain energy potential can be

calibrated by a few sets of simple stress state tests with a
curve fitting procedure
• ANSYS implements both a linear and a nonlinear least-
squares fit procedures for fitting the data
• The common test types include:
– Uniaxial test
– Equibiaxial test
– Shear test (planar test)
– Volumetric test

Uniaxial Test
• Uniaxial test includes uniaxial tension and uniaxial compression.
Deformation state
λ =λ
1 A
λ =λ =λ
2 3
−1 / 2
A
Stress state
⎛ ∂U ∂U ⎞
σ = 2(1 − λ )⎜⎜ λ
−3
+ ⎟⎟
⎝ ∂ I ∂I ⎠
A A A
1 2
λ A is the uniaxial stretch ratio

Biaxial Test
• biaxial test also includes tension and compression.
Deformation state
λ1 = λ 2 = λ A λ3 = λA −2
Stress state
⎛ ∂U ∂U ⎞
σ = 2(λ − λ )⎜⎜ −5
+λ ⎟⎟ 2
⎝ ∂I ∂I ⎠
A A A A
1 2
λ A is the biaxial stretch ratio

Planar (pure shear) Test
• Planar test has the same stress state as the pure shear test.
Deformation state
=
λ1 = λ A λ 2 = λ A
−1
λ3 = 1
Stress state
⎛ ∂U ∂U ⎞
σ = 2(λ − λ )⎜⎜ −3
+ ⎟⎟
⎝ ∂I ∂I ⎠
A A A
1 2
λ A is the stretch ratio in loading direction

Volumetric Test
• Volumetric test.
Deformation state
λ 1 = λ 2 = λ 3 = λ A = J1/ 3
Stress state
∂U
σ = −p =
∂J
A

Curve Fitting Procedure
• Curve fitting algorithm

– Unnormalized least squares fit
S = ∑ (σ − σ )
NP 2
E A
i=1
– Normalized least squares fit

2
⎛ σ
NP ⎞
S = ∑ ⎜⎜1 − A
⎟⎟
⎝ σ
i=1
E ⎠
where: S = relative error
σE = experimental stress values

• Curve fitting algorithm

– The material constants are determined by a least-squares
procedure for a given set of experimental data, which
minimizes the relative error, S.
– The Mooney, Polynomial, Yeoh strain energy potentials are
linear in terms of the constants. Therefore a linear least-
squares fit procedure is used.
– The Ogden, Arruda-Boyce, Gent strain energy potentials are
nonlinear in terms of the constants. A nonlinear least-
squares fitting procedure is needed. We use Marquard-
Levenberg algorithm.

• Equivalent deformation modes

– Uniaxial tension and equibiaxial compression
+ =
1 3
2
Add a hyperstatic stress does change the deformation mode


– Uniaxial compression and equibiaxial tension
+ =
1 3
2


– Planar tension and Planar compression
+ =
1 3
2 λ =1
3

• Multiple types of test set

– Hyperelastic material models in ANSYS are
phenomenological and the parameters characterization
relies on a least-squares fitting.
– Multiple types of tests are essential to cover different
deformation and to ensure the accuracy.

• Procedures for determination of material constants

– Input experimental data
– Specify hyperelastic material option
– Fit experimental data
– Update the material data to ANSYS database
• Curve fitting procedure is accessible both from Material
GUI and batch run.
– Material GUI is a wizard type of application, which guides
you through the whole process.
– Command for batch
• TBFT,Option1, Option2, Option3,…
Option1 = EADD, FADD, SET, SOLV, PLOT, FSET

• Material GUI

Input Experimental data
• Command for Input uniaxial test data

– TBFT, EADD, ID, option1, option2, option3, option4
– Option1 = UNIA,BIAX, SHEA, or, VOLU
– Option2 = name of file containing experimental data
– Option3 = file name extension
– Option4 = file directory

• Input uniaxial test data using GUI
• Enter filename that

containing uniaxial
experimental data,
and/or click next.
• To skip a test simple
click next
• Click view file
contents to view the
experimental from
screen

• Viewing input contents The input data is text file with

data demilited with commas
or spaces
0.13380 1.55060
0.26750 2.43670
0.35670 3.10130
0.62420 4.20890
0.89170 5.31650
1.15920 5.98100
1.42680 6.86710
2.05100 8.86080
2.58600 10.63290
3.03180 12.40510
3.78980 16.17090
4.36940 19.93670
4.81530 23.48100
5.17200 27.46840
5.43950 31.01270
5.70700 34.55700
5.92990 38.32280
6.06370 42.08860
6.19750 45.63290
6.33120 49.39870
6.46500 53.16460
6.55410 56.93040
6.64330 64.24050

• Input biaxial test data using GUI

containing biaxial
experimental data,
and/or click next.
click next
• Click view file
experimental from
screen

• Input shear test data using GUI

containing shear
experimental data,
and/or click next.
click next
• Click view file
experimental from
screen

• Input volumetric test data using GUI

containing volumetric
experimental data,
and/or click next.
click next
• Click view file
experimental from
screen

Specify Material Option
• Command for specifying material option

– TBFT, FADD, ID, option1, option2, option3, option4
– Option1 = HYPER
– Option2 = MOON, POLY, OGDE, BOYCE, GENT, YEOH
– Option3 = 2, 5, 9 for Option2=MOON; 1,2,3, or n for POLY, OGDE,
YEOH
• Command for nonlinear curve fitting
– TBFT, SET, ID, option1, option2, option3, option4, option5
– Option1 = HYPER
– Option2 = OGDE, BOYCE, GENT
– Option3 = 1,2,3, or n for OGDE
– Option4 = index of coefficient
– Option5 = initial value of coefficient

• Specify hyperelastic material option

from the GUI tree

• Specify hyperelastic material option

from the GUI tree
• For Ogden, Arruda-
Boyce, Gent a nonlinear
curve fitting procedure is
used.
• Specify the initial value
of coefficients of the
chosen models.
• Specify other
parameters such as
maximum iteration
number, tolerance for
residual and coefficients

Data Fitting
• Command for solving the coefficients

– TBFT, SOLVE, ID, option1, option2, option3, option4,…,Option7
– Option1 = HYPER
– Option3 = 2, 5, 9 for Option2=MOON; 1,2,3, or n for POLY, OGDE,
YEOH
– Option4 = 0 – unnormalized least squares,
1 – normalized least squares
– Option5 = maximum number of iterations
– Option6 = tolerance of residual changes
– Option7 = tolerance of coefficient changes

Data Fitting
• Curve fitting summary
• The coefficients and the

error norms are shown in
the summary window.
• The graphics plot of
curve fitting results are
shown in ANSYS
standard window.
• Click update to update
the coefficients to
ANSYS database.

Curve Plotting
• Command for plotting curves

– TBFT, PLOT, ID, option1, option2, option3,
option4,…,Option7
– Option1 = UNIA, BIAX, SHEA, VOLU
– Option2 = HYPER
– Option4 = 2, 5, 9 for Option2=MOON; 1,2,3, or n for POLY,
OGDE, YEOH

Graphics Plot of Fitting curves
OGDEN,2

MOON,5

OGDE,3

Data Fitting
• Command for updating results to ANSYS database

– TBFT, FSET, ID, option1, option2, option3
– Option1 = HYPER
– Option3 = 2, 5, 9 for Option2=MOON; 1,2,3, or n for POLY,
OGDE, YEOH

Data Fitting
• Update coefficients to ANSYS database
After update, the hyperelastic option appears in the right hand side of GUI
ANSYS Log file
• The commands are written to log file

Temperature Dependent Curve Fitting
84
Purpose
• The purpose of the project is to generate coefficients from

temperature dependent experimental data.
• This is applicable to all HyperElastic, ViscoElastic(Prony
Series) and Implicit Creep models.
• This is an extension of the existing curve fitting capabilities
for all the above mentioned material models.

Experimental Data Definition
• Add data at various temperatures and as many as you like in the

following format. This is applicable to all experimental data
types.
(uniaxial, biaxial, shear, volumetric, creep,…)
Example;
/temp,100
0.0 1
0.1 2
0.2 3
• Only one temperature per file.

New Functionality
• A new option is added to enable temperature dependent

curve fitting.
• With the temperature dependent option on, The solver
filters experimental data depending on the temperature
and generates separate sets of coefficients at
corresponding temperatures.
• There are two solution procedures
– Set a temperature and solve. Repeat this for all other
temperatures, verify/view the results and save the
coefficient to ansys material database.
– Set the temperature to “all” and solve. This will solve for
all temperatures at once. Verify/view the results and
save to database.
• The plot page plots the curves at all temperatures.
Step by step procedure
• Import Experimental Data

– One temperature per file
• Pick an appropriate material model.
• Enable temperature dependent curve fitting
(tbft,set,categ,func,opt,tdep,1)
• Solution
– Set the temperature (tbft,set,categ,func,opt,tref,temp1)
– Solve
– Set the temperature (tbft,set,categ,func,opt,tref,temp2)
– Solve ……
Or
– Set the temperature (tbft,set,categ,func,opt,tref,all)
– Solve command solves for coefficients at all temperatures.
• Verify the results using plots for all temperatures.

• Save the data to Ansys database.

Sample Script
/prep7 tbft,set,1,hyper,moon,2,tdep,1
! Define Material
tbft,set,1,hyper,moon,2,tref,100
tbft,fadd,1,hyper,moon,2 tbft,solve,1,hyper,moon,2,0
! Define Uniaxial Data tbft,set,1,hyper,moon,2,tref,200

tbft,eadd,1,unia,unia-100.exp tbft,solve,1,hyper,moon,2,0
tbft,eadd,1,unia,unia-200.exp
tbft,eadd,1,unia,unia-300.exp tbft,set,1,hyper,moon,2,tref,300
tbft,solve,1,hyper,moon,2,0
tbft,eadd,1,unia,unia-400.exp
tbft,set,1,hyper,moon,2,tref,400
! Define Volumetric Data tbft,solve,1,hyper,moon,2,0a
tbft,eadd,1,volu,volu-100.exp
tbft,eadd,1,volu,volu-200.exp tbft,list,1
tbft,eadd,1,volu,volu-300.exp tbft,fset,1,hyper,moon,2
tbft,eadd,1,volu,volu-400.exp tblis,all,all
Contd ……….. fini

Temperature dependent
Uniaxial Experimental Data

Solver Page

HyperElastic Polynomial –
Uniaxial Data Fit at four temperatures

Saved Coefficients in
Ansys Material GUI

Vicoelastic Material
94
Background on Viscoelasticity
• There are two aspects common to viscoelasticity,

which involve time- and temperature-dependency:
– Comprised of elastic and anelastic response for
deviatoric and/or volumetric strains.
– Possible temperature-dependecy introduced via
• Temperature-dependent relaxation constants
• Thermorheologically simple (TRS) assumption
• No temperature-dependency

New Viscoelasticity Capabilities
• In 6.1, a new viscoelasticity capability has been

introduced
– SHELL181, PLANE182/183, and SOLID185-187 support new
viscoelastic behavior
– Viscoelastic capability can be combined with both hypo- and
hyperelasticity. This provides user with finite-strain viscoelastic
capabilities.
– Input is in a much easier, flexible format than previous
viscoelastic capabilities (VISCO88/89).
– Time-dependent response in the form of Prony constants is input
with TB,PRONY table.
– Possible temperature-dependency input:
• Temperature-dependent Prony constants via TB,PRONY.
• TRS behavior via shift function, specified with TB,SHIFT.

Anelastic Response
• Viscoelasticity describes material response

σ which contains an elastic and viscous part
. – The elastic response is instantaneous
ε
– Viscous response occurs over time (anelastic)
• The rate effect is such that there is limiting

ε behavior for fast and slow loading
σ . – As strain rate decreases, the bulk/shear moduli
ε→∞ also decreases
– For high strain rates, the elastic response is the
limiting behavior
. – For low strain rates, the ‘viscous’ response is
ε→0 the limiting behavior
ε
Anelastic Response (cont’d)
• Creep
ε
– Under constant applied stress, strain
ε∞
increases monotonically.
– Cases of linear and exponential creep
ε0
shown on right
t • Stress Relaxation
– Under constant applied strain, stress
σ
decreases asymptotically.
σ0
σ∞
t

Anelastic Response (cont’d)
• Shear and bulk moduli are functions of

time and are represented with Prony
series.
N
⎛ t ⎞
G (t ) = G∞ + ∑ Gi exp⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟ where τi is the relaxation time for each Prony
i =1 ⎝ τi ⎠ component Gi.
– As with other material behavior, volumetric and
deviatoric terms are separated. Shown on
right is shear modulus, but similar behavior can
be defined for bulk modulus with separate
relaxation values.
⎡ N
⎛ t ⎞⎤
– Instead of inputting values as shown, we
G (t ) = G∞ ⎢α ∞ + ∑ α i exp⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟⎥ introduce relative moduli αi=Gi/Go. N values of
⎣ i =1 ⎝ τ i ⎠⎦
αi and τi are input for shear and/or bulk moduli.
– Relative moduli and relaxation times can be
input as temperature-dependent constants.
TRS Behavior
• Thermorheologically Simple Behavior

– As mentioned earlier, viscoelastic materials
can be time- and temperature-dependent.
G
Both dependencies may need to be
G(0)
accounted for.
T0 < T1 < T2
T2 T1
T0
– Thermorheologically simple (TRS) behavior
G(∞)
means that time & temperature are the same
ln(t)
phenomenon. This means that the
Shifting of Relaxation Modulus viscoelastic response vs. log(time) function
with Change in Temperature
translates with change in temperature.
– Another way of stating the above is that the
material response to a load at a high
temperature over a short duration is the same
as the response at a lower temperature over a
longer duration.

TRS Behavior (cont’d)
• ANSYS’s elements which use viscoelastic capabilities can be

specified to have TRS behavior. This assumption allows for a
relationship with time and temperature dependency. This
adequately describes many amorphous polymers.
• A consequence of this is that the short-term G(t=0) and long-term
G(t=∞) moduli will remain the same, regardless of the temperature
(i.e., the upper and lower limits on the previous graph will remain the
same for any translational shift).
• This allows for the definition of viscoelastic behavior at a one
temperature yet captures the response at other temperatures.
Using the concepts of reduced time and the shift function (discussed
next), the viscoelastic response is ‘shifted’ to account for behavior at
another temperature. Depending on the material, different shift
functions are used.

• Mathematically, the aforementioned TRS

behavior is expressed by the change in
the relaxation times of the Prony
components
1 – The relaxation times for shear and/or bulk
ti (T ) = ti (Tr )
A(T , Tr ) moduli must obey a scaling law as shown on
the right, where T is the temperature and Tr is
the ‘reference’ or ‘base’ temperature
– The shift function, A(T), describes the shifting
of the response curve. There are two
predefined shift functions which can be used in
ANSYS, William-Landel-Ferry and Tool-
Narayanaswamy shift functions. A user-
defined shift function may also be specified.

• In ANSYS, numerical integration is

performed with respect to time.
ti (T ) = ti (Tr )
1 – Hence, the Prony representation is
A(T , Tr ) rewritten with time instead of
t ti (Tr ) temperature.
ξ =∫ dt '
0 t (T )
i – It is important to note that this shifting
ti (Tr ) of the response curve is done with
A(T (t '))dt '
t
ξ =∫
0 t (T )
i r reduced or pseudo time (ξ). Using
ξ = ∫ A(T (t '))dt '
t
reduced time, isothermal equations
0
can now be used to describe non-
isothermal processes.

Usage of Viscoelasticity
• Various materials may exhibit viscoelastic response

– Polymers
• Usually described by WLF shift function
• Elastomers (rubber industry)
• Underfill, mold compound (electronics packaging)
– Glass
• Described by TN shift function
• Volumetric change often important
– Metals
• Usually, metal anelastic response is negligible and not considered
– Other
• Wood, concrete (Note that SOLID65 does not support
PRONY/SHIFT or EVISC)

Supported Element Types
• The new viscoelasticity material model is

supported by SHELL181-SOLID187
– LINK180 and BEAM188/189 are not supported
– VISCO88/89 still use their own viscoelastic
input with TB,EVISC and are not discussed
here.
• Large-deformation behavior is supported
– All of the element options are applicable for
viscoelasticity as well, including B-Bar, URI,
Enhanced Strain, Mixed U-P.
– All states of stress for 2D elements are
supported: plane strain, plane stress,
axisymmetry

Procedure for Viscoelastic Input
• The Materials GUI allows specification of viscoelastic

material parameters.
Main Menu > Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models…
Materials GUI > Structural > Nonlinear > Viscoelastic > Prony

Procedure for Viscoelastic Input (cont’d)
1. Isotropic linear elastic materials (MP,EX &

NUXY) or nonlinear hyperelastic materials
(TB,HYPER) must be input first.
• For hypoelastic behavior, material response must
be isotropic.
– Currently, orthotropic (MP,EX/EY/EZ) and
anisotropic elastic behavior (TB,ANEL) are not
supported.
MP,EX ,1,10e6 • For hyperelastic behavior, all hyperelastic material
MP,NUXY,1,0.3 models are supported.
– These include Ogden, Polynomial, Mooney-
Rivlin, Neo-Hookean, Arruda-Boyce.
• All elastic input values can be temperature-
dependent
TB,HYPER,1,1,2,OGDEN
TBDATA,1,5.6,2,-3.8,-2
2. Shear and volumetric response can be input by

specifying relative moduli and relaxation times via
TB,PRONY.
• Note that shear and volumetric response do not have to
have same number of Prony constants
• User does not have to input both shear and volumetric
response. It will depend on material characteristics.
– For example, volumetric relaxation is often negligible
in many materials. In this situation, only shear
TB,PRONY,1,1,4,SHEAR
TBDATA,1,0.2,5 response will be specified with TB,PRONY.
TBDATA,3,0.3,2 • Up to 6 temperature-dependent sets of 6 pairs of
constants can be input for deviatoric and volumetric
response.
– Simply use buttons in Materials GUI to add/delete
temperature sets or rows (pairs).
TB,PRONY,1,1,2,BULK
TBDATA,1,0.05,2

3. The shift function can then be defined with

TB,SHIFT. Selection of WLF, TN, or User-
defined shift function can be made through the
pop-up menu.
• Shift function constants are not temperature-
dependent
• Generally speaking, WLF is suitable for
polymers while TN is used for glass
TB,SHIFT,1,1,3,1 • For isothermal case (anelastic behavior only) or
TBDATA,1,418,30.6,51.6
temperature-dependent Prony constant input,
shift function is not required.

Summary of Material Input
• The below table summarizes the material combinations possible

with the new viscoelasticity capability:
Hypoelasticity Hyperelasticity
Isothermal Case MP,EX + TB,HYPER +
TB,PRONY TB,PRONY
Temperature- MP,EX + TB,HYPER +
dependent Prony TB,PRONY TB,PRONY
Constants (Up to 6 sets) (Up to 6 sets)
TRS Assumption MP,EX + TB,HYPER +
TB,PRONY + TB,PRONY +
TB,SHIFT TB,SHIFT
– With the exception of hyperelasticity, viscoelasticity cannot presently be

combined with any other nonlinear material model.

Solving Viscoelastic Problems
• Solution of viscoelastic problems are similar to most

general nonlinear problems
– Use NLGEOM,ON, as needed
– CUTCONTROL will not take viscoelastic strains into
consideration, so user must verify that time step is small
enough in transition region
– For continuum elements, if shear and/or volumetric locking
may be a problem, use appropriate element technologies
(e.g., B-Bar, Enhanced Strain, Mixed U/P, URI)

Postprocessing Considerations
• Postprocessing considerations are similar to any other

material model.
– Note that if volumetric relaxation is assumed, use care in
evaluating equivalent elastic strain results.

Differences with VISCO88/89
For users familiar with older VISCO88/89 elements, the

following comparison may be useful:
SHELL181, PLANE18x, SOLID18x VISCO88/89

Element Types Supported SHELL, PLANE, SOLID PLANE (except plane stress), SOLID
Large Deformation Yes No
Viscoelasticity + Hypoelasticity Yes Yes
Viscoelasticity + Hyperelasticity Yes No
Material Input TB,PRONY for Prony constants and TB,EVISC with 95 constants
TB,SHIFT for shift function
Shear/Bulk Moduli Input Instantaenous value determined from MP or Instantaneous and long-term shear/bulk moduli
TB,HYPER need to be specified
Prony Constants Relative moduli input as αi=G i/G o Coefficients input as Ci=G i/(G o-G ∞)
(Standard, widely-used input format) (Input not as common as other FEA vendors)
Number of Prony Constants Up to 6 constants per temperature Up to 10 constants
Temperature-dependent Prony Up to 6 temperature-dependent sets for No
Constant Input PRONY (SHIFT constants not temperature-
dependent)
Shift Functions Available (TRS) W LF, TN, and User-defined W LF, TN, and User-defined
Relative Temperature As input to TB,SHIFT As input to TB,EVISC for W LF. Use TREF for
TN.
Fictive Temperature No Yes, and output available
Grow th Strain No Yes, and output available
Effective Bulk/Shear Moduli No Yes
Output

Gasket Material
114
Background on Gaskets
• Gaskets serve two main purposes in many

structural assemblies:
– Provide tight and durable seal between parts
– Transfer mechanical forces between components
• Characteristics of Gaskets:
– Multi-layered, metal, elastomer
– Thin in one direction, but through-thickness
behavior is most important
– Usually negligible in-plane stiffness
– As a result, can exhibit highly nonlinear loading
and unloading behavior with permanent
deformations
Example of Gaskets used in Engines

Background on Gasket Behavior
• Because gaskets are often multilayered

materials, the overall response is quite
nonlinear.
– Complete gasket behavior is characterized by
a pressure vs. mechanical closure
relationship
– Unloading paths can be different, depending
Pressure
on the point at which unloading occurs

– Permanent deformations can exist in the
Closure
material, as shown in the curve on right

Gasket Material and Elements
• In 6.1, gasket material and elements have been

introduced to model gasket behavior
– Gasket material provides simplified relationship
• Pressure vs. closure relationship is input directly, rather
than needing to model layers in detail
• This is more computationally efficient, as regular
continuum and contact elements are not required
• Gasket interface elements are designed to have one
element thru thickness, so easier modeling.
– Gasket pressure vs. closure relationship provides
response of gasket material
• Pressure vs. closure relationship can be determined
experimentally (test data)
• A separate FE model with continuum elements may be
used to calculate curves analytically

Procedure for Gasket Joint Simulation
• Besides regular steps associated with any nonlinear

analysis in ANSYS, gasket joint simulation requires some
additional steps:
1. Define INTER19x interface elements for use with gasket
material.
2. Define TB,GASKET gasket material parameters, including
compression and unloading curve(s).
3. Generate INTER19x elements, ensuring one element
through thickness with correct node numbering.
4. Apply all other loads/b.c. and solving model.
5. After solution, postprocess gasket elements separately.

Specifying Interface Elements
• The Interface (INTER19x) family of elements has been

introduced to model gasket behavior.
– INTER192 is 4-node linear planar element
– INTER193 is 6-node quadratic planar element
– INTER194 is 16-node quadratic solid element
• Degenerate wedge form allowed
– INTER195 is 8-node linear solid element
INTER192 INTER193 INTER194 INTER195

Specifying Interface Elements (cont’d)
• The interface elements need closure value:

– Closure is the relative displacement between top and
Sample Interface Element
bottom of gasket. This is required since behavior is
defined by pressure vs. closure.
– Hence, gasket must be only one element thick.
Closure
– The midplane of the element serves as the location
where numerical integration is performed (different from
Midplane
continuum elements)
Integration point locations on
midplane shown with “x” – Element coordinate system not affected by ESYS but by
node numbering.
• Node number determines ‘top’ and ‘bottom’ of element to
calculate closure distance correctly
• Special meshing considerations apply
• Use of /PSYM,ESYS,1 can be used to verify element x-axis
is oriented correctly.
/PSYM,ESYS,1 with /DEV,VECTOR,1

shows element CS, x-axis in thickness
direction
Specifying Interface Elements (cont’d)
• Specifications of the Interface Elements:

– Gasket elements require that top and bottom nodes are
matching
– For computational efficiency, it is recommended to connect
gasket interface elements with other non-interface elements
directly.
– Higher-order interface elements (INTER193, 194) do not
have midplane nodes.
• No midplane nodes since midplane is calculated by averaging
top and bottom nodes only
• The higher-order elements are currently not compatible with
other elements (such as heat-transfer elements) in sequential
coupled-field analyses

Defining Gasket Material
• The gasket material can be specified in the Materials GUI:
Materials GUI > Structural > Nonlinear > Inelastic > Gasket

Defining Gasket Material (cont’d)
• General parameters can be defined for each

gasket material
– If an initial gap exists, this can be input.
• Default value is zero (no initial gap).
– “Stable Stiff” is for numerical stability.
• The default value is zero.
• This is required in some cases, for example, if gasket
is opened and no stiffness is present (see next point),
which may cause numerical difficulty.
TB,GASKET,2,1,,PARA – A stress cap for tension can also be defined.
TBTEMP,0.0
• By default, no tensile stiffness (zero) is assumed
TBDATA,1,1/11,0,0
• Tensile stiffness (if allowed by non-zero value) is first
slope of compression curve.
– There is no limit on the number of temperature-
dependent sets for gasket parameters.

• The Compression curve defines loading

behavior.
– Pressure vs. closure (not stress vs. strain) is
input to characterize thru-thickness response.
– Closure is the relative displacement between
the top and bottom of gasket.
– In-plane stiffness assumed to be negligible
– There is no limit on the number of data points
TB,GASKET,2,1,6,COMP or of temperature sets which can be defined
TBTEMP,0
TBPT,,0.027,2.08
Pressure
Closure

• The Linear Unloading option is one way of

defining unloading behavior.
– Provides a simple way of defining unloading
behavior by specifying a straight line
– Each entry consists of closure value at which
unloading starts and unloading slope
– Input more ‘points’ for each unload slope
– Inelastic behavior (permanent deformation)
TB,GASKET,2,1,5,LUNL – There is no limit on the number of unloading
TBTEMP,0
TBPT,,0.1524E-03,2.43E+11
slopes, data points, or temperature sets which
can be defined.
Pressure
Closure

• The Nonlinear Unloading curve is the other

way of defining unloading behavior.
– Provides a more complex way of defining
unloading behavior by specifying a piecewise
linear curve
– Each point consists of a closure and pressure
pair. Add more points to define entire curve
– For permanent deformation, ensure that each
TB,GASKET,3,,6,NUNL
curve has a pressure value of zero with a non-
TBTEMP,0.0 zero closure value.
TBPT,,1.78E-04,1.49E+07
– Repeat process for each curve desired.
– There is no limit on the number of data points,
unloading curves, or temperature sets which
Pressure
can be defined
Closure

• The Nonlinear Unloading curve dialog box has a few features to

make input easier.
1. Ability to add temperature sets
2. Ability to add/remove points along a given curve
3. Ability to add/remove/browse through curves
4. Ability to plot resulting curves
Pressure
1 2 3 4
Closure

• Coefficient of Thermal Expansion can also be defined.

– Thermal expansion occurs in element x-direction only
(through-thickness)
or
d th = α x ⋅ ∆T ⋅ h
GKTH = ALPX ⋅ (T − REFT ) ⋅ Height INTER19 x
MP,ALPX,1,20e-6
MP,REFT,1,20

• After defining data, be sure to plot data to verify

correct input
– Plot compression/unloading curves, including any
temperature-dependencies which may be present
– Ability to plot is in dialog box for
compression/unloading curves or via
• Utility Menu > Plot > Data Tables …
• TBPLOT,GASKET,matno,tbopt,temp,segn
– The matno option is material number
– The tbopt option is all gasket data, compression, or
unloading data only
– The temp option is what temperatures to plot (all or
curves associated with specified temperature)
– The segn option is to add segment numbers on the
plot.

• Assumptions related to gasket material

– If response is outside of compression curve, slope
of last segment is used.
• For temperatures between defined temperature sets, linear
interpolation is used
• If outside of temperature range, closest temperature data of
compression curve will be used.
Pressure
– Linear or nonlinear unloading can be defined.

• If unloading occurs between defined curves, linear interpolation
is used
• If outside of closure range, closest closure values are used for
Closure unloading curve.
• Reloading occurs along unloaded path
– Response assumed to be rate-independent
• Rate-dependent effects currently not considered.
• Cannot combine with other nonlinear material models.

Generating Interface Elements
• The INTER19x elements have special considerations for

mesh-generation:
– INTER19x elements require only one element through thickness
– Node numbering is important for INTER19x elements to determine
element normal
• /PSYM,ESYS,1 can be used to verify element normal, with element x-
axis pointing in thickness direction
– Higher-order INTER193,194 do not have nodes on its midplane
• Because of this, the IMESH command has been
introduced.
– User can use IMESH to generate INTER19x
– If other methods are used, such as VDRAG or EGEN, user must
verify above points.

Generating Interface Elements (cont’d)
• After defining and activating appropriate

INTER19x element types and GASKET
materials, issue IMESH to create elements:
– Main Menu > Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh >
Interface Mesh > 2D/3D Interface +
– IMESH, laky, nsla, ntla, kcn, dx, dy, dz, tol
• Other meshing methods need special

considerations
– VDRAG, EGEN can be used to generate all
INTER19x elements
– VMESH, VSWEEP cannot be used to generate
INTER19x elements

Solving Model
• Although gasket closure is considered to be inelastic,

CUTCONTROL does not currently account for gasket
closure for bisection purposes. Hence, the user should
ensure that the timestep is small enough to capture path-
dependent response
• Use of 17x contact elements with gasket elements are
available for situations with non-matching meshes.

Postprocessing Gasket Elements
• Gasket output is available as a separate

postprocessing item
– Similar to 17x contact output, gasket output is
specific to the interface elements, so a separate
gasket output category is available.
– Gasket stress and closure values are available.
Closure is subdivided to mechanical and thermal
closure, and ‘total closure’ is the sum of the two.
– Users can list or plot element or nodal gasket
solution in the General Postprocessor with
PLESOL, PLNSOL, PRESOL, PRNSOL.
– For Time-History Postprocessing, ESOL supports
Gasket output.
– Ability to define a coordinate system for output of
gasket pressure and closure

• Sample contour plot of gasket total closure (left) and

gasket pressure (right) with two materials.

• Some additional points to keep in mind:

– Gasket mechanical closure (GKDI,X) includes any initial gap,
if specified, so user should keep this in mind when
postprocessing. If comparing pressure vs. closure
relationship directly, user will need to offset results by initial
gap value.
– For general postprocessing, Query of gasket output is not
currently available.
– For time-history postprocessing, ANSOL is not currently
supported for Gasket output at 6.1.

Cohezive Zone Elements
137
Cohesive elements & Material
• Application
– Modeling of interface separation/delamination
– Applicable to any of material systems in which interface
exists
– Glue behavior of material

Cohesive Elements and Material
2D
– Continuum Elements Cohesive Zone Elements
202 203
L K L N K
– 3D I J I M J
K K
O W O
L L
205 204 V
R
J X J
U
I N I N
Q
M M
Interface elements with zero thickness

Cohesive Element and Material
• Element characteristics
– Primary interest in tension/opening
– Separation behavior is described by a traction separation law
– Accounts for contact with a simple penalty approach
– Works with contact elements for better contact modeling
T T
δ
δ
• Cohesive zone model

– Exponential model
Surface potential
⎡ ⎛ δn ⎞ ⎛ δ 2t ⎞ ⎛ δ ⎞ ⎤
φ(∆) = eσmax δn ⎢1 − ⎜⎜1 + ⎟⎟ exp⎜ − 2 ⎟ exp⎜⎜ − ⎟⎟⎥
n
⎜ δ ⎟
⎣⎢ ⎝ δn ⎠ ⎝ t ⎠ ⎝ δn ⎠⎥⎦
Traction across the surface
T
∂φ(∆)
T=
∂∆ δ

• Material definition
– Material model parameters
– Data input σmax δt δn

TB,CZM,mat,ntemp,npts,EXPO
TBDATA,1,c1,c2,c3
C1 – σmax
C2 – δn
C3 – δt

• POST processing
– POST1
Command
PLESOL, PLNSOL
PRESOL, PRNSOL
– Stress, separation components
SS: SSX,SSXY,SSXZ
SD: SDX,SDXY,SDXZ
x
z

Implicit Creep Analysis
144
Background on Creep
• In crystalline materials, such as metals, creep mechanism is

linked to diffusional flow of vacancies and dislocation
movement.
– Vacancies are point defects, and they tend to favor grain
boundaries that are normal, rather than parallel, to the applied
stress. Vacancies tend to move from regions of high to low
concentrations. Diffusional flow can occur at low stresses but
usually require high temperatures.
– Dislocations in grains are line defects. The movement of
dislocations (climb, glide, deviation) tend to be activated by high
stresses, although it may also occur at intermediate
temperatures.
– Grain boundary sliding is sometimes considered as a separate
mechanism which also contributes to creep deformation.

Background on Creep (cont’d)
• Although a detailed discussion of material science is beyond the scope

of this seminar, it may suffice to say that the aforementioned physical
mechanics contribute to creep. The dependency of creep deformation
on stress, strain, time, and temperature are generally modeled with a
form similar to the following:
ε&cr = f1 (σ ) f 2 (ε ) f 3 (t ) f 4 (T )
• The functions f1-4 are dependent on the creep law selected.
– Associated creep constants are usually obtained through various tensile tests at
different strain rates and temperatures.
• Assuming isotropic behavior, the von Mises equation is used to
compute the effective stress, and the equivalent strain is used in the
creep strain rate equation (similar to rate-independent plasticity).
– At 6.0, we can use HILL potential along with implicit creep to model anisotropic
creep behavior.

• ANSYS uses the additive strain decomposition when calculating

elastic, plastic, and creep strain:
Stress-strain σ& = D : ε&el
Additive decomposition ε& = ε&el + ε& pl + ε&cr
Creep strains are evaluated based on the creep strain rate

equations, specific forms of which will be discussed later.
• The elastic, creep, and plastic strains are all evaluated on the
(current) stress state, but they are calculated independently (not
based on each other).
– Note that there is a difference between calculations performed
using implicit creep vs. explicit creep.

• Creep, like plasticity, is an irreversible (inelastic) strain which is

based on deviatoric behavior. The material is assumed to be
incompressible under creep flow.
• On the other hand, creep, unlike rate-independent plasticity, has no
yield surface at which inelastic strains occur.
– Hence, creep does not require a higher stress value for more creep
strain to occur. Creep strains are assumed to develop at all non-
zero stress values.
• Creep and viscoplasticity are the same from a material standpoint.
– In engineering usage, creep is generally used to describe a
thermally-activated process with a low strain rate. Rate-
independent plastic and implicit creep strains are treated in a
weakly coupled manner.
– Conversely, viscoplasticity constitutive models in ANSYS are used
to describe high-strain-rate applications (e.g., impact loading).
Inelastic strains are treated in a strongly coupled manner.
Definition of Terms
• Three stages of creep:

– Under constant load, the uniaxial strain vs. time behavior of
creep is shown below.
– In the primary stage, the strain rate decreases with time. This
tends to occur over a short period. The secondary stage has a
constant strain rate associated with it. In the tertiary stage, the
strain rate increases rapidly until failure (rupture).
ε
Rupture
Primary Secondary
Tertiary
© 2005 ANSYS, Inc. 149

t ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary
Definition of Terms (cont’d)
• Three stages of creep (cont’d):

– The creep strain rate may be a function of stress, strain,
temperature, and/or time.
– For engineering analysis, the primary and secondary stages of
creep are usually of greatest interest. Tertiary creep is usually
associated with the onset of failure (necking, damage) and is
short-lived. Hence, tertiary creep is not modeled in ANSYS.
– The strain rate associated with primary creep is usually much
greater than those associated with secondary creep. However,
the strain rate is decreasing in the primary stage whereas it is
usually nearly constant in the secondary stage (for the
aforementioned uniaxial test case at constant stress and
temperature). Also, primary creep tends to be of a shorter period
than secondary creep.

ε
• Creep
– Under constant applied stress,
creep strain increases.
σ
• Stress Relaxation
– Under constant applied strain,
stress decreases.

• Time-hardening
ε
– Assumes that the creep strain rate σ1
depends only upon the time from
the beginning of the creep process. A σ2
In other words, the curve shifts

up/down. As stress changes from B
ε&cr ∝ t n
σ1 to σ2, the different creep rates
t
are calculated at points A to B.
• Strain-hardening ε
– Assumes that the creep rate depends σ1
only on the existing strain of the σ2

material. In other words, the curve A
B
shifts left/right. As stress changes
ε&cr ∝ ε n
from σ1 to σ2, the different creep strain
rates are calculated at points A to B. t
• Explicit creep
– Explicit creep means that the forward Euler method is used for
the calculation of creep strain evolution. The creep strain rate
used at each time step corresponds to the rate at the beginning
of the time step and is assumed to be constant throughout that
time step ∆t. Because of this, very small time steps are required
to minimize error.
ε&cr = f (σ t , ε t , T t + ∆t , L)
– For explicit creep with plasticity, plasticity correction is performed
first followed by creep correction. These two corrections occur at
different stress values; therefore, it may be less accurate.

• Implicit creep
– Implicit creep refers to the use of backward Euler integration for
creep strains. This method is numerically unconditionally stable.
This means that it does not require as small a time-step as the
explicit creep method, so it is much faster overall.
ε&cr = f (σ t + ∆t , ε t + ∆t , T t + ∆t , L)
– For implicit creep plus rate-independent plasticity, the plasticity
correction and creep correction done at the same time, not
independently. Consequently, implicit creep is generally more
accurate than explicit creep, but it is still dependent on the time-
step size. A small enough time-step must be used to capture the
path-dependent behavior accurately.
• Implicit creep is the recommended method in ANSYS for the
reasons stated above (efficiency, accuracy).

Implicit vs. Explicit Creep
The table below summarizes differences between implicit and explicit creep:
Implicit Creep Explicit Creep
Recommended
Integration Scheme Backward Euler Forward Euler
(More Efficent, Less Substeps) (Less Efficient, More Substeps)
Plasticity Calculations Simultaenous Superposition
(More Accurate) (Less accurate)
Plasticity Models BISO, MISO, NLISO, BKIN, HILL Most models supported (no
Supported restrictions)
Temperature- Through Arrhenius function. Through creep equations
Dependency Temperature-dependent (Arrhenius function). No
constants temperature-dependent
constants.
Elements Supported Core and 18x elements Core and Misc elements
Turn on/off creep effects Through RATE command None available1
Creep limit control CUTCON,CRPLIMIT,crvalue,1 CUTCON,CRPLIMIT,crvalue,0
No default value, although values By default, 10%. Stability limit
of 1-10 are recommended. requires < 25%.
1
For explicit creep, the creep calculations are bypassed if T+TOFFSET < 0.0, time step < 1e-6,
or C1 < 0.0 (for primary creep)

General Creep Equation
• As noted earlier, the creep equations are usually of a rate

form similar to the one below:
ε&cr = f1 (σ ) f 2 (ε ) f 3 (t ) f 4 (T )
• However, the type of material being analyzed determines the
choice of a specific creep equation. Some general
characteristics will be discussed presently. Specific models
will be covered in the implicit and explicit creep sections.
– The implicit and explicit creep equations are also covered in the
Elements Manual, Ch. 2.5.

General Creep Equation (cont’d)
Temperature-dependency
– Creep effects are thermally activated, and its temperature
dependence is usually expressed through the Arrhenius law:
Q
−
ε&cr ∝ e RT
where Q is the activation energy, R is the universal gas constant,

and T is absolute temperature.
Stress dependency
– Creep strain is also usually stress-dependent, especially with
dislocation creep. Norton’s law is:
ε&cr ∝ σ n
A common modification to the above power law is as follows:
ε&cr ∝ e Cσ

Primary creep usually exhibits either time- or strain-hardening.

– Time-hardening is the inclusion of a time-dependent term:
ε&cr ∝ t m
– Strain-hardening is the inclusion of a strain-dependent term:

ε&cr ∝ ε n
– Determination of which to use (strain- or time-hardening) is

based upon material data available.
– Secondary creep does not exhibit time- or strain-hardening.
Creep strain rate is usually constant for secondary stage.

• Below is a summary of creep laws available in ANSYS:

Explicit Implicit
Creep Equation Description Type C6/C12 value TBOPT value
Strain Hardening Primary C6=0 1
Time Hardening Primary C6=1 2
Generalized Exponential Primary C6=2 3
Generalized Graham Primary - 4
Generalized Blackburn Primary - 5
Modified Time Hardening Primary - 6
Modified Strain Hardening Primary - 7
Generalized Garofalo (Hyperbolic sine) Secondary - 8
Exponential Form Secondary C12=0 9
Norton Secondary C12=1 10
Time Hardening Both - 11
Rational Polynomial Both C6=15 12
Generalized Time Hardening Primary - 13
User Creep C6=100 100
Annealed 304 Stainless Steel Both C6=9 -
Annealed 2.25 Cr - 1 Mo Low Alloy Steel Both C6=11 -
Power Function Creep Law Primary C6=12 -
Sterling Power Function Creep Law Both C6=13 -
20% Cold W orked 316 SS (Irradiation-Induced) Both C66=5 -
• As noted earlier, implicit creep is the recommended method to use,

whenever possible.

• Element types supported for implicit creep material:

– Core elements: PLANE42, SOLID45, PLANE82, SOLID92, and
SOLID95
– 18x family of elements: LINK180, SHELL181, PLANE182,
PLANE183, SOLID185, SOLID186, SOLID187, BEAM188, and
BEAM189.
• The 18x family of elements are the recommended choice for
implicit creep analyses.
– Because of the wide range of element technology available in
the 18x series, these elements offer greater flexibility and power.
These formulations include B-Bar, URI, Enhanced Strain, and
Mixed U-P.
– The 18x series also support more constitutive models than the
core elements, including hyperelasticity.

Plasticity Models Supported
• Recall that creep is decoupled with rate-independent plasticity.

Implicit creep allows combinations with the following rate-
independent plasticity models:
– BISO, MISO, and NLISO with CREEP
(creep with isotropic hardening)
– BKIN with CREEP
(creep with kinematic hardening)
– HILL and CREEP
(anisotropic creep)
– BISO, MISO, and NLISO with HILL and CREEP
(anisotropic creep with isotropic hardening)
– BKIN with HILL and CREEP
(anisotropic creep with kinematic hardening)

Defining Implicit Creep
• To define an implicit creep model, you can use commands or

through the GUI (discussed on next slide).
• For implicit creep, temperature-dependency can be defined in
two ways:
– Temperature-dependent constants may be defined through
TBDATA (or Materials GUI)
– Many creep equations include the aforementioned Arrhenius
equation Q
−
ε&cr ∝ e RT
– The choice of either or both methods to include temperature-
dependency is determined by the user.

Defining Implicit Creep (cont’d)
• When defining implicit creep through commands, use

TB,CREEP with the specific creep model defined as TBOPT.
– TB, CREEP, mat, ntemp, npts, TBOPT
– TBTEMP defines temperature-dependent constants
– TBDATA defines the actual constants.
For the example below, TBOPT = 2 specifies that the time-hardening
creep equation will be used. Temperature dependent constants are
specified using the TBTEMP command, and the four constants
associated with this equation are specified as arguments with the
TBDATA command
TB,CREEP,1,1,4,2
TBTEMP,100
TBDATA,1,C1,C2,C3,C4

All implicit creep models can be selected in the Materials GUI

under:
• Structural > Nonlinear > Inelastic > Rate Dependent > Creep
1. Choose whether material
will use creep only or
creep with plasticity.
2. Selection of Hill or Mises
potential is required.
3. Specific creep law can
then be chosen.
Make sure to define the

necessary linear elastic
material properties first
(EX and PRXY).

• After selecting the appropriate implicit creep model, a separate

dialog box will appear with the required input.
– In the example below, a primary creep equation has been defined, and
the user is prompted to input four creep constants.
– Temperature-dependent constants may also be input.

Solution Options
• The solution of models containing creep materials is similar to

other nonlinear problems, but there are some special
considerations when solving problems with creep.
– Creep can be large or small strain, depending on the problem.
– Unlike other static nonlinear analyses with rate-independent
materials, “time” has significance in creep analyses.
• Make sure that the ending time is appropriate for the model and time
domain of interest
• Note that the analysis does not have to be a transient analysis. Inertial
effects (TIMINT) may be on or off, depending on the problem.
• Generally speaking, however, creep analyses do not consider inertial
effects (ANTYPE,STATIC or TIMINT,OFF) because the time domain is
long.

Solution Options (cont’d)
• For implicit creep only, the RATE (“Include strain rate

effect”) command can be used to turn creep effects on or
off during an analysis.
Main Menu > Solution > Analysis Type > Sol’n Controls > -
Nonlinear Tab- Creep Option
– This is useful to establish initial conditions. In this situation, a very
small ending TIME value (e.g., 1e-8) should be set, and rate effects
turned off (RATE,OFF). Solve as usual. Then, to turn creep
effects on, use RATE,ON and specify the real end time.
– The RATE command is only applicable for the following cases:
• Implicit creep with 18x elements (von Mises potential)
• Anisotropic implicit creep with 18x or core elements (Hill potential)

• Since creep is path-dependent, it is important to ensure that the

response is adequately captured. One measure of this which
ANSYS uses is the creep ratio Cs, defined as:
• Use Cutback Control (CUTCONTROL) to specify a maximum
∆ε
equivalent creep strain ratio, if desired.
cr
C =
ε
s et
Main Menu > Solution > Analysis Type > Sol’n Controls > -
Nonlinear Tab- Cutback Control
– CUTCONTROL,CRPLIMIT,crvalue,1 will impose a maximum creep
ratio of crvalue for implicit creep. By default, no implicit creep limit
control is specified.
– If, during a timestep, ANSYS calculates a creep strain ratio larger
than crvalue, then the solution is automatically bisected until the
creep limit is satisfied or the minimum time step is reached.

• Specify an absolute temperature offset with TOFFST.

Main Menu > Preprocessor > Material Props > Temperature
Units
– Oftentimes, thermal loads may be in ºC or ºF. TOFFST can
be used to have ANSYS internally convert to absolute units.
– Creep equations rely on absolute temperature specification,
such as in the Arrhenius function

Postprocessing
• In addition to reviewing elastic, thermal, and plastic strains,

one can review creep strains.
Main Menu > General Postproc > Plot Results > Nodal Solu …
Main Menu > General Postproc > Plot Results > Element Solu …
In the dialog box shown on

the left, the creep strain
category is selected.
Components, principal, and
effective creep strains can
be selected on the right-
hand choices.
Note that, at v6.0, Eff Nu is
not required. Actual
equivalent strains are
calculated and stored
except for line elements.

Postprocessing (cont’d)
• Creep strain energy density can also be retrieved and plotted

or listed.
Main Menu > General Postproc > Plot Results > Nodal Solu …
Main Menu > General Postproc > Plot Results > Element Solu …

Cast Iron Plasticity
172
Classification of Cast Iron
• Cast iron includes a wide range of iron alloys

– Contains appreciable amount of carbon and silicon in alloy
(silicon for softening affect), which affect mechanical
behavior
– Cooling rate also affects properties
– Cast iron has many advantages, including low cost, ability
Example of Cast Iron Engine Block to cast into complex shapes, good damping capabilities,
etc.
– Cast iron includes gray cast iron, nodular (ductile) cast
iron, white cast iron, malleable cast iron, etc. Each has
specific characteristics and microstructure. Subsequent
discussion will focus on gray cast iron.
Example of Cast Iron Pump

Background on Gray Cast Iron
• Gray cast iron is comprised of graphite flakes

in a pearlite/ferrite matrix.
– Unlike steels, which usually have < 1% carbon,
gray cast iron contains > 2% carbon. The
excess carbon precipitate forms graphite flakes
Graphite flakes in steel matrix
in the steel matrix during solidification.
– In compression, graphite flakes do not have a
significant effect on material behavior, and
σ
inelastic response is dominated by ductile steel.
Compression
– In tension, these graphite flakes act as stress
raisers which cause localized plastic flow at low
stresses (1/3 - 1/5 of compressive strength) and
σc
can eventually initiate fracture (i.e., low strength
σt
Tension in tension). The cracks also result in inelastic
ε
volume change.

Cast Iron Plasticity Assumptions
• In 6.1, the cast iron plasticity model was

introduced to model gray cast iron behavior
with the following assumptions:
– Supported by 18x series of elements.
– Model is for plastic, not brittle response.
Does not fracture/fail like SOLID65 concrete
model.
– Elastic behavior (MP) isotropic, so it is
assumed to be same in tension and
compression.
Chart of test data on Rankine and von Mises
yield surfaces for different metals. This
figure illustrates that cast iron (+) is not
– Different yield strength, flow, and hardening
well-represented by either criterion alone.
in tension and compression. Cast iron
exhibits nonassociative flow (discussed
later).

Cast Iron Assumptions (cont’d)
• Assumptions (cont’d):
– Inelastic strains assumed to be
incompressible in compression (νpl =
0.5).
– User-input plastic Poisson’s ratio
defines inelastic volume change in
tension. Although plastic Poisson’s
Chart of plastic Poisson’s ratio in tension vs.
compression for gray cast iron (Coffin).
ratio in tension can vary with stress,
Note the difference and variation in values
of plastic ν.
ANSYS assumes plastic Poisson’s
ratio only varies with temperature.
– Intended for monotonic loading only.
– Cannot be combined with any other
model.
Cast Iron Yield Criterion
σ2
• The yield criterion is a Mises cylinder
2D Principal Stress Space intersected with a Rankine cube
– The octahedral shear stress yield criterion
(Mises) is a cylinder in 3D principal stress space
(an ellipse in 2D). Since only deviatoric stresses
σ1
are assumed to cause yielding in compression,
there is no hydrostatic pressure dependence.
– The maximum normal stress yield criterion
σ1
(Rankine) is a box in 3D principal stress space
3D Principal Stress Space (rectangle in 2D). Yielding in tension is assumed
to occur when σ1,2,3 = σy. There is hydrostatic
p
dependence with this yield surface.
σ3 – Cast iron is assumed to have Mises yield
criterion in compression, Rankine yield criterion
in tension. This forms a composite yield surface
σ2
Cast Iron Yield Criterion (cont’d)
• Viewing the composite yield surface from

the meridional plane provides addt’l insight
– The figure on the left shows that if one
n
p goes from the tip of the composite yield
ressio
Comp θ=60° surface along the outside (parallel to the
axis of the cylinder), the two orange lines
Tensi
on
will differ.
– The meridional plane is a slice along the
axis of the cylinder (σ1=σ2=σ3=p axis).
σeqv
Tension – The slope along the tension line is 1.5,
whereas the slope along the compression
σc
1.5σt p
line is 3.0. Both lines intersect with σeqv=σc
as hydrostatic pressure (-p) increases.
3σt
σc • The “tension line” is called as such because
it is in the direction of +σ1. Conversely, the
Compression
+σeqv
“compression line” is aligned with direction of
Meridional plane -σ3.
Cast Iron Yield Criterion (cont’d)
σ3 • Understanding uniaxial behavior:

– The meridional plane is oriented at an angle
p
from the principal axes.
– If a specimen is loaded in uniaxial tension (travel
σ2
Uniaxial
along +σ1 axis), it will follow the red path shown
Tension on the left in principal stress space and in the
Uniaxial meridional plane.
σ1 Compression
– Likewise, a specimen loaded in uniaxial
+σeqv compression (travel along -σ3 axis) will follow the
Tension
dark green path.
σc
1.5σt σt p
3σt
σc
Compression σc
+σeqv
Meridional plane

Cast Iron Flow Rule
• The flow potential is different for tension and

compression.
– A cylinder with a conical cap represents the
compressive region in 3D principal stress
Tensile region
space, as shown on the left.
– An ellipsoidal cap represents the tensile region
(transparent volume on left), where the shape
of the ellipsoid is dependent on the amount of
inelastic volume change (plastic Poisson’s
ratio).
– Plastic strains develop normal to flow potential
– Because of the fact that the flow potential is
Compressive region different from the yield surface, this is an
Flow potential in 3D principal stress space
example of nonassociated flow. Hence, the
stiffness matrix is unsymmetric, and
NROPT,UNSYM should be used.
Cast Iron Hardening
• The cast iron constitutive model uses isotropic

hardening.
– Cast iron, being a brittle material, does not
σ exhibit a distinct yield point, as shown on the left
Compression
– This model is suitable for monotonic loading
situations only.
– In cyclic loading, gray cast iron would exhibit the
Bauschinger effect to some degree because of
σc
σt
Tension the steel matrix.
ε
– However, the yield surface under load reversal
would change due to the behavior of the
graphite flakes, and this effect is not captured
with this material model.

Cast Iron Hardening (cont’d)
• Evolution of the yield surface is different in

σ3
tension and compression.
– In hydrostatic tension (travel along +p axis), σt
evolves, as shown on the top left figure. On
the other hand, σc does not change.
σ2
– In compression, the yield surface expands,
Hydrostatic Tension though not uniformly. σc varies, based on
deviatoric inelastic strains. σt is updated,
σ1 σ3
based on deviatoric and volumetric inelastic
strains.
– The opaque areas on left show the original
yield surface, and the transparent areas show
σ2
the evolution of that yield surface under the
Compressive loading aforementioned loading conditions.
σ1

• All of the 18x elements support cast iron

plasticity
– LINK180, SHELL181, PLANE182-183,
SOLID185-187, and BEAM188-189.
• Points to keep in mind:

– If large compressive strains are expected, use of
B-Bar with lower-order 182, 185 is
recommended
– Currently, cast iron plasticity cannot be
combined with any other material model

Procedure for Cast Iron Input
• The Materials GUI allows specification of cast iron

material parameters.
Materials GUI > Structural > Nonlinear > Inelastic > Cast-Iron

Procedure for Cast Iron Input (cont’d)
1. Linear elastic materials (EX, NUXY)

must be input first. If not input, user will
be prompted to input values when
entering cast iron data.
– Isotropic elastic behavior is assumed.
MP,EX ,1,14.773e6 – Values can be temperature-dependent
MP,NUXY,1,0.2273
2. Under “Plastic Poisson’s Ratio,” input

the value under the “C1” constant.
– Up to 10 temperature-dependent values
can be input
TB,CAST,1,,,ISOTROPIC
TBTEMP,0
TBDATA,1,0.04

Procedure for Cast Iron Input (cont’d)
3. Under “Uniaxial Tension”, input true stress vs.

strain values. This defines σt data.
– Up to 20 data points can be defined
– Up to 10 temperature-dependent sets of data
can be input
– Values cannot currently be plotted (TBPLOT)
TB,UNIAXIAL,1,1,5,TENSION
TBTEMP,10
TBPT,,0.550e-03,0.813e+04
4. Under “Uniaxial Compression”, input true
stress vs. strain values. This defines σc data.
– Up to 20 data points can be defined
– Up to 10 temperature-dependent sets of data
can be input
– Values cannot currently be plotted (TBPLOT)
TB,UNIAXIAL,1,1,5,COMPRESSION
TBTEMP,10
TBPT,,0.203e-02,0.300e+05
Solving the Model
• Because cast iron plasticity is an example of

nonassociative flow, use of unsymmetric solver
will aid convergence.
– GUI: Main Menu > Solution (Unabridged) > Analysis
Type > Analysis Options
– Command: NROPT,UNSYM
– The unsymmetric option will require more memory and
will be slower per iteration but should require less total
iterations.
• As with all cases of inelastic strains, user can
control max plastic strain increment
– GUI: Main Menu > Solution > Sol’n Controls...
– Command: CUTCON,PLSLIMIT,value
– The monitor file (jobname.mntr) will list plastic strain
increment per substep in last column.

Postprocessing Considerations
• When viewing equivalent plastic strains, note that

ANSYS assumes that νpl=0.5.
– In compression, plastic strains are assumed to be
incompressible, so this is fine
– In tension, plastic strains have compressibility, as
specified by the plastic Poisson’s ratio input with
TB,CAST. Hence, the user should be aware of this and
postprocess plastic and total equivalent strains with
either one of the following methods:
• Select areas in tension and use ν’=νpl via AVRES,,ν’ command
• Use a macro to recalculate equivalent plastic and total strains

ANSYS Hyperelastic Materials

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ANSYS Hyperelastic Materials

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Hyperelastic Materials

• Elastomers are a class of polymers with the following

Example of Rubber boot, o-rings/seals

© 2005 ANSYS, Inc. 2 ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary

• On a macroscopic level, rubber behavior

© 2005 ANSYS, Inc. 3 ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary

• There are some key assumptions related to the hyperelastic

© 2005 ANSYS, Inc. 4 ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary

• Before proceeding to a detailed discussion on different forms of the

© 2005 ANSYS, Inc. 5 ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary

• To illustrate the definition of the principal stretch ratios by an

I1 = λ12 + λ22 + λ32

• If a material is fully incompressible, I3 = 1.

© 2005 ANSYS, Inc. 7 ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary

• The volume ratio J is defined as V

The elastic volumetric deformation is related to the total and thermal

© 2005 ANSYS, Inc. 8 ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary

• The strain energy potential (or strain energy function) is usually

© 2005 ANSYS, Inc. 9 ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary

• Because of material incompressibility, we split the deviatoric

© 2005 ANSYS, Inc. 10 ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary

© 2005 ANSYS, Inc. 11 ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary

• The polynomial form is based on the first and second strain

• where the initial bulk modulus and initial µ o = 2(c10 + c01 )

• This option is defined via TB,HYPER,,,N,POLY. cij and di are

© 2005 ANSYS, Inc. 12 ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary

• Sample definition of 2-term Polynomial form shown below.

– The three-term Mooney-Rivlin model is (

© 2005 ANSYS, Inc. 14 ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary

• For the 18x series of elements, this option is defined via

Two-Term MR Five-Term MR Nine-Term MR

• Sample definition of 3-term Mooney-Rivlin form shown below.

• The Yeoh model (a.k.a. reduced polynomial form) is similar to

The Yeoh model is commonly considered with N=3, although

• This option is defined via TB,HYPER,,,N,YEOH. ci0 and di are

© 2005 ANSYS, Inc. 17 ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary

• Although the Yeoh model is available from 5.7 onwards, it is

© 2005 ANSYS, Inc. 18 ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary

• The Neo-Hookean form can be thought of as a subset of the

• This option is defined via TB,HYPER,,,,NEO. The constants µ

© 2005 ANSYS, Inc. 19 ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary

• Sample definition of Neo-Hookean form shown below.

• The Arruda-Boyce form, also known as the eight-chain model, is a

• This option is defined via TB,HYPER,,,,BOYCE. Constants µ,

© 2005 ANSYS, Inc. 22 ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary

Sample definition of Arruda-Boyce form shown below.

• The Gent model is also micromechanical model, similar to Arruda-

© 2005 ANSYS, Inc. 24 ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary

• Although the Gent model is available from 5.7 onwards, it is

© 2005 ANSYS, Inc. 25 ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary

• The Ogden form, another phenomenological model, is directly

• This option is defined via TB,HYPER,,,N,OGDEN. µi, αi, and

© 2005 ANSYS, Inc. 26 ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary

• Sample definition of 2-term Ogden model shown below.

© 2005 ANSYS, Inc. 27 ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary

• The Hyperfoam model (a.k.a. Ogden foam model) is very

© 2005 ANSYS, Inc. 28 ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary

• Although the Hyperfoam model is available from 5.7 onwards, it is

• The Blatz-Ko model is specifically for compressible

with N=1, α1=-2, β1=0.5, µ1=-µ. 2⎝I ⎠ 23

– The effective Poisson’s ratio can be determined from β, which

© 2005 ANSYS, Inc. 30 ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary

• Although the Blatz-Ko model is available from 5.7 onwards, it is

© 2005 ANSYS, Inc. 31 ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary