ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY LECTURE

LECTURE 2: CELL PHYSIOLOGY

Jan Michael Robles Remolado

MOVEMENT THROUGH THE CELL MEMBRANE

→ Solute
→ Solvent
→ Concentration
→ Concentration gradient- difference in concentration
between two different areas, ICF & ECF.

PERMEABILITY of the cell membrane

→ Freely permeable
→ Selective permeable
→ Enzymes, glycogen, and potassium are found in higher
concentrations INSIDE the cell.
→ Sodium, calcium, and chlorine are found in higher
Passive Processes
concentrations OUTSIDE the cell
DIFFUSION
WAYS MOLECULES PASS THROUGH CELL MEMBRANE
→ Movement of solute molecules from an area
1. Directly through (diffusion): O2 and CO2 (small
of higher concentration to an area of lower
molecules)
concentration in a solution
2. Membrane channels:
→ -proteins that extend from one side of cell membrane to
other
→ size, shape, and charge (+/-) determine what can
go through
→ Ex. Na+ passes through Na+ channels

TYPES:
→ Simple- through lipid bilayer
→ O2, CO2, nitrogen; fatty acids; steroids; Vit. A, D, E, K

3. Carrier molecules (Carrier or Channel CHON)

- bind to molecules, transport them across,
and drop them off
- Ex. glucose

4. Vesicles:
- can transport a variety of materials
- fuse with cell membrane → Facilitated – through membrane channels
– Through ion channels - K, Na, Ca, Cl
– Through a carrier – glucose
 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY LECTURE
LECTURE 2: CELL PHYSIOLOGY

Jan Michael Robles Remolado

→ Hypertonic Solution
-has higher concentration of solutes and lower concentration
of water than the
cytoplasm of the cell

OSMOSIS

FILTRATION
→ movement of fluid through a partition containing small
holes
→ hydrostatic pressure – forces water across a membrane
→ occurs across the walls of small blood vessels, pushing
water and dissolved nutrients into the tissues of the body

ACTIVE PROCESSES
Osmotic Pressure → Active Transport
→ The greater the concentration of a solution, the greater is → Vesicular Transport
its osmotic pressure and the greater the tendency for water
to move into the solution ACTIVE TRANSPORT
→ The greater the concentration of a solution, the greater Sodium-Potassium Pump – moves Na out of
the tendency for water to move into the solution and the cells and K into cells
greater the osmotic pressure must be to prevent that
movement

Types of Solutions:
→ Isotonic Solution:
- concentration of various solutes and water are the same on
both sides of the cell membrane
- does not cause a net movement of water into or out of the Secondary active transport uses the energy in an ion
cell gradient to move a second solute.
- cells neither shrink nor swell

Hypotonic Solution
- has lower concentration of solutes and higher concentration
of water than the cytoplasm of the cell
*Secondary active transport*
 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY LECTURE
LECTURE 2: CELL PHYSIOLOGY

Jan Michael Robles Remolado

VESICULAR TRANSPORT INTERPHASE

a. Endocytosis- packaging of extracellular materials in a
vesicle at the cell surface for import into the cell

→ Types Of Endocytosis
- PHAGOCYTOSIS
- BULK-PHASE ENDOCYTOSIS (PINOCYTOSIS)
- RECEPTOR- MEDIATED ENDOCYTOSIS

b. Exocytosis- elimination of a material from a cell through

the formation of vesicles
-important in secretory and nerve cells The nucleolus and nuclear envelope are distinct and the
chromosomes are in the form of threadlike chromatin
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS MITOTIC PHASE
→ MITOSIS
- Prophase
- Metaphase
- Anaphase
- Telophase
→ CYTOKINESIS

PROPHASE
→ Chromatin condenses into chromosomes
→ Each chromosome = two chromatids joined at the
centromere
→ centrioles move to the opposite ends
→ Spindle fibers extend between the centriole pairs
→ nucleolus and the nuclear envelope disappear

METAPHASE
→ All the generic material is condensing into chromosomes
→ Chromatids alignment along the equator of the cell, called
equatorial plane

ANAPHASE
→ Shortest phase
→ The centromeres divide, and the sister chromatids of each
chromosome are pulled apart
→ chromosomes are separated by a structure called the
mitotic spindle

TELOPHASE
CELL CYCLE → Chromosomal movement stops
→ Longer phase of cell cycle → chromosomes uncoil (chromatin)
→ With high metabolic activity → nuclear envelopes and the nucleoli form
→ DNA replication → mitotic spindle breaks up
→ Production of additional organelles → cytoplasm begins to divide to form two cells
 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY LECTURE
LECTURE 2: CELL PHYSIOLOGY

Jan Michael Robles Remolado

CYTOKINESIS
→ Division of the cell’s cytoplasm and organelles
→ Formation of cleavage furrow
→ Completion of cytokinesis marks the end of cell division