CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Flow Chart

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3.2 Methodology

 CONVENTIONAL METHOD.
• Preparation of concrete as per mix proportion.
• Casting of 9-10 nos. standard sized cubes. i.e. 150*150*150
• Curing with conventional method by water curing .

 BY ADDING CHEMICAL
• Preparation of concrete with same proportion by adding some amount of chemical .
• Casting of same no of standard sized cubes.

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 CHAPTER 4
PROCUREMENT OF MATERIALS

4.1. CEMENT -
Cement is a fundamental requirement for all kinds of construction. Cement
has a binding property with fine aggregate and coarse aggregate and hardens with the
addition of water. Cement is an important ingredient in concrete forming paste with water to
bind aggregates and also in filling the voids between them. Cement is obtained by burning
naturally obtaining argillaceous and calcareous together in a certain proportion. Various
properties of cement are determined according to IS 12269: 2013 and IS 4031: 1988 .

4.2. AGGREGATES-
Major volume of concrete contains aggregates which are inert and less
expensive and adds to the durability, strength of the concrete. The aggregate is a mixture of
natural coarse and fine materials. The aggregates are mainly responsible for 70% of the
strength gained by concrete. Natural aggregates are obtained from weathering action of rocks
and artificial aggregates are obtained from crushing. Aggregates are classified as fine and
coarse aggregates, fine aggregates are the aggregates which pass through 4.75 mm sieve
whereas coarse aggregates are retained on 4.75 mm sieve. Coarse aggregates placement in
concrete results in 30–40% void space which is filled by fine aggregates, where the voids left
by fine aggregates is filled by still finer material like cement. Various specifications of
aggregates are according to IS 383: 1970 .

4.3. WATER-
Water is responsible for hydration of cement and it is also responsible for
workability, strength and durability of concrete. Water should be added in limited quantity
whereas an excess of water added to the concrete leads to segregation. Water to cement ratio
should be according to IS 456:2000 . Water used work for mixing should be as per IS 10262:
2019 whose pH is around 7.

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4.4. SELF-CURING MATERIALS

Generally curing is carried out from the exposed part of concrete to its inner
part whereas the contrast is performed at self-curing reducing the wastage of water. Self-
curing can be adopted by utilizing different methods such as by using super absorbent
polymers, Light weight aggregates, Shrinkage reducing admixtures and wood powders.
Majority of the researches are carried out on utilizing PEG-400 as self-curing agents.
Shrinkage reducing admixtures are water soluble ethylene glycol derivatives used in concrete
during the process of batching in concrete. The admixtures enter the pores and capillaries of
cement paste reducing the shrinkage capacity of concrete. This type of admixtures are mostly
used in roofs, parking slabs and floors. Wood powder is produced majorly in sawmills during
the process of cutting and furnishing of woods. It acts as a water saving material and reduces
the cracking and shrinkage in concrete.

4.4.1. POLY-ETHYLENE GLYCOL (PEG) –

PEG is a low molecular weight solvent use-full for substances which do not
readily dissolve in water. PEG is a type of condensation polymer composed of ethylene oxide
and water, where n refers to the average number of repeating oxy-ethylene groups. PEG is
easily soluble in ethanol, glycol, water, chloroform and acetone and insoluble with ether,
paraffin, oil and fats. PEG is a non-toxic, odourless, neutral, lubricating, non-volatile & non-
irritating and is used in variety of pharmaceuticals majorly in the sanitary requirements. On
addition of PEG to concrete, it entraps the water particles by forming a shell of small
thickness around the water molecules. The water will not be able to evaporate due to the shell
formation around the water particles which reduces the rate of evaporation making the water
available for the hydration process. Due to the availability of water in the early age of
strength gain there will be a reduction in early age shrinkage cracks. This also helps in
minimizing the need for external curing contributing to saving of water.
Polyethylene glycol is a condensation polymer of ethylene oxide and water with
the general formula H(OCH 2CH 2)nOH, where n is the average number of repeating
oxyethylene groups typically from 4 to about 180. The abbreviation (PEG) is termed in
combination with a numeric suffix which indicates the average molecular weights. One
common feature of PEG appears to be the water-soluble nature. Polyethylene glycol is non-
toxic, odourless, neutral, lubricating, non-volatile and non-irritating and is used in a variety of
pharmaceuticals

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 Fig 4.4.1 POLY ETHYLENE GLYCOL

Table No. 4.4.1 PROPERTIES OF PEG400

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 CHAPTER 5
EXPERIMENTAL WORK

5.1. MIXDESIGN OF CONCRETE

The mix calculations per unit volume of concrete shall be as follows:

a) Volume of concrete = 1m3

b) Volume of cement = mass of cement/Specific gravity of cement X 1/1000

=0.1284 m3

c) Volume of water = mass of water/ Specific gravity of water X 1/1000

= 0.1555 m3

d) Volume of all in aggregate = a-(b+c) = 1-(0.1284+0.1555) = 0.7161 m3

e) Mass of coarse aggregate = d X Volume of coarse aggregate

X Specific gravity of coarse aggregate X 1000
= 0.652 X 0.65 X 2.85 X 1000
= 1207.83 Kg

f) Mass of fine aggregate = d X Volume of coarse aggregate

X Specific gravity of coarse aggregate X 1000
= 0.652X0.35X2.69X1000
= 613.85 Kg

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Quantities of materials in kg:

Mix proportions of M25 grade: 1:1:2

Water cement ratio = 0.45
Size of cube = 150*150*150 mm
Volume of one cube=0.00375 m3
Volume of 30 cube =0.00375*30
=0.10125 m3

For cubes:
 Cement=38.91 kg
 Fine aggregate=38.91 kg
 Coarse aggregates=77.96 kg
 Water=25.26 liter

Fig. 5.1.1 RMC Plant.

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5.2.Cube casting :

• Prepared concrete as per mix design of m25 concrete.

• Casted 9-10 standard sized cubes. i.e. 150*150*150.
• Cured with conventional method by water curing .
• Prepared concrete by adding different amount of chemical (PEG-400).
i. 0.5 % of PEG.
ii. 1.0 % of PEG.
iii. 1.5 % of PEG.
• Casted of 9-10 standard sized cubes of each proportion.

Fig. 5.2.1

Fig.5.2.2

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Fig. 5.2.3

Fig.5.2.4

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5.3. Testing :

• Testing of specimen under universal testing machine (UTM)

• Tested specimen at:
• 7 Days
• 28 Days
• Results are included below.

Fig.5.3.1

Fig.5.3.2

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