Mathematics 8 Quarter 4 Week 8

NAME:__________________________GRADE & SEC:__________________

Competency:
The learner finds the probability of an event. (M8GE-IVh-1)

Expectations

This module is designed to help you understand the lesson on probability of an

event. After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. determine the sample space of an experiment;
2. determine the total number of possible outcomes of an experiment;
3. define and illustrate probability; and
4. find the probability of an event.

Pre-test

Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write the letter on your answer
sheet.
1. Which of the following is NOT true about probability of an event?
a. The probability of an event is from 0 to 1.
b. If an event is sure to happen, the probability is 1.
c. If an event will never happen, the probability is 0.
d. The sum of the probabilities of all the outcomes in the sample space is at
most 1.
2. There are 3 red pens, 4 green pens, 5 black pens, and 8 blue pens in a box.
Suppose you choose a pen at random. What is the probability that the pen
chosen is black?
a. b. c. d.
3. If a fair die is rolled, what is the probability of getting an even number?
a. b. c. d.
4. One letter of the word JOYFUL is selected at random. Find the probability of
choosing a vowel.
a. b. c. d.
5. A glass jar contains a total of 80 plastic chips composed of red, yellow, and
green. If the probability of drawing at random a single plastic RED chip is 1/8,
how many RED plastic chips are there in the jar?
a. 8 b. 10 c. 12 d. 14

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 Looking Back to your Lesson

From your previous lesson you have learned how to determine the sample space
and the total number of possible outcomes of an experiment. To review what you have
learned from that lesson, answer the given activity below:
In each of the following experiments, give the sample space and the total number of
possible outcomes n(S).

Experiment Sample Space n(S)

Rolling a fair die {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} 6

1. Tossing a coin

2. Rolling a pair of dice

3. Guessing a month in
which a friend was born
4. Selecting randomly a
chip from a bag with 26
chips, each marked with
letters from A to Z

5. Selecting a class
president from 10 students

Introduction of the Topic

Many events in our daily lives cannot be predicted with a 100% certainty. The
only thing we can do is to estimate the chances or how likely a particular event can
happen using the idea of probability.

THE LIKELIHOOD SCALE

Sometimes we know that an event cannot happen, for example, we cannot travel from
the Philippines to America by land. We say the event is impossible.
In summer season, i in the Philippines, so on a chosen day in April, it is
unlikely that it will rain.
Some events have a 50% or an even chance of happening or not happening. For
example, you either passed or failed in your summative test in mathematics. June is
the start of the rainy season in the Philippines so we can say that it is likely that it
will rain in Manila on any day in June.
Sometimes we are sure that an event will happen. For example, Christmas day falls
every 25th of December. We say that the event is certain.
Probability is a measure or estimation of how likely it is that an event will
occur.
The probability of an event, P (event), is a number from 0 to 1 which tells how
likely the event is to happen as described in the likelihood scale below.

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Impossible Unlikely Even Chance Likely Certain

0 1

0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1

0 25% 50% 75% 100%

Probability Rules:
1. The probability of an event is a number (either a percent, a decimal, or a
fraction) from 0 to 1.
Example: The chance that it will rain tomorrow is 80% or 0.8 or
2. If an event will never happen, then its probability is 0.
Example: When a card is drawn from a deck of 52 cards, the probability of
drawing a black heart is 0 since there is no black heart in the standard deck of
cards.
3. If an event is sure to happen, then the probability is 1.
Example: There are 20 marbles in a bag consisting of 4 red, 3 yellow, 6 green,
and 7 blue marbles. The probability of getting not a white marble is 1 since all
the marbles in the bag are all not white.
4. The sum of the probabilities of all the outcomes in the sample space is 1.
Example: In tossing a coin, each outcome in the sample space has a probability
of . Hence the sum of the probabilities of the outcomes is 1.

LESSON: Probability of an Event

An event is simple if it has only one outcome. It is an event where all
possible outcomes are equally likely to occur. So the probability of simple
events will have all possible outcomes equally likely to happen or occur.
For example, when you toss a coin, there are two possible outcomes
heads or tails, and the probability of heads or tails is equal.
Similarly, when you roll a die, you can get any of the 6 numbers - 1 to
6, and the chance of any one of these 6 numbers is equal to the others.
On the other hand, if there are more than one element of the sample
space in the set representing an event, then this event is called a
compound event.

In general:
The probability of an event E happening, denoted by P(E) is

P(Event) = , or in symbols,

P(E) = ,

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Examples:
1. A box contains 4 green, 5 blue, 6 yellow, 2 red, and 3 orange balls. What is the
probability of choosing
1a. a blue ball?
1b. an orange ball?
1c. a pink ball?
Answer:
S = {G1,G2,G3,G4,B1,B2,B3,B4,B5,Y1,Y2,Y3,Y4,Y5,Y6,R1,R2,O1,O2,O3}
So n(S) = 20
1a. There are 5 blue balls, so n(E) = 5, so the probability of choosing a blue
ball will be,

P(blue) = = = (reducing to lowest term)

1b. There are 3 orange balls so n(E) = 3, hence the probability of choosing an
orange ball
P(orange) = =
1c. There is no pink ball in the box, so n(E) =0, hence,
P(pink) = = =0
2. A card is drawn form an ordinary deck of playing cards. Find the probability of
each of the following events:
2a. Drawing a queen of heart.
2b. Drawing a diamond.
2c. Drawing a face card.
Answer:
A ,2 ,3 .4 .5 ,6 ,7 ,8 ,9 ,10 ,J ,Q ,K ,
A ,2 ,3 ,4 ,5 ,6 ,7 ,8 ,9 ,10 ,J ,Q ,K ,
Sample Space =
A ,2 ,3 ,4 ,5 ,6 ,7 ,8 ,9 ,10 ,J ,Q ,K ,
A ,2 ,3 ,4 , 5 ,6 ,7 ,8 ,9 ,10 ,J ,Q ,K
so, n(S) = 52
2a. There is only 1 queen of heart card, so n(E) = 1, hence,

P (Q ) = =
2b. There are 13 diamond cards, so n(E)= 13, hence,

P(diamond) = = = (reducing to lowest term)

2c. There are 12 face cards (J,Q,K of , , , ),so n(E) = 12, hence,

P(face card) = = = (reducing to lowest term)

3. Two dice violet and green - are rolled at the same time, what is the probability
of getting
3a. a 5 on the violet die and a 2 on the green die?
3b. the same number on both dice?
3b. a sum of 8?

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Answer:
(1,1),(1,2),(1,3),(1,4),(1,5),(1,6),
(2,1),(2,2),(2,3),(2,4),(2,5),(2,6),
(3,1),(3,2),(3,4),(3,5),(3,6),(3,7),
Sample Space = (4,1),(4,2),(4,3),(4,4),(4,5),(4,6),
=== =
(5,1),(5,2),(5,3),(5,4),(5,5),(5,6),
(6,1),(6,2),(6,3),(6,4),(6,5),(6,6)
so n(S) = 36
3a. There is only one way of getting a 5 on the violet die and a 2 on the green
die, and this is E = {(5,2)}, so n(E) = 1, hence,

P(5-2) = =
3b. There are 6 ways in which same number will appear on both dice and
these are E = {(1,1), (2,2), (3,3), (4,4), (5,5), (6,6)}, so n(E) = 6, hence,

P(same number) = = = (reducing to lowest term)

3c. There are 5 ways of getting a sum of 8 and these are

E = {(2,6),(3,5),(4,4),(5,3),(6,2)}, so n(E) = 5, hence,

P(sum of 8) = =
4. The numbers 1-15 are each written on a separate piece of paper, folded and put
in a box. One number (piece of paper) is drawn from the box. What is the
probability that the number chosen randomly is
4a. a 5?
4b. an odd number?
4c. a multiple of 4?
Answer:
Sample Space = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15}
so n(S) = 15
4a. There is only one 5 in the box, so n(E) = 1, hence,

P(5) = =
4b. There are eight odd numbers in the box and these are
E = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15}, so n(E) = 8, hence,

P(Odd) = =
4c. There are three multiples of 4 in the box and these are
E = {4, 8, 12}, so n(E) = 3, hence,

P(multiple of 4) = = = (reducing to lowest term)

5. A newly-wed couple plans to have only 3 kids. What is the probability of having
5a. all girls?
5b. a boy as their first child?
5c. a girl in the middle?
Answer: Let B boy, G- girl

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Sample Space = {BBB, BBG, BGB, BGG, GBB, GBG, GGB, GGG}
so n(S) = 8
5a. There is only 1 way in which they will have all girls, E = {GGG},
so n(E) = 1, hence,

P(all girls) = =
5b. There are 4 ways in having a boy as their first child and these
are E = {BBB, BBG, BGB, BGG}, so n(E) = 4, hence,

P(boy as the first child) = = = (reducing to lowest term)

5c. There are 4 ways in which the middle child is a girl and these
are E = {BGB, BGG, GGB, GGG}, so n(E) = 4, hence,

P(girl in the middle) = = = (reducing to lowest term)

Activities

Activity 1: Fill me!

The following symbols will be used for this activity:

Fill in each blank with the correct answer.

1. There are 7 red balls, 3 blue balls, and 5 black balls in the jar. If one ball is picked
at random, what is the probability that the ball picked is black?

2. If one letter is chosen at random from the word ALGEBRA, what is the probability
that the letter chosen is a "G"?

3. Angelo, Charles, Angeli, James, Sofia, and Raver wrote their names in a piece of
paper and put it in a box. One of them will be selected to be their leader. What is the
probability that the leader will be a boy?

4. A card will be chosen at random from the cards containing the numbers 1 to 10.
Find the probability that the chosen card is a number less than 10.

5. In rolling a die, what is the probability that the number rolled is greater than 4?

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 Activity 2: DECODE THE MESSAGE

Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer and write it on the space provided
in the box to decode the message.

A box contains x blue face masks, (x + 4) pink face masks, and (2x-3) purple
face masks.

1. What is the total number of face masks in the box in terms of x?

M. 4x + 1 N. 4x 7 O. 3x + 1 P. 3x - 7
2. A face mask is drawn at random from the box. What is the probability that the
mask is purple?
A. B. C. D.
3. If the probability of selecting a purple face mask is , what is the value of x?
R. 3 S. 4 T. 5 Q. 6

For numbers 4-10, refer to the value of x in number 3

4. How many blue face masks are there?

F. 9 G. 7 H. 5 I. 3
5. How many pink face masks are there?
A. 9 B. 7 C. 5 D. 3
6. How many purple face masks are there?
K. 9 L. 7 C. 5 D. 3
7. What is the total number of face masks in the box?
H. 24 I. 21 J. 18 K. 15
8. What is the probability of choosing a blue face mask?
M. N. O. P.
9. What is the probability that the face mask drawn is pink?
L. M. N. O.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Remember

Probability is a measure or estimation of how likely it is that an event will occur.

Probability Rules:
1. The probability of any event P(E), is a number (either a fraction, a
decimal, or a percent) between 0 and 1 inclusive. In symbols, .
2. If an event will never happen, then the probability is 0.

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 3. If an event is sure to happen, then the probability is 1.
4. The sum of the probabilities of all the outcomes in the sample space is 1.
Simple Event is an event that has only one outcome. It is an event where all possible
outcomes are equally likely to occur.
Compound Event is an event that has more than one outcome.

Probability of an event (Theoretical)

probability of event E, denoted by P(E) is

where:
n(E) - the number of favorable outcomes
n(S) - the number of possible outcomes

Check your Understanding

Read and analyze each situation carefully. Find the probability of the
following events:
1. Choosing a month from a year, what is the probability of selecting a month with
less than 31 days?
2. The digits 1 to 20 are written on slips of paper, placed in a box and mixed
thoroughly. One slip of paper is picked at random. Find the probability that the
number picked is a multiple of 5.
3. Sisters Ana and Ailene are going to decide by flipping a coin, where the loser gets to
wash the dishes. If heads show up, Ana wins. If tails show up, Ailene wins. What is
the probability that Ailene washes the dishes?
4. In a pet shop where there are a total of 30 cats and dogs,24 are dogs. If an animal is
to be chosen at random, find the probability of choosing a cat.
5. Angeli and Angelo are playing chess. If the probability of Angeli winning is 3/5,
What is the probability that Angelo wins?
6. A bag contains 10 balls numbered 1 to 10. If a ball is picked at random, find the
probability of getting a prime number.
7. Two dice are rolled. Find the probability of getting a sum that is greater than 10.
s. If one card is
chosen at random, find the probability that the card chosen is a king.
9. Andrei spins 2 spinners; one of which is labeled 1,2,3, and the other is labeled A, B,
C, D, and E. Given that all the outcomes are equally likely to occur, find the
probability that
10. Khyt gives a pack of food to street children. In each pack he puts one of the two
sandwiches (tuna or cheese), one of three drinks (water, juice, or soda), one piece of
the three fruits (apple, orange, or banana). If each pack is likely to be given away, what

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is the probability that he will give away a pack containing a tuna sandwich, a juice,
and any fruit?

Post-Test
Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write the letter on
your answer sheet.
1. Which of the following is NOT true about probability of an event?
a. The probability of an event is from 0 to 1.
b. If an event is sure to happen, the probability is 1.
c. If an event will never happen, the probability is 0.
d. The sum of the probabilities of all the outcomes in the sample space is at
most 1.
2. There are 3 red pens, 4 green pens, 5 black pens, and 8 blue pens in a box.
Suppose you choose a pen at random. What is the probability that the pen
chosen is black?
a. b. c. d.
3. If a fair die is rolled, what is the probability of getting an even number?
a. b. c. d.
4. One letter of the word JOYFUL is selected at random. Find the probability of
choosing a vowel.
a. b. c. d.
5. A glass jar contains a total of 80 plastic chips composed of red, yellow, and
green. If the probability of drawing at random a single plastic RED chip is 1/8,
how many RED plastic chips are there in the jar?
a. 8 b. 10 c. 12 d. 14

Reflection
Reflect about this module by completing the statements below.

The activities were easy/difficult

The strategy which helped me understand and accomplish the activities and test

I can use the concepts I have learned from this module in my day-to-day activities

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 MATHEMATICS 8
ANSWER SHEET
Quarter 4 Week 8

Name: Math Teacher:

Section: Score:

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