RESEARCH

POPULATION AND
SAMPLE
 POPULATION
denoted as N.

It refers to the target group of

people, animals, or insects in a
study.
 SAMPLE

denoted as n.

a subgroup from the

target population that is
engaged in the study.
SAMPLING PROCEDURE
SAMPLE refers to the number of
participants or

Size observations included in a

study.
 SAMPLE SIZES ACCORDING TO RESEARCH METHOD
RESEARCH METHOD

Experimental Descriptive Correlational Ex post

Research Research Research facto

MINIMUM SAMPLE SIZE

10 percent
15-30 of N; 15
per 20 percent 30 per
of
group small N
group
 SLO A
V IN'S F O R M U L
used to calculate the sample size necessary
to achieve a certain confidence interval
when sampling a population.
SLOVIN'S FORMULA

n= N/ (1+ Ne2) where :

n= the no. of samples
N= the total population
e= margin of error
 The quality and
representativeness of the sample
must be met through an
appropriate sampling technique,
which depends on the purpose or
objective of the study.
SAMPLING
TECHNIQUES
 I L I T Y S A M
A B P L
O B I N

PR

G
Every member of the population have a
chance to be selected as part of the
sample.
 types of probability
sampling
SIMPLE RANDOM SYSTEMATIC RANDOM
SAMPLING SAMPLING

STRATIFIED
CLUSTER SAMPLING
SAMPLING
 SIMPLE RANDOM
SAMPLING
Each member of the population has an
equal probability or as a chance of being
selected as research participants or
subjects.
SYSTEMATIC RANDOM
SAMPLING
a probability sampling method in
which researchers select population
members regularly.
STRATIFIED
SAMPLING
A method of sampling that
involves the division of a
population into smaller
subgroups is known as strata.
CLUSTER
SAMPLING
In this technique, the selection
is made not by individual
elements of the sample, but
by groups or clusters.
NON PROBABILITY SAMPLING
A method in which not all population
members have an equal chance of
participating in the study, unlike
probability sampling.
COLLECTING

QUANTITATIVE

RESEARCH DATA
 PROCESS OF QUANTITATIVE
DATA COLLECTION

know the participants of the study.

seek permissions needed for the study

identify means of collecting quantitative

data
identify, locate, and choose an instrument to be used in the
data collection.

describe the procedures in administering the data

collection.
 KNOWING THE PARTICIPANTS OF
THE STUDY

This step involves identifying individuals or

subjects that could provide information to
answer the objectives of the study,
selecting subjects and procedures for
selecting samples, and ensuring
representation of the population.
 SEEKING
PERMISSION
NECESSARY
Informed consent
FOR THE STUDY
a written document detailing
the terms of reference relative
to one's participation in the
study.
 IDENTIFY MEANS OF COLLECTING
QUANTITATIVE DATA

This step includes identifying the ways by which data

are to be collected. This can be done by
operationalizing the definitions of the variables in
the study.
FOUR PRIMARY MEANS
PAPER AND PENCIL

INTERVIEW

OBSERVATIONS

DOCUMENTATION
 IDENTIFYING, LOCATING, AND
CHOOSING INSTRUMENTS
Research instruments are available in various publications
and previous studies, subject to the fair-us policy. It is
important for a researcher to have a clear view of the
objectives of the study in order to identify, locate, and
decide on instruments to be used in addressing the
objectives.
type of instrument

" RESEARCHER
COMPLETED
INSTRUMENT"
 RATING SCALES
measure the researchers judgement on the
behavior of the participants or on the
products being rated.
 INTERVIEW GUIDES

contain a list of questions and follow-

up queries to clarify the participants
answers.
 OBSERVATION FORMS

the researchers records and

evaluations of the behavior of the
human participants or the animal
subjects.
 PERFORMANCE
CHECKLIST

contain a list of behaviors expected

to be observed in a performance
task
 ANECDOTAL RECORDS
accounts of behavior in the form of
anecdotes or short, interesting
narratives about real incidents or
persons.


PARTICIPANTS
COMPLETED
INSTRUMENTS
 QUESTIONNAIRES

contain the participants answers

to questions constructed by the
researcher.
 SELF- CHECKLISTS
list characteristics, behaviors, or activities presented to the
participants.

ATTITUDE SCALES
enumerate indicators of a particular attitude toward a subject
or an activity.
 PERSONALITY INVENTORIES
assess the feelings of the participants about themselves or a certain
characteristics of their personality.

ACHIEVEMENT TESTS
measure the participants abilities in terms of their knowledge and
skills in a particular subject area.
 APTITUDE TESTS
somewhat analogous to IQ tests because
they assess intellectual abilities generally
related to academic purposes.
 LOCATING
INSTRUMENTS
 Veteran researchers may develop their
own instruments, but for new researchers,
it is important to remember the selection
criteria and characteristics of instruments
discussed previously. They may refer to
published research journals and online
research databases when looking for the
right instruments.
choosing a
suitable
instrument
 SSENTIAL CRITE
O E RIA
TW

VALIDITY RELIABILITY

is the ability of the instrument

to yield what the researcher
wants to measure, to enable
them to draw warranted refers to the consistency
answers to research questions, of the scores generated
and to formulate correct by the instrument.
conclusion about the research
data generated by the
instrument.
DESCRIBING
THE
PROCEDURES IN
ADMINISTERING
THE DATA
COLLECTION
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Data gathering protocols are written

documents containing the steps to ensure
the objectives or purpose of data gathering.
They guide the researcher and provide
solutions to problems encountered by the
data gathering process, ranging from simple
documents to complex protocols.
PLANNING DATA
ANALYSIS USING
STATISTICAL
PROCEDURES
 Quantitative research uses statistics more
than qualitative research, and several
statistical procedures can be used to
analyze data. Measurement scales should be
identified to guide the researcher.
 NOMINAL SCALES

MEASUREMENT ORDINAL SCALES

SCALES OF
ATTRIBUTES INTERVAL SCALES

RATIO SCALES
 DESCRIBING
QUANTITATIVE
DATA
The most common measures of
centrality and dispersion in
quantitative studies are the
mean and standard deviations,
while the mode and median are
used to represent the typical
value of the data.
 DRAWING
INFERENCES FROM
QUANTITATIVE DATA
T-TEST
This is used in comparing two means.

Independent-samples t-test

Dependent-samples t-test

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 INDEPENDENT DATA

are those coming from two different

groups of research participants, be
they animate or inanimate.

05
 DEPENDENT DATA
are those coming from the same
group of research participants.

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 ANOVA
This is used when comparing three or more
means.

02