DEVELOPING THE

RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
 RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
Research Design
Research designs are quantitative and/or qualitative.
Examples of quantitative design are descriptive and
experimental designs. Examples for qualitative design are
ethnographic and naturalistic designs.

The use of appropriate design depends on the research

questions.

Using the appropriate design assures the researcher

that the extraneous or irrelevant variables will not
intrude into the investigation

Describe briefly the specific design, then proceed to

explain how it is applied or used in the research
Locale of the Study

Describe the research setting.

Include details that could make the reader understand the

research environment and that could help them appreciate
the meaning of the findings.

Present a map to illustrate the research setting.

Respondents and Sampling Procedures

Describe first the population of the study, before

describing the method of sampling the desired number of
respondents or samples

If a formula is used, state the formula and the source.

After identifying the desired sample size, describe how to draw

out the samples from the population – probability sampling
(simple random, systematic, stratified, cluster) or non-
probability sampling (accidental, purposive, quota, snowball)

Present a table of sample distribution to summarize the

samples per sub-group if stratified sampling is used.
Respondents calculator
http://www.raosoft.com/samplesize.html

LYNCH FORMULA
Sampling Techniques

Probability sampling provides opportunity for each element

of the population to have a known probability of being
selected.
A probability sample is more likely than a non-probability
sample to be truly representative of the population from
which it is drawn and is therefore usually considered
preferable to a non-probability sample.

Probability sampling techniques includes

simple random sampling,

systematic sampling

stratified
sampling
cluster
sampling.
NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING refers to the selection of
a sample that is not based on known probabilities.

Accidental sampling (through the selection of whatever

cases available at the time of the visit)

Purposive sampling (through the planned selection of

specific types of cases, like the use of intact groups)

quota sampling (specifying at the outset the precise

number of samples to be interviewed for specific sub-
groups

Snowball sampling (the next sample is provided by the

first sample, and so on)
Research Instruments

Describe the research tools that you are going to use –

either questionnaire, attitude scale, checklist, rating scale,
or interview guide.

Describe the parts of the questionnaire and the specific

purpose of each part. Include the manner in which the
respondent will respond to the items.

For achievement tests, include the table of specifications.

Describe the coverage of the test, the skills tested, and
how it was validated.

If applicable, include the reliability indices of the instruments

used.

If instrument is adapted/adopted, state it and cite the original

source.
 Research Instruments & Techniques – tools and measures
to gather the needed data

Interviews tests

questionnaires journals

surveys case studies

Self-assessment checklists focus groups

Samples of projects samples of performances

Other unobtrusive or non-reactive measures

In the development of research instruments, their validity
and reliability must be determined.

Validity measures ensure that the intended information to

be gathered are elicited by the instruments

Reliability indices give assurance that the information

collected are consistent or stable.
Collection of Data

Describe in this section how the data are or were gathered. Tell
the reader what you did and why you did it.

Include how the research instruments are administered or used.

Cite measures to ensure that the data gathered are valid and
reliable.

Include the other data gathering techniques (direct observation,

documentary analysis, focus group discussion, etc) are used

If secondary data are used, identify the data and their sources.

Any errors or weakness in the procedures that have been

discovered during the conduct of the research should be pointed
out, and any consequent limitations upon the research results
should be fully noted.
Analysis of Data
Spell out how the data are analyzed.

The choice of appropriate statistical tool is largely

determined by the operational definitions of the variables and
the manner in which data are gathered

If weighted means are used, be sure to use a systematic and

logical scale points and descriptive equivalents.

Identify the inferential statistical tool used to test hypotheses

State the level of significance as basis in rejecting or

accepting the null hypotheses.