Name: Joyce Apud Eurolfan

Course and Section: BSN1- 11 I

System Theory
CATEGORY THEORIST 1 2 3 3 6 7

Betty Imogene Dorothea Myra Estrine Martha Rogers Dorothy

Faye Glenn
Neuman King Orem Levine Johnson
Abdellah

PICTURE
THEORY A nursing theory
developed by Betty
Neuman is based on the
person’s relationship to
stress, response, and
reconstitution factors that
are progressive in nature.
The Neuman Systems
Model presents a broad,
holistic, and system-based
method to nursing that
maintains a factor of
flexibility. It focuses on
the patient system’s
response to actual or
potential environmental
stressors and maintains
the client system’s
stability through primary,
secondary, and tertiary
nursing prevention
interventions to reduce
stressors.
Imogene King’s Theory of
Goal Attainment was first
introduced in the 1960s. It
explains that the nurse and
patient go hand-in-hand in
communicating
information, set goals
together, and then take
actions to achieve those
goals. The factors that
affect the attainment of
goals are roles, stress,
space, and time. On the
other hand, the nurse’s
goal is to help patients
maintain health so they
can function in their
individual roles
Dorothea Orem’s Self-Care
Deficit Theory defined
Nursing as “The act of
assisting others in the
provision and management
of self-care to maintain or
improve human functioning
at the home level of
effectiveness.” It focuses on
each individual’s ability to
perform self-care, defined as
“the practice of activities
that individuals initiate and
perform on their own behalf
in maintaining life, health,
and well-being.” There are
instances wherein patients
are encouraged to bring out
the best in them despite
being ill for a period of time.
This is very particular in
rehabilitation settings, in
which patients are entitled
to be more independent
after being cared for by
physicians and nurses.
Faye Abdellah is well known for Levine’s conservation model
developing the “Twenty-One Nursing believes nursing intervention is a
Problems Theory” that has conservation activity, with energy
interrelated the concepts of health, conservation as a fundamental
nursing problems, and problem- concern, four conservation
solving. principles of nursing. It guides
nurses to concentrate on the
She views nursing as an art and a importance and responses at the
science that molds the attitude, level of the person. Nurses fulfill
intellectual competencies, and the theory’s purpose by conserving
technical skills of the individual nurse energy, structure, and personal and
into the desire and ability to help social integrity. The fundamental
individuals cope with their health concept of Myra Estrin Levine’s
needs, whether they are ill or well. theory is conservation. When an
individual is in a phase of
She used Henderson’s 14 basic conservation, it means that the
human needs and nursing research person can adapt to the health
to establish the classification of challenges with the slightest
nursing problems. amount of effort. The core of
Levine’s Conservation Model is to
improve a person’s physical and
emotional well-being by
considering the four domains of
conservation she set out.
Martha Rogers’ theory is
known as the Science of
Unitary Human Beings (SUHB).
The theory views nursing as
both a science and an art as it
provides a way to view the
unitary human being, who is
integral with the universe. The
unitary human being and his or
her environment are one.
Nursing focuses on people and
the manifestations that emerge
from the mutual human-
environmental field process.
Rogers’ theory defined Nursing
as “an art and science that is
humanistic and humanitarian.
It is directed toward the
unitary human and is
concerned with the nature and
direction of human
development. The goal of
nurses is to participate in the
process of change.”
Dorothy E. Johnson is well-
known for her “Behavioral
System Model,” which was
first proposed in 1968. Her
model was greatly influenced
by Florence Nightingale ’s
book, Notes on Nursing. It
advocates fostering efficient
and effective behavioral
functioning in the patient to
prevent illness and stresses
the importance of research-
based knowledge about the
effect of nursing care on
patients. Johnson’s Behavioral
System Model is a nursing
care model that advocates the
fostering of efficient and
effective behavioral
functioning in the patient to
prevent illness. The patient is
identified as a behavioral
system composed of seven
behavioral subsystems:
affiliative, dependency,
ingestive, eliminative, sexual,
aggressive, and achievement.
Each subsystem’s three
functional requirements
include protection from
noxious influences, provision
for a nurturing environment,
and stimulation for growth. An
imbalance in any of the
behavioral subsystems results
in disequilibrium. It is
nursing’s role to assist the
client in returning to a state of
equilibrium.
 DIED She passed away on Imogene King died on Dorothea Orem died on June Myra Estrine Levine died on March Martha Rogers died on March Dorothy Johnson died in
January 30, 2019 December 24, 2007 22, 2007 20, 1996, at the age of 75. 13, 1994 February 1999

BORN She was born on October Imogene King was born on Dorothea Orem was born on On March 13, 1919, Faye Abdellah Myra Estrin Levine was born in Martha Rogers was born on Dorothy Johnson was born on
22, 1944 in Ephrata, WA Jan. 30, 1923 July 15, 1914 was born . Chicago in 1920 May 12, 1914 August 21, 1919, in Savannah,
Georgia

SCHOOL As a young girl, she
attended the same one-
room schoolhouse that
her parents had attended
and were excited to go to
a high school library. She
was always engaged and
fascinated with the study
of human behavior.
During World War II, she
had her first job as an
aircraft instrument
technician. In 1947, she
received her RN Diploma
from Peoples Hospital
School of Nursing, Akron,
Ohio.
• In 1945, she • Dorothea Orem
received a nursing attended Seton High
diploma from St. School in Baltimore
John’s Hospital and graduated in
School of Nursing in 1931.
St. Louis, Missouri. • She received a
• King started diploma from the
coursework toward Providence Hospital
a Bachelor of School of Nursing in
Science in Nursing Washington, D.C., in
Education, which 1934.
she received from • he went on to the
St. Louis University Catholic University of
in 1948. America to earn a B.S.
in Nursing Education
in 1939 and an M.S.
in Nursing Education
in 1945.
• Faye Abdellah earned a
nursing diploma from Fitkin
Memorial Hospital’s School of
Nursing, now known as Ann
May School of Nursing.
• In 1944, Myra Estrin Levine
received her diploma in
nursing from the Cook
County School of Nursing.
• Continued to finish her
Bachelor of Science in
Nursing from the University
of Chicago in 1949.
• Rogers received her • Dorothy Johnson’s
nursing diploma from
the Knoxville General
Hospital School of
Nursing in 1936
• Earned her Public
Health Nursing degree
from George Peabody
College in Tennessee in
1937
professional nursing
career began in 1942
when she graduated
from Vanderbilt
University School of
Nursing in Nashville,
Tennessee. She was
the top student in her
class and received the
prestigious Vanderbilt
Founder’s Medal.
MASTERS Master of Science in
Mental Health, both from
the University of California-
Los Angeles in 1966. She
also earned a Ph.D. in
clinical psychology from
Pacific Western University
in 1985. In 1992, Neuman
was given an Honorary
Doctorate of Letters at the
Neumann College in Aston,
Pennsylvania. Finally, in
1998, the Grand Valley
State University in
Michigan gave her an
Honorary Doctorate of
Science.
• In 1957, she • She was given • Abdellah went on to earn • Master’s of Science in • Her Master’s degree • In 1948, she received
received a Master Honorary Doctorates three degrees from Columbia Nursing was granted to her was from Teachers her master’s in public
of Science in of Science from University: a bachelor of from Wayne State University College at Columbia health from Harvard
Nursing from St. Georgetown science degree in nursing in in Detroit in 1962. University in 1945 University in Boston,
Louis University. University in 1976 1945, a master of arts degree • Doctorate in Nursing Massachusetts.
• She went on to and Incarnate Word in physiology in 1947, and a was given to her from
study with Mildred College in 1980. doctor of education degree in Johns Hopkins
Montag as her • She was given an 1955. University in Baltimore
dissertation chair at Honorary Doctorate • With her advanced education, in 1954
Teacher’s College, of Humane Letters Abdellah could have chosen
Columbia from Illinois to become a doctor.
University, New Wesleyan University However, as she explained in
York and received in 1988 and a one of her interviews that she
her EdD in 1961. Doctorate Honoris wanted to be an M.D.
• King developed a Causa from the because she could do all she
master’s degree University of Missouri wanted to do in nursing,
program in nursing in Columbia in 1998. which is a caring profession.
based on a nursing
conceptual
framework from
1961 to 1966 at
Loyola University in
Chicago
METAPARADIGM Human being
The human being is an
open system that interacts
with internal and external
environment forces or
stressors.
Environment
The environment is a vital
arena that is germane to
the system and its
function. The environment
may be viewed as all
factors that affect and are
affected by the system.
Health
In Neuman’s nursing
theory, Health is defined as
the condition or degree of
system stability and is
viewed as a continuum
from wellness to illness.
When system needs are
met, optimal wellness
exists. When needs are not
satisfied, illness exists.
When the energy needed
to support life is not
available, death occurs.
Nursing
Nursing’s primary concern
is to define the appropriate
action in situations that are
stress-related or
concerning possible
reactions of the client or
client system to stressors.
Nursing interventions aim
to help the system adapt or
adjust and retain, restore,
or maintain some degree
of stability between the
client system variables and
environmental stressors,
focusing on conserving
energy.
Nursing
Nursing is a process of
action, reaction, and
interaction whereby nurse
and client share information
about their perceptions in
the nursing situation. The
nurse and client share
specific goals, problems,
and concerns and explore
how to achieve a goal.
Health
Health is a dynamic life
experience of a human
being, which implies
continuous adjustment to
stressors in the internal and
external environment
through optimum use of
one’s resources to achieve
maximum daily living
potential.
Individual
Individuals are social beings
who are rational and
sentient. Humans
communicate their
thoughts, actions, customs,
and beliefs through
language. Persons exhibit
common characteristics
such as the ability to
perceive, think, feel, choose
between alternative courses
of action, set goals, select
the means to achieve goals,
and make decisions.
Environment
The environment is the
background for human
interactions. It is both
external to, and internal to,
the individual.
Nursing Individual Environment Human-unitary human beings Human Beings
Nursing is an art through She describes nursing recipients The environment includes both A person is defined as an The concept of a human being
indivisible, pan-dimensional was defined as a behavioral
which the practitioner of as individuals (and families), the internal and external
energy field identified by a system that strives to make
nursing gives specialized although she does not delineate environment.
pattern and manifesting continual adjustments to
assistance to persons her beliefs or assumptions about Person characteristics specific to the achieve, maintain, or regain
with disabilities, making the nature of human beings. The person is a unique whole. That can’t be predicted balance to the steady-state
more than ordinary Health individual in unity, integrity, from knowledge of the parts. A adaptation.
assistance necessary to Health, or the achieving of it, is feeling, belief, thinking, and person is also a unified whole, Environment
meet self-care needs. The the purpose of nursing services. whole. having its own distinct The environment is not
nurse also intelligently Although Abdellah does not characteristics that can’t be directly defined, but it is
Health
participates in the viewed by looking at, implied to include all elements
define health, she speaks to Health is the pattern of
medical care the describing, or summarizing the of the human system’s
“total health needs” and “a adaptive change of the whole parts. surroundings and includes
individual receives from healthy state of mind and body.” being.
Health interior stressors.
the physician. Society Nursing
Rogers defines health as an Health
Humans
Society is included in “planning Nursing is the human expression of the life process. Health is seen as the opposite
Humans are defined as for optimum health on local, interaction relying on The characteristics and of illness, and Johnson defines
“men, women, and state, and international levels.” communication, rooted in the behavior coming from the it as “some degree of
children cared for either However, as Abdellah further individual human being’s mutual, simultaneous regularity and constancy in
singly or as social units” delineates her ideas, the focus of interaction of the human and behavior. The behavioral
organic dependency in his
and are the “material environmental fields and system reflects adjustments
nursing service is clearly the relationships with other human
health and illness are part of and adaptations that are
object” of nurses and individual. beings.
the same continuum. The successful somehow, and to
others who provide direct multiple events occurring
some degree… adaptation is
care. during the life process show functionally efficient and
Environment how a person is achieving his effective.”
The environment has or her maximum health Nursing
physical, chemical, and potential. The events vary in Nursing is seen as “an external
their expressions from greatest
biological features. It regulatory force that acts to
health to those incompatible
includes the family, preserve the organization and
with the maintaining life
culture, and community. integrate the patient’s
process. behavior at an optimal level
Health Nursing under those conditions in
Health is “being It is the study of unitary, which the behavior
structurally and irreducible, indivisible human constitutes a threat to
functionally whole or and environmental fields: physical or social health or in
sound.” Also, health is a people and their world. Rogers which illness is found.”
state that encompasses claims that nursing exists to
serve people, and the safe
both the health of
practice of nursing depends on
individuals and groups,
the nature and amount of
and human health is the scientific nursing knowledge
ability to reflect on the nurse brings to his or her
oneself, symbolize practice.
experience, and Environment
communicate with “An irreducible, indivisible,
others. pan-dimensional energy field
identified by pattern and
integral with the human field.”
BOOKS • The Neuman • Theory for Nursing: • Dorothea Orem
System Model: Systems, Concepts,
Application to Process; Theory for
Nursing Education Nursing: Systems
and Practice, in • Concepts and
1982 Process
• Conceptual Models • The Language of
for Nursing Nursing Theory and • In 1971 Orem
Practice. Metatheory
• Toward a Theory for
Nursing General
Concepts of Human
Behavior
• Curriculum and
Instruction in
Nursing: Concepts • In 1973 edited that
and Process.
• Better Nursing Care Through • Introduction to Clinical • Educational Revolution • Her 1968 paper,
helped publish the Nursing Research and Patient- Nursing in Nursing (1961) entitled, One
“Guidelines for Centered Approaches to • Renewal for Nursing • Reveille in Nursing Conceptual Model of
Developing Curricula Nursing (1964) Nursing, is a classic
for the Education of • Patient-Centered Approaches • In about 1963, Rogers contribution to Nursing
Practical Nurses” in to Nursing edited a journal called literature.
1959. • Preparing Nursing Research Nursing Science • Two of Johnson’s many
for the 21st Century: • An Introduction to the works include Theory
published Nursing: Evolution Theoretical Basis of Development: What,
Concepts of Practice, • Methodologies Nursing (1970) Why, How? and
the work in which she • Challenges Barriers and Hazards in
outlines her nursing • New directions in Patient- Counseling.
theory, the Self-care Centered Nursing: Guidelines
Deficit Theory of for Systems of Service,
Nursing. Education, and Research
• Effect of Nurse Staffing on
group’s work in the Satisfactions with Nursing
book Concept Care: A Study of How
Formalization in Omissions in Nursing Services,
Nursing. as Perceived by Patients and
Personnel, Are Influenced by
the Number of Nursing Hours
Available
• Patients and Personnel Speak,
A Method of Studying Patient
Care in Hospitals
• Appraising the Clinical
Resources in Small Hospitals
• Nursing’s Role in the Future:
The Case for Health Policy
Decision Making
• Overview of Nursing
Research, 1955-1968
• urgeon General’s Workshop,
Health Promotion, and Aging
proceedings. March 20-23,
1988
• Words of Wisdom from
Pivotal Nurse Leaders.
ASSUMPTIONS • Each client system Imogene King’s personal • To stay alive and The assumptions Abdellah’s “21 • The individual “is a sentient • Man is a unified whole • There is “organization,
is unique, a philosophy about human remain functional, Nursing Problems Theory” relate to being, and the ability to possessing his own interaction,
composite of beings and life influenced humans engage in change and anticipated changes that interact with the integrity and interdependency and
factors and her assumptions about the constant affect nursing; the need to environment seems manifesting integration of the parts
characteristics environment, health, communication and appreciate the interconnectedness ineluctably tied to his characteristics that are and elements of
within a given nursing, individuals, and connect among of social enterprises and social sensory organs.” more than and different behaviors that go to
range of responses nurse-patient interactions. themselves and their problems; the impact of problems • Each individual “is an active from the sum of his make up the system.”
• Many known, King’s conceptual system environment. such as poverty, racism, pollution, participant in interactions parts. • A system “tends to
unknown, and and Theory of Goal • The power to act education, and so forth on health with the environment… • Man and the achieve a balance
universal stressors Attainment were “based deliberately is and health care delivery; changing constantly seeking environment are among the various
exist. Each differs on an overall assumption exercised to identify nursing education; continuing information from it.” continuously forces operating within
in its potential for that the focus of nursing is needs and to make education for professional nurses; (Levine, 1969) exchanging matter and and upon it, and that
disturbing a human beings interacting needed judgments. and development of nursing leaders • “Patient-centered nursing energy with one man strives continually
client’s usual with their environment, • Mature human from underserved groups care means individualized another. to maintain a
stability level or leading to a state of health beings experience nursing care. It is predicated • The life process evolves behavioral system
normal line of for individuals, which is an privations in the form on the reality of common irreversibly and balance and steady-
defense. The ability to function in social of action in care of experience: every man is a unidirectionally along state by more or less
particular roles.” self and others unique individual, and as the space-time automatic adjustments
interrelationships involving making life- such he requires a unique continuum. and adaptations to the
of client variables sustaining and constellation of skills, • Pattern and natural forces
at any point in function-regulating techniques, and ideas organization identify the occurring on him.”
time can affect the actions. ( designed specifically for man and reflect his • A behavioral system,
degree to which a him.” (Levine, 1973) innovative wholeness. which requires and
client is protected • “Ultimately, the decisions • Man is characterized by results in regularity and
by the flexible line for nursing intervention the capacity for constancy in behavior,
of defense against must be based on the abstraction and is essential to man. It is
possible reaction unique behavior of the imagery, language and functionally significant
to stressors. individual patient.” thought sensation, and because it serves a
emotion. useful purpose in social
life and the individual
• “System balance
reflects adjustments
and adaptations that
are successful in some
way and to some
degree.”
ANALYSIS The delineation of
Neuman’s three defense
lines was not clearly
explained. In reality, the
individual resists stressors
with internal and external
reflexes, which were
made complicated by the
formulation of different
resistance levels in
Neuman’s open systems
model.
• The social systems There is a superb focus of • The problem-solving • Each individual “is an active The Science of Unitary Human Johnson’s Behavioral System
portion of the open Orem’s work which is self- approach introduced by participant in interactions Beings is highly generalizable as Model describes the person as
systems framework care. Even though there is a Abdellah has the advantage with the environment… the concepts and ideas are not a behavioral system with
is less clearly wide range of scope seen in of increasing the nurse’s constantly seeking confined to a specific nursing seven subsystems: the
connected to goal the encompassing theory of critical and analytical thinking information from it.” approach, unlike the usual way achievement, attachment-
attainment than nursing systems, Orem’s goal skills since the care to be (Levine, 1969) of other nurse theorists affiliative, aggressive
personal and of letting the readers view provided would be based on • The individual “is a sentient defining the major concepts of protective, dependency,
interpersonal nursing care to assist people sound assessment and being, and the ability to a theory. Her statements, in ingestive, eliminative, and
systems. was apparent in every validation of findings. interact with the general, made us believe that a sexual subsystems. Each
• A multitude of concept presented. • With Faye Abdellah’s aim in environment seems person and his or her subsystem is interrelated with
views and From the definition of health formulating a clear ineluctably tied to his environment are integral to the others and the
definitions is which is sought to be rigid, it categorization of patient’s sensory organs.” each other. A patient can’t be environment and specific
confusing for the can now be refined by problems as health needs, • “Change is the essence of separated from his or her structural elements and
reader. Because of making it suitable to the she rather conceptualized life, and it is unceasing as environment when addressing functions that help maintain
multiple views on general view of health as a nurses’ actions in nursing long as life goes on. Change health and treatment. Her the behavioral system’s
one concept, such dynamic and ever-changing care, which is contrary to her is characteristic of life.” conceptual framework has integrity. When the behavioral
as what has been state. aim. Nurses’ roles were (Levine, 1973) greatly influenced nursing by system has balance and
discussed in her defined to alleviate the • “Patient-centered nursing offering an alternative to stability, the individual’s
concept of power, it problems assessed through care means individualized traditional nursing approaches. behaviors will be purposeful,
blurs the point that the proposed problem-solving nursing care. It is predicated organized, and predictable.
the theorist is trying approach. on the reality of common Imbalance and instability in
to relate to the experience: every man is a the behavioral system occur
readers. unique individual, and as when tension and stressors
such he requires a unique affect the subsystems’
constellation of skills, relationship or the internal
techniques, and ideas and external environments.
designed specifically for
him.” (Levine, 1973)
• “Ultimately, the decisions
for nursing intervention
must be based on the
unique behavior of the
individual patient.”
CAREER • After earning her • Imogene King • She also received • As a consultant and educator, • She was a private duty nurse • After Martha Rogers • Dorothy Johnson’s
Master’s Degree, worked in a variety accolades for her Faye Abdellah shared her in 1944, a civilian nurse in graduated from George professional
Neuman began of staff nurse roles. nursing theories with the U.S. Peabody College in experiences involved
contributions to
working as a nurse.
Specifically, she
From 1947 to 1958, nursing, including caregivers around the world • Army in 1945, a preclinical Tennessee in 1937, she mostly teaching,
was a pioneer in she worked as an honorary degrees • She led seminars in France, instructor in the physical worked for the although she was a
nursing involvement instructor in from Georgetown Portugal, Israel, Japan, China, sciences at Cook County Children’s Fund of staff nurse at the
in community Medical-Surgical University, Incarnate New Zealand, Australia, and from 1947 to 1950 Michigan for two years Chatham-Savannah
mental health. nursing and was an Word College, Illinois the former Soviet Union • Director of nursing at Drexel as public health nurse. Health Council from
While she was assistant director at Wesleyan University, • She also served as a research Home in Chicago from 1950 • In 1940, she accepted a 1943 to 1944.
developing her
St. John’s Hospital and the University of consultant to the World to 1951 position in Hartford, CT, • She was an instructor
systems model, she
was working as a School of Nursing Missouri-Columbia. Health Organization. • surgical supervisor at both at the Visiting Nurse and an assistant
lecturer at the • Her first theory • She was inducted into • she has been active in the University of Chicago Association. She worked professor in pediatric
University of article appeared in the American professional nursing Clinics from 1951 to 1952, at the Association for nursing at Vanderbilt
California-Los 1964 in the journal Academy of Nursing associations and is a prolific and the Henry Ford Hospital five years, first as an University School of
Angeles in Nursing Science, and received awards author, with more than 150 in Detroit from 1956 to Assistant Supervisor, Nursing.
community health
which nurse from the National publications 1962. then as the Assistant • From 1949 until her
nursing. Due to her
work in nursing, theorist Martha League for Nursing • In 1951, Levine also became Education Director, and retirement in 1978 and
Neuman was Rogers edited. and the Sigma Theta a clinical instructor at Bryan lastly as the acting her subsequent move
named as an • In 1969, King Tau Nursing Honor Memorial Hospital in Director of Education to Key Largo, Florida,
Honorary Member conducted a World Society. Lincoln, Nebraska, and • At the same time, she Johnson was an
of the Fellowship of Health Organization administrative supervisor at completed her assistant professor of
the American nursing research the University of Chicago coursework at Teacher’s pediatric nursing, an
Academy of
seminar in Manila, • Levine also worked as a College and completed associate professor of
Nursing.
• Betty Neuman has Philippines, where chairperson of clinical her degree nursing, and a nursing
done many things, she met Midori nursing at her alma mater, requirements (Master professor at the
including a nurse, Sugimori of Japan. the Cook County School of of Arts) in 1945. University of California,
educator, health Nursing, from 1963 to 1967 • After completing her Los Angeles.
counselor, • She managed to work her degree in 1945, she sent • In 1955 and 1956,
therapist, author, way up the academic ranks out many job inquiry Johnson was a
speaker, and at Loyola University from letters, considered pediatric nursing
1967 to 1977 and the staying in Hartford but advisor assigned to the
researcher.
University of Illinois from settled on a position as Christian Medical
• She earned many
1962 to 1963 and from 1977 the Executive Director College School of
awards and
to 1987 at the Visiting Nurse Nursing in Vellore,
honors, including
several honorary • She coordinated the Service in Phoenix, South India.
graduate nursing program in Arizona • From 1965 to 1967, she
doctorates, and
oncology at Rush University • While a doctoral served as chairperson
was an honorary
from 1974 to 1977. student, she did spend a on the California
member of the
• Levine was a director of the year as a visiting Nurses Association
American Academy
Department of Continuing lecturer at a Catholic committee that
of Nursing.
Education at Evanston University in developed a position
Hospital from March to June Washington, DC. statement on
1974 and a consultant to the • Rogers was then specifications for the
department from July 1974 appointed Professor and clinical specialist.
to 1976 Head of the Division of
 Nursing at New York
University right after
graduating from
Hopkins.
• Rogers officially retired
as Professor and Head
of the Division of
Nursing in 1975 after 21
years of service