Baghdad College of Pharmacy

Pharmaceutical Technology

Third stage

To-64p

Aerosols & Collodions

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 Pharmaceutical aerosols
Are defined as medicated or non-medicated pharmaceutical dosage form in
which the active ingredients are either dissolved ,suspended or emulsified in a
propellant or in a mixture of solvent.

ٚ‫ب أ‬ٙ‫م‬١ٍ‫ رؼ‬ٚ‫ٔبد إٌشطخ أ‬ٛ‫ب إراثخ اٌّى‬ٙ١‫زُ ف‬٠ ‫خ‬١‫ش غج‬١‫ غ‬ٚ‫خ أ‬١‫خ غج‬١‫ائ‬ٚ‫ب شىً عشػبد د‬ٙٔ‫ أ‬ٍٝ‫ب ػ‬ٙ‫ف‬٠‫زُ رؼش‬٠
.‫ت‬٠‫ػ ِٓ اٌّز‬١ٍ‫ خ‬ٟ‫ ف‬ٚ‫ ِبدح دافؼخ أ‬ٟ‫ب ف‬ٙ‫اسزؾالث‬

Aerosols are intended for oral or topical administration or for administration

into the eye, nose, ear, rectum, and vagina.

ْ‫األر‬ٚ ‫األٔف‬ٚ ٓ١‫ اٌؼ‬ٟ‫ ٌإلػطبء ف‬ٚ‫ أ‬ٟ‫ظؼ‬ٌّٛ‫ ا‬ٚ‫ك اٌفُ أ‬٠‫ ِخصص ٌإلػطبء ػٓ غش‬ٞٛ‫جبء اٌغ‬ٌٙ‫ا‬
.ً‫ج‬ٌّٙ‫ا‬ٚ ُ١‫اٌّسزم‬ٚ

Pharmaceutical aerosols are pressurized dosage forms that ,upon actuation, emit
a fine dispersion of liquid and \ or solid materials containing one or more
therapeutic active ingredients in a gaseous medium. The aerosols are inhaled
through the mouth and into the respiratory tract for local or systemic delivery.

‫اد‬ٌّٛ‫ذًا ِٓ ا‬١‫ رٕجؼش ِشززًب ع‬، ً١‫ ػٕذ اٌزشغ‬، ‫غخ‬ٛ‫ ػجبسح ػٓ أشىبي عشػبد ِعغ‬ٟٔ‫ذال‬١‫جبء اٌص‬ٌٙ‫ا‬
ُ‫ز‬٠ .ٞ‫سػ غبص‬ٚ ٟ‫خ اٌفؼبٌخ ف‬١‫ٔبد اٌؼالع‬ٛ‫ أوضش ِٓ اٌّى‬ٚ‫اؽذ أ‬ٚ ٍٝ‫ ػ‬ٞٛ‫ رؾز‬ٟ‫ اٌصٍجخ اٌز‬ٚ‫ أ‬/ ٚ ‫اٌسبئٍخ‬
.‫خ‬٠‫بص‬ٙ‫ اٌغ‬ٚ‫خ أ‬١‫ظؼ‬ٌّٛ‫الدح ا‬ٌٛ‫ ِٓ أعً ا‬ٟ‫بص اٌزٕفس‬ٙ‫ اٌغ‬ٌٝ‫ ِٓ خالي اٌفُ إ‬ٞٛ‫جبء اٌغ‬ٌٙ‫اسزٕشبق ا‬

Pharmaceutical aerosols applications : including 1-metered dose inhalers(MDis)

and 2-dry powder inhalers (DPIs)

‫ضح‬ٙ‫أع‬ٚ )MDis( ‫ضح االسزٕشبق راد اٌغشػبد اٌّمٕٕخ‬ٙ‫ رٌه أع‬ٟ‫ ثّب ف‬:ٟٔ‫ذال‬١‫ اٌص‬ٞٛ‫جبء اٌغ‬ٌٙ‫مبد ا‬١‫رطج‬
)DPIs( 2 ‫ق اٌغبف‬ٛ‫االسزٕشبق ثبٌّسؾ‬

Foam an emulsion packaged in a pressurized aerosol container that has a fluffy,

semisolid consistency when dispensed.

.ٕٗ‫شجٗ صٍت ػٕذ االسزغٕبء ػ‬ٚ ‫ك‬١‫اَ سل‬ٛ‫غ راد ل‬ٛ‫خ ثخبؿ ِعغ‬٠ٚ‫ ؽب‬ٟ‫ح ِسزؾٍت ِؼجؤ ف‬ٛ‫سغ‬

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Components of aerosols

1-product concentrate: contains active ingredients antioxidants, surface active

agents, solvents and other additives are prepare a stable product

‫جبد‬٠‫ِز‬ٚ ‫خ‬١‫اًِ ٔشطخ سطؾ‬ٛ‫ػ‬ٚ ‫ٔبد ٔشطخ ِعبداد األوسذح‬ٛ‫ ِى‬ٍٝ‫ ػ‬ٞٛ‫ؾز‬٠ :‫ِشوض إٌّزظ‬-1
‫ِسزمشا‬
ً ‫ رؾعش ِٕز ًغب‬ٜ‫إظبفبد أخش‬ٚ

2-Propellant: are the components that develops pressure within the container
and helps to expels the product at high pressure on opening valve. The types of
propellants are:

‫ غشد إٌّزظ ػٕذ اٌعغػ‬ٍٝ‫رسبػذ ػ‬ٚ ‫خ‬٠ٚ‫بدح اٌعغػ داخً اٌؾب‬٠‫ ص‬ٍٝ‫ رؼًّ ػ‬ٟ‫ٔبد اٌز‬ٛ‫ اٌّى‬ٛ٘ :‫اٌذافغ‬-2
:ٟ٘ ‫د اٌذافغ‬ٛ‫ل‬ٌٛ‫اع ا‬ٛٔ‫ أ‬.‫ صّبَ اٌفزؼ‬ٍٝ‫ ػ‬ٌٟ‫اٌؼب‬

a-Liquefied gas or a mixture of liquefied gases e.g. chlorofluorocarbons

‫خ‬٠‫س‬ٍٛ‫خ ف‬٠‫س‬ٍٛ‫ْ اٌى‬ٛ‫ ِشوجبد اٌىشث‬.‫ً اٌّضبي‬١‫ سج‬ٍٝ‫ ػ‬، ‫ػ ِٓ اٌغبصاد اٌّسبٌخ‬١ٍ‫ خ‬ٚ‫ غبص ِسبي أ‬-‫أ‬

Blends of the various liquefied gas propellants are generally used in

pharmaceutical aerosols to achieve the desired vapor pressure and to provide the
proper solvent features for a given product.

‫ك ظغػ‬١‫خ ٌزؾم‬١ٔ‫ذال‬١‫الد اٌص‬ٛ‫س‬ٚ‫ش‬٠‫ األ‬ٟ‫د اٌّسبي اٌّخزٍفخ ثشىً ػبَ ف‬ٛ‫ل‬ٌٛ‫اع ا‬ٛٔ‫رُسزخذَ خالئػ ِٓ أ‬
.ٓ١‫جبد إٌّبسجخ ٌّٕزظ ِؼ‬٠‫ضاد اٌّز‬١ِ ‫ش‬١‫ف‬ٛ‫ٌز‬ٚ ‫ة‬ٍٛ‫اٌجخبس اٌّط‬

b-Compressed gases e.g. nitrogen, nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide

ْٛ‫ذ اٌىشث‬١‫ أوس‬ٟٔ‫صب‬ٚ ‫ص‬ٚ‫زش‬١ٌٕ‫ذ ا‬١‫أوس‬ٚ ٓ١‫ع‬ٚ‫زش‬١ٌٕ‫غخ ِضً ا‬ٛ‫ اٌغبصاد اٌّعغ‬- ‫ة‬

Compressed rather than liquefied gases may be used to prepare aerosols. The
pressure of the compressed gas in the head space of the aerosol container forces
the product concentrate up the dip tube and out of the valve.

‫ ظغػ اٌغبص‬.ٞٛ‫جبء اٌغ‬ٌٙ‫ش ا‬١‫ٍخ ٌزؾع‬١‫غخ ثذالً ِٓ اٌغبصاد اٌّس‬ٛ‫ّىٓ اسزخذاَ اٌغبصاد اٌّعغ‬٠
‫ط‬ٚ‫خش‬ٚ ‫ة اٌغّس‬ٛ‫ أٔج‬ٍٝ‫ض ألػ‬١‫ اٌزشو‬ٍٝ‫غجش إٌّزظ ػ‬٠ ٞٛ‫جبء اٌغ‬ٌٙ‫خ ا‬٠ٚ‫ ٌؾب‬ٟ‫ض اٌشأس‬١‫ اٌؾ‬ٟ‫غ ف‬ٛ‫اٌّعغ‬
.َ‫اٌصّب‬

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The choice of propellant such that it has no physiologic effect(non-toxic and
non-irritant) does not interact with other used propellant, active ingredient,
additives or container material

‫ظ) ِغ ِبدح‬١ِٙ ‫ش‬١‫غ‬ٚ َ‫ش سب‬١‫ (غ‬ٟ‫ع‬ٌٛٛ٠‫ض‬١‫ش ف‬١‫ رؤص‬ٞ‫ْ ٌٗ أ‬ٛ‫ى‬٠ ‫ش ال‬١‫د اٌذافغ ثؾ‬ٛ‫ل‬ٌٛ‫بس ا‬١‫زفبػً اخز‬٠ ‫ال‬
‫خ‬٠ٚ‫ ِبدح ؽب‬ٚ‫اد ِعبفخ أ‬ِٛ ٚ‫ْ ٔشػ أ‬ٛ‫ ِى‬ٚ‫ ِسزخذِخ أ‬ٜ‫دافؼخ أخش‬

3-Valve assembly : the function of the valve assembly is to permit expulsion of

the contents of the container

‫خ‬٠ٚ‫بد اٌؾب‬٠ٛ‫ اٌسّبػ ثطشد ِؾز‬ٟ٘ َ‫غ اٌصّب‬١ّ‫فخ رغ‬١‫ظ‬ٚ :‫غ اٌصّبِبد‬١ّ‫رغ‬-3

The usual aerosol valve assembly is composed of the following parts:

:‫خ‬١ٌ‫ي اٌّؼزبدح ِٓ األعضاء اٌزب‬ٛ‫س‬ٚ‫ش‬٠‫ػخ صّبِبد األ‬ّٛ‫ْ ِغ‬ٛ‫رزى‬

1-Actuator: the button the user presses to activate the valve assembly for
emission of the product. The actuator permits easy opening and closing of the
valve.

ً‫سّؼ اٌّشغ‬٠ .‫ػخ اٌصّبِبد الٔجؼبس إٌّزظ‬ّٛ‫ػ ِغ‬١‫ٗ اٌّسزخذَ ٌزٕش‬١ٍ‫عغػ ػ‬٠ ٞ‫ اٌضس اٌز‬:ً‫اٌّشغ‬-1
.‫ٌخ‬ٛٙ‫إغالق اٌصّبَ ثس‬ٚ ‫ثفزؼ‬

2-Stem: supports the actuator and delivers the formulation in the proper form to
the chamber of the actuator.

.ً‫ ؽغشح اٌّشغ‬ٌٝ‫جخ ثبٌشىً إٌّبست إ‬١‫سٍُ اٌزشو‬٠ٚ ً‫ذػُ اٌّشغ‬٠ :‫اٌغزع‬-2

3-Gasket: placed snugly with the stem, prevents leakage of the formulation
when the valve is closed.

.َ‫جخ ػٕذ غٍك اٌصّب‬١‫رّٕغ رسشة اٌزشو‬ٚ ، ‫ػخ ثئؽىبَ ِغ اٌغزع‬ٛ‫ظ‬ِٛ :‫خ‬١‫اٌؾش‬-3

4-Spring: holds the gasket in place and is the mechanism by which the actuator
retracts when pressure is released, returning the valve to the closed position.

، ‫ش اٌعغػ‬٠‫زشاعغ اٌّشغً ػٕذ رؾش‬٠ ‫ب‬ٌٙ‫ ِٓ خال‬ٟ‫خ اٌز‬١ٌ٢‫ ا‬ٟ٘ٚ ‫ب‬ٙٔ‫ ِىب‬ٟ‫خ ف‬١‫ضجذ اٌؾش‬٠ :‫اٌضٔجشن‬-4
.‫ظغ اٌّغٍك‬ٌٛ‫ ا‬ٌٝ‫ذ اٌصّبَ إ‬١‫ؼ‬٠ٚ

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5-Mounting cup: attached to the aerosol can or container, holds the valve in
place.

.ٗٔ‫ ِىب‬ٟ‫ضجذ اٌصّبَ ف‬٠ ، ٞٛ‫جبء اٌغ‬ٌٙ‫ػبء ا‬ٚ ٚ‫ ِزصً ثؼٍجخ أ‬:‫ت‬١‫ة رشو‬ٛ‫و‬-5

6-Housing: directly below the mounting cup, the housing links the dip tube and
the stem and actuator.

.ً‫اٌّشغ‬ٚ ‫اٌسبق‬ٚ ‫ة اٌغّس‬ٛ‫شثػ اٌغالف أٔج‬٠ ، ‫ذ ِجبششح‬١‫ة اٌزضج‬ٛ‫ أسفً و‬:‫اٌغالف‬-6

7-Dip tube: extends from the housing down into the product, brings the
formulation from the container to the valve.

.َ‫ اٌصّب‬ٌٝ‫خ إ‬٠ٚ‫جخ ِٓ اٌؾب‬١‫غٍت اٌزشو‬٠ٚ ، ‫ أسفً إٌّزظ‬ٌٝ‫ّزذ ِٓ اٌغالف إ‬٠ :‫ة اٌغطس‬ٛ‫أٔج‬-7

The actuator, stem, housing, and dip tube are generally made of plastic, the
mounting cup and spring of metal, and the gasket of rubber or plastic resistant
to the formulation.

‫ٔبثط‬ٚ ‫ذ‬١‫ة اٌزضج‬ٛ‫و‬ٚ ، ‫ه‬١‫ة اٌغّس ثشىً ػبَ ِٓ اٌجالسز‬ٛ‫أٔج‬ٚ ، ْ‫اإلسىب‬ٚ ، ‫اٌسبق‬ٚ ، ً‫ُصٕغ اٌّشغ‬٠
.‫جخ‬١‫ِخ ٌٍزشو‬ٚ‫ه اٌّمب‬١‫ اٌجالسز‬ٚ‫خ اٌّطبغ أ‬١‫ؽش‬ٚ ، ْ‫اٌّؼذ‬

4-Containers: must be chemically compatible with the formulation

components, capable of withstanding the pressure and resist corrosion

‫ِخ‬ٚ‫ِمب‬ٚ ‫ رؾًّ اٌعغػ‬ٍٝ‫لبدسح ػ‬ٚ ‫بغخ‬١‫ٔبد اٌص‬ٛ‫ب ً ِغ ِى‬١‫بئ‬١ّ١‫افمخ و‬ٛ‫ْ ِز‬ٛ‫غت أْ رى‬٠ :‫اد‬ٛ‫ اٌؼج‬-4
.ً‫اٌزآو‬

Aerosol container protects medicinal agents from atmospheric oxygen ,moisture

,light and microorganisms.

.‫مخ‬١‫خ اٌذل‬١‫اٌىبئٕبد اٌؾ‬ٚ ‫ء‬ٛ‫اٌع‬ٚ ‫ثخ‬ٛ‫اٌشغ‬ٚ ٞٛ‫ٓ اٌغ‬١‫خ ِٓ األوسغ‬١‫اًِ اٌطج‬ٛ‫خ اٌجخبخبد اٌؼ‬٠ٚ‫ ؽب‬ّٟ‫رؾ‬

The containers may be glass ,metal or plastic.

.‫خ‬١‫ى‬١‫ ثالسز‬ٚ‫خ أ‬١ٔ‫ ِؼذ‬ٚ‫خ أ‬١‫اد صعبع‬ٛ‫ْ اٌؼج‬ٛ‫لذ رى‬

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Two-phase systems:

The two-phase aerosol system consists of the liquid phase, containing the
liquefied propellant and product concentrate, and the vapor phase.

‫ِشوض‬ٚ ‫ٍخ‬١‫ اٌّبدح اٌذافؼخ اٌّس‬ٍٝ‫ ػ‬ٞٛ‫ رؾز‬ٟ‫ اٌز‬، ‫س ِٓ اٌّشؽٍخ اٌسبئٍخ‬ٛ‫ اٌط‬ٟ‫ي صٕبئ‬ٛ‫س‬ٚ‫ش‬٠‫ْ ٔظبَ األ‬ٛ‫زى‬٠
.‫ِشؽٍخ اٌجخبس‬ٚ ، ‫إٌّزظ‬

Three-phase systems:

The three- phase system consists of a layer of water-immiscible liquid

propellant, a layer of highly aqueous product concentrate, and the vapor phase.

ٌٟ‫ ػب‬ٟ‫غجمخ ِٓ ِٕزظ ِبئ‬ٚ ، ‫ش لبثً ٌالِزضاط‬١‫ غ‬ٟ‫س ِٓ غجمخ ِٓ دافغ سبئً ِبئ‬ٛ‫ اٌط‬ٟ‫ْ إٌظبَ صالص‬ٛ‫زى‬٠
.‫ِشؽٍخ اٌجخبس‬ٚ ، ‫ض‬١‫اٌزشو‬

Advantages of aerosols:

1-A dose can be removed without contamination of materials

‫اد‬ٌّٛ‫س ا‬ٍٛ‫ْ ر‬ٚ‫ّىٓ إصاٌخ عشػخ د‬٠-1

2-Stability is enhanced for these substances adversely affected by oxygen and I

or moisture

‫ثخ‬ٛ‫ اٌشغ‬ٚ‫أٔب أ‬ٚ ٓ١‫ رزؤصش سٍجًب ثبألوسغ‬ٟ‫اد اٌز‬ٌّٛ‫زٖ ا‬ٌٙ ‫ض االسزمشاس‬٠‫زُ رؼض‬٠-2

3-When sterility is an important factor ,it can be maintained while a dose is

being dispensed

‫ٗ أصٕبء صشف اٌغشػخ‬١ٍ‫ّىٓ اٌؾفبظ ػ‬١‫ّب ً ف‬ِٙ ً‫ْ اٌؼمُ ػبِال‬ٛ‫ى‬٠ ‫ػٕذِب‬-3

4-The medication can be delivered directly to the affected area in a desired form
(localized action)

)ٟ‫ظؼ‬ِٛ ‫ة (إعشاء‬ٍٛ‫ إٌّطمخ اٌّصبثخ ثبٌشىً اٌّط‬ٌٝ‫اء ِجبششح إ‬ٚ‫صبي اٌذ‬٠‫ّىٓ إ‬٠-4

5-Irritation produced by the mechanical application of topical medication is

reduced or eliminated

ٗ١ٍ‫ اٌمعبء ػ‬ٚ‫خ أ‬١‫ظؼ‬ٌّٛ‫خ ا‬٠ٚ‫ ٌألد‬ٟ‫ى‬١ٔ‫ىب‬١ٌّ‫ك ا‬١‫ظ إٌبرظ ػٓ اٌزطج‬١ٙ‫ً اٌز‬١ٍ‫زُ رم‬٠ -5

6-Ease and convenience of application ‫ك‬١‫ساؽخ اٌزطج‬ٚ ‫ٌخ‬ٛٙ‫س‬

7-Application of medication in thin layer ‫اء‬ٚ‫مخ ِٓ اٌذ‬١‫د٘ٓ غجمخ سل‬

8-Bypasses first pass effect

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Disadvantages of aerosols

1-Expensive

2-Chlorofluorocarbon propellants cause ozone layer depletion

ْٚ‫ص‬ٚ‫خ اسزٕفبد غجمخ األ‬١ٔٛ‫وشث‬ٚ‫س‬ٍٛ‫ف‬ٚ‫س‬ٍٛ‫افغ اٌى‬ٚ‫رسجت اٌذ‬

3-flammability

4-Toxicity 5-Explosivity

1-Inhaler sprays :

Aerosols for inhalation therapy (treatment of asthma or emphysema) must

present particles in the form of a fine liquid mist or as finely divided solid
particles.

ٍٝ‫ئبد ػ‬٠‫ أزفبؿ اٌشئخ) عض‬ٚ‫ أ‬ٛ‫ اٌؼالط ثبالسزٕشبق (ػالط اٌشث‬ٟ‫الد اٌّسزخذِخ ف‬ٛ‫س‬ٚ‫ش‬٠‫غت أْ رمذَ األ‬٠
.‫ئبد صٍجخ ِمسّخ ثذلخ‬٠‫ عض‬ٚ‫شىً سرار سبئً ٔبػُ أ‬

Particles < 6Mm will reach the respiratory bronchioles ,and those

< 2Mm will reach the alveolar ducts

2-Space sprays :

The particle size of the released product is generally quite small, usually below
50 Mm and must be carefully controlled so that the dispersed droplets or
particles remain airborne for a long time.

ٗ١‫غت اٌزؾىُ ف‬٠ٚ ُِ 50 ِٓ ً‫ْ أل‬ٛ‫ى‬٠ ‫ػبدح ِب‬ٚ ، َ‫ش عذًا ثشىً ػب‬١‫ّبد ٌٍّٕزظ اٌ ُّطٍك صغ‬١‫ؽغُ اٌغس‬
.‫ٍخ‬٠ٛ‫اء ٌفزشح غ‬ٌٛٙ‫ ا‬ٟ‫ٌخ ف‬ّٛ‫ّبد اٌّشززخ ِؾ‬١‫ اٌغس‬ٚ‫ رظً اٌمطشاد أ‬ٝ‫خ ؽز‬٠‫ثؼٕب‬

A one second burst from a typical aerosol space spray will produce 120 million
particles ,a substantial number of which will remain suspended in the air for an
hour.

‫ش‬١‫ ػذد وج‬ٝ‫جم‬١‫ س‬، ُ١‫ْ عس‬ٛ١ٍِ 120 ٟ‫رع‬ّٛٔ ٟ‫اؽذح ِٓ سرار فعبئ‬ٚ ‫خ‬١ٔ‫ٕزظ ػٓ أفغبس ٌّذح صب‬٠ ‫ف‬ٛ‫س‬
.‫اء ٌّذح سبػخ‬ٌٛٙ‫ ا‬ٟ‫ب ِؼٍمًب ف‬ِٕٙ

E.g. 1-room disinfectants 2-room deodorizers 3-space insecticides

‫ ِسبفبد‬3 -‫ائؼ‬ٚ‫الد اٌش‬٠‫ ِض‬-2 ٗ‫شاد غشف‬ٙ‫ ِط‬-1 ‫ً اٌّضبي‬١‫ سج‬ٍٝ‫ػ‬

6
3-Surface sprays

Intended to carry the active ingredient to a surface (dermatological or topical

sprays)

)‫خ‬١‫ظؼ‬ِٛ ٚ‫خ أ‬٠‫ اٌسطؼ (ثخبخبد عٍذ‬ٍٝ‫ ؽًّ اٌؼٕصش إٌشػ ػ‬ٌٝ‫ذف إ‬ٙ٠

E.g. 1-personal deodorant sprays 2-hair sprays 3-perfumes and colognes 4-

shaving lathers 5-tooth paste 6-surface pesticide sprays 7-paint sprays 8-spray
starch, waxes , polishes, cleaners and lubricants

-4 ‫ب‬١ٌٔٛٛ‫اٌى‬ٚ ‫س‬ٛ‫ اٌؼط‬-3 ‫ ثخبخبد اٌشؼش‬-2 ‫خ‬١‫ً اٌؼشق اٌشخص‬٠‫ ثخبخبد ِض‬-1 ‫ً اٌّضبي‬١‫ سج‬ٍٝ‫ػ‬
‫ سش إٌشب‬8 -ْ‫ ثخبخبد اٌذ٘ب‬-‫ أسطؼ‬6 ‫خ‬٠‫ذاد اٌؾشش‬١‫ ثخبخبد اٌّج‬-ْ‫ْ األسٕب‬ٛ‫ ِؼغ‬5- ‫ اٌؾاللخ‬ٞٚ‫سغب‬
‫اٌّضٌمبد‬ٚ ‫إٌّظفبد‬ٚ ‫غ‬١ٍّ‫اٌز‬ٚ ‫ع‬ّٛ‫اٌش‬ٚ

Types of pharmaceutical aerosols :

1-Inhalation aerosols :

Commonly known as a metered-dose inhalers (MDIs) intended to produce fine

particles or droplets for inhalation through the mouth and deposition in the
pulmonary tree .

‫مخ‬١‫ لطشاد دل‬ٚ‫ئبد أ‬٠‫ إٔزبط عض‬ٌٝ‫ذف إ‬ٙ‫ ر‬ٟ‫) اٌز‬MDIs( ‫ضح االسزٕشبق ثبٌغشػبد اٌّمٕٕخ‬ٙ‫رُؼشف ثبسُ أع‬
.‫خ‬٠ٛ‫ اٌشغشح اٌشئ‬ٟ‫ب ف‬ٙ‫رشسج‬ٚ ُ‫ٌالسزٕشبق ِٓ خالي اٌف‬

2-Nasal aerosols :

Commonly known as nasal MDIs ,produce fine particles or droplets for

delivery through the nasal vestibute and deposition in the nasal cavity.

‫ب‬ّٙ١ٍ‫ لطشاد ٌزس‬ٚ‫مخ أ‬١‫ئبد دل‬٠‫ رٕزظ عض‬ٟ٘ٚ ، ‫خ‬١‫ضح االسزٕشبق ثبٌغشػبد اٌّمٕٕخ األٔف‬ٙ‫رُؼشف ثبسُ أع‬
.‫ف األٔف‬٠ٛ‫ رغ‬ٟ‫ب ف‬ٙ‫رشسج‬ٚ ‫ض األٔف‬١ٍ٘‫ػجش د‬

3-Lingual aerosols :

Are intended to produce fine particles or droplets for deposition on the surface
of the tongue .

.ْ‫ سطؼ اٌٍسب‬ٍٝ‫ لطشاد ٌزشست ػ‬ٚ‫مخ أ‬١‫ّبد دل‬١‫ إٔزبط عس‬ٌٝ‫ذف إ‬ٙ‫ر‬
7
4-Topical aerosols :

Produce fine particles or droplets for application to the skin ,can be metered.
Topical aerosols are applied without touch (topical sprays) cooling refreshing
feeling after topical application.

ْٚ‫خ ثذ‬١‫ظؼ‬ٌّٛ‫ك اٌجخبخبد ا‬١‫زُ رطج‬٠ .‫ب‬ٙ‫بس‬١‫ّىٓ ل‬٠ ، ‫ اٌغٍذ‬ٍٝ‫ب ػ‬ٙ‫م‬١‫مخ ٌزطج‬١‫ لطشاد دل‬ٚ‫ئبد أ‬٠‫إٔزبط عض‬
.ٟ‫ظؼ‬ٌّٛ‫ك ا‬١‫س ثبالٔزؼبش ثؼذ اٌزطج‬ٛ‫ذ اٌشؼ‬٠‫خ) ٌزجش‬١‫ظؼ‬ِٛ ‫ٌّس (ثخبخبد‬

Evaluation tests :

A-Flammability and combustibility :

1-flame projection 2-flash point

B-Performance :

1-aerosol valve discharge rate 2-net contents 3-foam stability

C-Biological testing :

1-therapeutic activity 2-toxicity studies

8
 Collodions
Collodions ;- Are liquid non aqueous, preparation used externally composed of
pyroxyline (nitro cellulose ) dissolved in a solvent mixture usually composed of
ethanol and ethyl ether ,with or without added medicinal substances.

)‫ص‬ٍٛ١ٍ‫ س‬ٚ‫زش‬١ٔ( ٓ١ٍ١‫وس‬ٚ‫ش‬١‫ْ ِٓ ث‬ٛ‫ًب ِى‬١‫سزخذَ خبسع‬٠ ‫ ِسزؾعش‬، ٟ‫ش ِبئ‬١‫ سبئً غ‬- ‫ ؛‬Collodions
.‫خ ِعبفخ‬١‫اد غج‬ِٛ ْٚ‫ ثذ‬ٚ‫ ِغ أ‬، ً١‫ض‬٠‫ضش إ‬٠‫إ‬ٚ ‫ي‬ٛٔ‫ضب‬٠‫ْ ػبدح ِٓ إ‬ٛ‫زى‬٠ ‫ت‬٠‫ػ ِز‬١ٍ‫ خ‬ٟ‫ِزاة ف‬

pyroxyline→obtained by the action nitric and sulfuric acids on cotton consists

chiefly of cellulose tetranitrate

ٓ‫ اٌمط‬ٍٝ‫ه ػ‬١‫ز‬٠‫اٌىجش‬ٚ ‫ه‬٠‫زش‬١ٌٕ‫ش أؽّبض ا‬١‫ٗ ِٓ خالي رؤص‬١ٍ‫ي ػ‬ٛ‫زُ اٌؾص‬٠ ٞ‫ٓ → اٌز‬١ٍ١‫وس‬ٚ‫ش‬١‫ْ اٌج‬ٛ‫زى‬٠
‫ص‬ٍٛ١ٍ‫ ِٓ ساثغ ٔزشاد اٌس‬ٟ‫ثشىً أسبس‬

①It has the appearance of raw cotton when dry, but is harsh to the touch

‫ اٌٍّّس‬ٟ‫ ٌىٕٗ لبس‬، ‫غف‬٠ ‫وؤٔٗ لطٓ خبَ ػٕذِب‬ٚ ٚ‫جذ‬٠

②It is frequently available commercially moistened with about 30% alcohol or

other similar solvent.

.ٗ‫ت آخش ِشبث‬٠‫ ِز‬ٚ‫ي أ‬ٛ‫ وؾ‬٪30 ٌٟ‫ا‬ٛ‫ًب ثؾ‬٠‫فش ِشغجًب رغبس‬ٛ‫ز‬٠ ‫غبٌجًب ِب‬

③One part of pyroxyline is slowly but completely soluble in 25 parts of a

mixture of (3 volumes of ether and 1volume of al cohol)

ٚ ‫ش‬١‫ أؽغبَ ِٓ األص‬3( ‫ػ‬١ٍ‫ عض ًءا ِٓ خ‬25 ٟ‫ٌىٓ رّب ًِب ف‬ٚ ‫ثبْ ثجػء‬ٚ‫ٓ لبثً ٌٍز‬١ٍ١‫وس‬ٚ‫ش‬١‫اؽذ ِٓ اٌج‬ٚ ‫عضء‬
)‫ي‬ٛ٘ٛ‫ ؽغُ ِٓ اٌى‬1

④It is also soluble in acetone and glacial acetic acid,

، ٞ‫ذ‬١ٍ‫ه اٌغ‬١ٍ‫ؽّط اٌخ‬ٚ ْٛ‫ز‬١‫ األس‬ٟ‫ثبْ ف‬ٚ‫وّب أٔٗ لبثً ٌٍز‬

⑤pyroxylin is precipitated from solution in these solvents upon the addition of

water.

.‫جبد ػٕذ إظبفخ اٌّبء‬٠‫ ٘زٖ اٌّز‬ٟ‫ي ف‬ٍٛ‫ ِٓ اٌّؾ‬pyroxylin ‫زشست‬٠

⑥pyroxyline, like collodions, is flammable and must be stored away from

flame in well- closed containers,protected from light.

‫ذًا‬١‫بد ِغٍمخ ع‬٠ٚ‫ ؽب‬ٟ‫ت ف‬ٌٍٙ‫ذًا ػٓ ا‬١‫ٕٗ ثؼ‬٠‫غت رخض‬٠ٚ ‫ لبثً ٌالشزؼبي‬، ْٛ٠‫د‬ٌٛٛ‫ ِضً اٌى‬، pyroxyline
.‫ء‬ٛ‫خ ِٓ اٌع‬١ّ‫ ِؾ‬،
9
* collodions are intended for external use ,when applied to the skin with soft
brush or glass applicator ,the solvent rapidly evaporats, leaving a flim of
pyroxyline on the surface of the skin.

‫ت‬١‫ لع‬ٚ‫ اٌغٍذ ثفششبح ٔبػّخ أ‬ٍٝ‫ب ػ‬ٙ‫ظؼ‬ٚ ‫ ػٕذ‬، ٟ‫ٔبد ِخصصخ ٌالسزخذاَ اٌخبسع‬ٛ٠‫د‬ٌٛٛ‫* اٌى‬
.‫ سطؼ اٌغٍذ‬ٍٝ‫ٓ ػ‬١ٍ١‫وس‬ٚ‫ش‬١‫ ربس ًوب غجمخ ِٓ اٌج‬، ‫زجخش ثسشػخ‬٠ ‫ت‬٠‫ فئْ اٌّز‬، ٟ‫صعبع‬

This provides on occlusive protective coating to the skin, and when the
collodions is medicated, it leaves a thin layer of that medication that will keep
the drug in contact with the skin for long period of time.

‫اء‬ٚ‫مخ ِٓ ٘زا اٌذ‬١‫زشن غجمخ سل‬٠ ٗٔ‫ فئ‬، ٓ١٠‫د‬ٌٛٛ‫زُ ػالط اٌى‬٠ ‫ػٕذِب‬ٚ ، ‫د ًا ٌٍغٍذ‬ٚ‫ًب ِسذ‬١‫ال‬ٚ ‫فش ٘زا غال ًءا‬ٛ٠
.ِٓ‫ٍخ ِٓ اٌض‬٠ٛ‫اء ٌٍغٍذ ٌفزشح غ‬ٚ‫ ِالِسخ اٌذ‬ٍٝ‫رؾبفع ػ‬

Naturally, collodions must be applied to dry tissues to adhere to the skin

surface; the products must be clearly labeled (for external use only) or with
words of similar effect.

‫ض إٌّزغبد‬١١ّ‫غت ر‬٠ ‫ األٔسغخ اٌغبفخ ٌزٍزصك ثسطؼ اٌغٍذ ؛‬ٍٝ‫ْ ػ‬ٛ٠‫د‬ٌٛٛ‫ظغ اٌى‬ٚ ‫غت‬٠ ، ‫ؼخ اٌؾبي‬١‫ثطج‬
.ً‫ش ِّبص‬١‫ ثىٍّبد راد رؤص‬ٚ‫ فمػ) أ‬ٟ‫ػ (ٌالسزخذاَ اٌخبسع‬ٛ‫ظ‬ٛ‫ث‬

Collodions used in treatment of corn and waters.

.ٖ‫ب‬١ٌّ‫ا‬ٚ ‫ ِؼبٌغخ اٌزسح‬ٟ‫ْ اٌّسزخذِخ ف‬ٛ٠‫د‬ٌٛٛ‫اٌى‬

Flexible collodion→ consist of;-

2 parts w/w camphor

3 parts w/w castor oil

Official collodion (q.s.)to make the weight required

Official collodion→ consist of

3 parts w/v ethyl oxide

1 part w/v alcohol (ethanol)

4 parts w/v pyroxyline

The official collodion act as a solvent for the flexible collodion

10
* Flexible collodion is prepared by adding 2% camphor and 3% castor oil to
collodion. The castor oil renders the product .flexible, permitting its
comfortable use over skin areas that are normally moved, such as fingers and
toes

‫ع‬ٚ‫ذ اٌخش‬٠‫غؼً ص‬٠ .ْٛ٠‫د‬ٌٛٛ‫ اٌى‬ٌٝ‫ع إ‬ٚ‫ذ خش‬٠‫ ص‬٪3 ٚ ‫س‬ٛ‫ وبف‬٪2 ‫ؾعش ثئظبفخ‬٠ ْ‫ْ اٌّش‬ٛ٠‫د‬ٌٛٛ‫* اٌى‬
‫ ِضً أصبثغ‬، ٟ‫ؼ‬١‫ب ثشىً غج‬ٙ‫ى‬٠‫زُ رؾش‬٠ ٟ‫ ِٕبغك اٌغٍذ اٌز‬ٍٝ‫ؼ ػ‬٠‫سّؼ ثبسزخذاِٗ اٌّش‬٠ ‫ ِّب‬، ‫إٌّزظ ِشًٔب‬
ٓ١ِ‫اٌمذ‬ٚ ٓ٠‫ذ‬١ٌ‫ا‬

The camphor makes the product waterproof .physicians frequently apply the
coating over bandages or stitched incisions to make them water proof and to
protect them from external stress.

‫ق‬ٛ‫ اٌشم‬ٚ‫ اٌعّبداد أ‬ٍٝ‫ك اٌطالء ػ‬١‫َ األغجبء ثزطج‬ٛ‫م‬٠ ‫شا ِب‬١‫وض‬
ً .‫ ًِب ٌٍّبء‬ٚ‫س إٌّزظ ِمب‬ٛ‫غؼً اٌىبف‬٠
.ٟ‫بد اٌخبسع‬ٙ‫ب ِٓ اإلع‬ٙ‫ز‬٠‫ٌؾّب‬ٚ ‫ِخ ٌٍّبء‬ٚ‫ب ِمب‬ٍٙ‫طخ ٌغؼ‬١‫اٌّخ‬

The official medicated collodion ;- e.g.

Salicy acid collodion usp

Contains 10% w/v of salicylic acid in flexible collodion, It is used for its
keratolytic effect; especially in the removal of corns from the toes. Patients who
use such products should be advised about their proper use.

‫خ ؛‬١ٔ‫ش اٌمش‬١‫سزخذَ ٌزؤص‬٠ٚ ، ْ‫ْ ِش‬ٛ٠‫د‬ٌٛٛ‫ و‬ٟ‫ه ف‬١ٍ١‫س‬١ٌ‫ ؽغُ ِٓ ؽّط اٌسب‬/ ْ‫ص‬ٚ ٪10 ٍٝ‫ ػ‬ٞٛ‫ؾز‬٠
‫ْ ٘زٖ إٌّزغبد‬ِٛ‫سزخذ‬٠ ٓ٠‫ اٌز‬ٝ‫غت إخطبس اٌّشظ‬٠ .َ‫ش اٌمذَ ِٓ أصبثغ اٌمذ‬١ِ‫ إصاٌخ ِسب‬ٟ‫خبصخ ف‬
.ُ١ٍ‫ب اٌس‬ِٙ‫ي اسزخذا‬ٛ‫ؽ‬

The product should be applied one drop at a time on the corn or wart allowing
time to dry before the next drop is added

‫غف لجً إظبفخ اٌمطشح‬١ٌ ‫لذ‬ٛ‫ي ٌٍسّبػ ث‬ٌٛ‫ اٌضؤ‬ٚ‫ اٌزسح أ‬ٍٝ‫ وً ِشح ػ‬ٟ‫اؽذح ف‬ٚ ‫ظغ إٌّزظ لطشح‬ٚ ‫غت‬٠
‫خ‬١ٌ‫اٌزب‬

*Because salicylic acid can irritate normal, healthy skin every attempt must be
made to ensure application directly on the corn or wart, A useful preventive
measure is to line the adjacent healthy skin with some white petrolatum prior to
application of the product.

ْ‫ٌخ ٌعّب‬ٚ‫غت ثزي وً ِؾب‬٠ ، ٟ‫اٌصؾ‬ٚ ٟ‫ؼ‬١‫ظ اٌغٍذ اٌطج‬١ٙ‫سجت ر‬٠ ْ‫ّىٓ أ‬٠ ‫ه‬١ٍ١‫س‬١ٌ‫* ألْ ؽّط اٌسب‬
‫س ثجؼط‬ٚ‫ُ اٌّغب‬١ٍ‫ٓ اٌغٍذ اٌس‬١‫ذح رجط‬١‫خ اٌّف‬١‫لبئ‬ٌٛ‫ش ا‬١‫ِٓ اٌزذاث‬ٚ ، ‫ي‬ٌٛ‫ اٌضؤ‬ٚ‫ اٌزسح أ‬ٍٝ‫ظؼٗ ِجبششح ػ‬ٚ
.‫ك إٌّزظ‬١‫ط لجً رطج‬١‫ٓ األث‬١ٌ‫اٌفبص‬

11
proper tightening and storage of the product after use are absolutely necessary
because of the volatility of the vehicle.

.‫بسح‬١‫خ ثسجت رمٍت اٌس‬٠‫بْ ٌٍغب‬٠‫س‬ٚ‫ؼ ثؼذ االسزخذاَ ظش‬١‫ٓ إٌّزظ ثشىً صؾ‬٠‫رخض‬ٚ َ‫إْ إؽىب‬

*The official collodion and flexible collodion are water repellent products, so
they are protect the skin especially in minor cuts and scratches

ٟ‫ اٌجششح خبصخ ف‬ّٟ‫ رؾ‬ٟٙ‫ ٌزا ف‬، ‫ْ اٌّشْ ِٓ إٌّزغبد اٌطبسدح ٌٍّبء‬ٛ٠‫د‬ٌٛٛ‫اٌى‬ٚ ّٟ‫ْ اٌشس‬ٛ٠‫د‬ٌٛٛ‫* اٌى‬
.‫فخ‬١‫ش اٌطف‬ٚ‫اٌخذ‬ٚ ‫ػ‬ٚ‫اٌغش‬

*The collodions are highly volatile and flammable should be preserved in a

tight container remote from fire, at temp not exceeding 30c

‫ ػٕذ دسعخ‬، ‫ذًا ػٓ إٌبس‬١‫خ ِؾىّخ ثؼ‬٠ٚ‫ ؽب‬ٟ‫ب ف‬ٙ‫غت ؽفظ‬٠ ‫لبثٍخ ٌالشزؼبي‬ٚ ‫ذح اٌزمٍت‬٠‫ٔبد شذ‬ٛ٠‫د‬ٌٛٛ‫* اٌى‬
‫خ‬٠ٛ‫ دسعخ ِئ‬30 ٓ‫ذ ػ‬٠‫ؽشاسح ال رض‬

12