MODULE 8 CFU

NAME :
1. WHAT IS THE REASON WHY WE NEED TO FORMULATE SUSPENSION?
- The reasons for the formulation of a pharmaceutical suspensionis when the drug is
insoluble in the delivery vehicle, to mask the bitter taste of the drug and to increase drug stability.

2. RELATE THE PARTICLE SIZE OF A SUSPENSION TO SEDEMENTATION RATE AND IN STOKES

LAW.
-For a dilute suspension, Stokes' law states that the sedimentation velocity is inversely
proportional to the viscosity of the continuous phase, 2 as well as being proportional to particle size.
For particles of a given size, doubling the suspension viscosity will therefore halve
the rate of sedimentation.

3. DIFFERENTIATE THE TYPES OF EMULSION

- Oil-in-water (O/W)Used in moisturizing products and food products such as milk,
mayonnaise and vinaigrette, o/w emulsions contain a low oil concentration. They are mixable with
water, non-greasy, non-occlusive and will absorb water. The dispersion medium in these emulsions
is water; o/w emulsifiers keep oil drops packed in water. While, Water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions are
utilized in products including butter, margarine, cold cream and cod liver oil and are especially
useful in products designed for dry or sensitive skin. Common w/o emulsifiers are sorbitan
stearate, polyglyceryl oleate, lecithin, sorbitan monooleate and lanolin. Sometimes referred to as an
inverse emulsion, w/o emulsions mix more easily with oils and have a high oil concentration.
Producing w/o emulsions is more difficult than developing their o/w emulsions.

4. DEFINE EACH METHOD OF PREPARATION OF EMULSION

METHOD DEFINITION
Dry gum method used to prepare the initial or primary emulsion
from oil, water, and a hydrocolloid or "gum"
type emulsifier (usually acacia). The primary
emulsion, or emulsion nucleus, is formed from 4
parts oil, 2 parts water, and 1 part emulsifier.
Wet gum method In this method, the proportions of oil, water, and
emulsifier are the same (4:2:1), but the order
and techniques of mixing are different. The 1
part gum is triturated with 2 parts water to form
a mucilage; then the 4 parts oil is added slowly,
in portions, while triturating.

5. DIFFERENTIATE THE DIFFERENT PHYSICAL INSTABILITY OF EMULSION.

- Coalescence  is the process by which two or more droplets, bubbles or particles merge
during contact to form a single daughter droplet, bubble or particle. It can take place in many
processes, ranging from meteorology to astrophysics.
- Creaming is the rise of dispersed particles to the surface of an emulsion, which occurs due
to density differences between the dispersed particles and the serum phase. 
- Breaking, of an oil in water emulsion is done by neutralizing the charges at the surface of
the droplets. This is performed with a cationic emulsion breaker because the dielectric constants of
oil and water cause the oil droplets to carry a negative charge in water.
- Flocculation describes clustering of individual dispersed droplets together, whereby the
individual droplets do not lose their identity. Flocculation is thus the initial step leading to further
ageing of the emulsion (droplet coalescence and the ultimate separation of the phases).

6. EXPLAIN THE ROLE OF SUSPENDING AGENTS WHEN ADDED TO DISPERSION MEDIUM

- Most suspending agents perform two functions. Besides acting as a suspending agent they
also imparts viscosity to the solution. Also, Suspending agents form film around particle and
decrease interparticle attraction. A good suspension should have well developed thixotropy. 

7. PASTE A PICTURE OF AN AEROSOL, LABEL ITS PARTS AND FUNCTION OF EACH PART.

Valve

Valve Cup

Propellant

Propellant/
product mixture

Dip tube
Pea

 Aerosol valves leverage pressure between two fluids to force product through an atomizer,
creating a useful, fine mist. At rest, the high-pressure propellant pushes up on the stem and
mounting gasket, keeping the system sealed, while also pushing down on the product.  The valve is
to regulate the flow of product concentrate from the container.
 Propellants help to develop proper pressure within the container and expel the products in the
forms of vapor in the formulation of aerosols. When the propellant is a liquefied gas or a mixture of
liquefied gases, it can also serve as the solvent or vehicle for the product concentrate.
 Propellant product/mixture are used in topical pharmaceutical aerosols because of their
environmental acceptance, low toxicity, and lack of reactivity. They are useful in three-phase (two-
layer) aerosol systems because they are immiscible with water and have a density less than 1.
  Dip tube conveys the aerosol content from the container to the valve mechanism where it
is emitted as an aerosol spray. The dip tube includes a pliable tube main body and a tubular
weight fixed on the tube main body adjacent to the free end.
 Pea is used to mix the paint when the can is shaken.

8. SEARCH THE TWO FILLING OPERATION OF AEROSOLS, STATE EACH PROCESS OF FILLING
 Cold Fill process, both the product concentrate and the propellant must be cooled to temperatures
between 30°C to 60°C where they will remain liquefied. The cooling system may be a mixture of dry
ice and acetone or an elaborate refrigeration system.

 Pressure Fill Process is carried out essentially at room temperature. The product concentrate is
placed in the container, the valve assembly is inserted and crimped into place, and then the
liquefied gas, under pressure, is added through the valve. The entrapped air in the package might
be ignored if it does not interfere with the stability of the product, or it may be evacuated prior to
or during filling. After the filling operation is complete, the valve is tested for proper function. This
spray testing also rids the dip tube of pure propellant prior to consumer use. Pressure filling is used
for most pharmaceutical aerosols. It has the advantage that there is less danger of moisture
contamination of the product and also less propellant is lost in the process.
9. PASTE A PICTURE OF METERED DOSE INHALER (MDI) AND LABEL ITS PARTS.

Canister
Drug/propellant
liquid mixture

Actuator

Metering valve
Actuator
nozzle
Actuator seat
10. ILLUSTRATE OR STATE THE PROCESS ON HOW TO USE METERED DOSE INHALER CORRECTLY

1Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and warm

water.

2Remove the cap and hold the inhaler upright.

3Shake the inhaler.

4Breathe out slowly through your mouth.

5Hold your inhaler as shown in the picture or as
recommended by your doctor.

6While you are breathing in, press down on your inhaler one time to release the
medication.

7Continue to breathe in slowly and as deeply as you can.

8Hold your breath for 10 seconds, if you can, to

allow the medication to reach deeply into
your lungs.

9Repeat steps 3 to 8 until you have inhaled the number of puffs that your doctor
prescribed. Ask your doctor or pharmacist if you need to
wait between puffs of your medication.
10   Rinse your mouth thoroughly with water.

11   Spit out the water. Do not swallow.

DO NOT COPY YOUR CLASSMATE’S ACTIVITY

STUDENTS WITH THE SAME ANSWERS AND PICTURES WILL DIVIDE THE SCORE GIVEN BY THE
INSTRUCTOR.

DEADLINE OCTOBER 02 , 2020 ON OR BEFORE 12:00 NOON