Mikaela Althea Leviste | 8-Dalton
KINGDOM ANIMALIA
General Features
▪ Diverse in form: vertebrates & invertebrates
▪ Active movement
▪ Multicellular heterotrophs
▪ Embryonic Development
▪ No cell walls; flexible cells
▪ Sexual reproduction
Embryonic Development
Cell cleavage – multiplication of cells in a developing
embryo through cell division
1. Morula – solid balls
2. Blastula – hollow ball
3. Gastrula – undergone invagination
5 Key Transitions in Body Design
1) Tissues (Sub Kingdom)
▪ Parazoa – no tissues; lack definite symmetry
▪ Eumetazoa – organs system; definite symmetry
2) Bilateral Symmetry (Sub Group)
▪ Radiata – radial symmetry; diploblastic
▪ Bilateria – bilateral symmetry; triploblastic
▪ BODY SYMMETRY
-Asymmetry
-Radial
-Bilateral
▪ BODY PLANES
-Frontal: anterior (front); posterior (back)
-Sagittal: left & right
-Transverse: dorsal (top); ventral (bottom)
3) Body Cavity (Coelom)
▪ Acoelomate – coelom inside endoderm
▪ Pseudocoelomate – w/o mesentery
▪ Coelomate – w/ mesentery
4) Protostome & Deuterostome Development
▪ Protostomes – mouth –> anus
▪ Deuterostomes – anus –> mouth
5) Segmentation
❖ Metamerism – fusion of segments
❖ Causes appendages
❖ HOX genes – segmental identity
Phylum
A. Porifera
❖ Sub Kingdom: Parazoa
❖ Key Features
1. Marine / freshwater
2. Asymmetrical (few are radial)
3. Larval stage: free swimming
Adult stage: sessile
4. Filter-feeders
5. Skeleton: Calcareous spicules, siliceous
spicules, sponging
❖ Parts
Choanocytes – flagellated cells
Spongocoel - cavity
Pores – water entrance
Epidermis – outer layer
Mesohyl – ‘middle matter’
Amoebocytes – nutrient transport
❖ Reproduction
1. Fragmentation
2. Sequential hermaphroditism: function first
as one sex and then as the other
❖ Spawning – excretion of water
❖ EXAMPLES:
Barrel sponge – Xestospongia testudinaria
Callyspongja – Callysponja siphonella
White tube sponge – Leucosolenia sp.
Venus Flower Basket – Euplectella aspergillum
B. Cnidaria
❖ Sub Kingdom: Eumetazoa [Radiata]
❖ Key Features
1. Marine
2. Simple, diplobastic
3. Single gastrovascular cavity – mouth & anus
4. Cnidocyte – cnidae (cell), contains
nematocyst (stinging capsule)
5. Body plan: polyp – sessile ; medusa – motile
❖ Class
1. Hydrozoa (Hydroids) – both polyp &
medusa; some are bioluminescent
2. Scyphozoa (Jellyfish) – medusa
transparent/translucent
3. Cubozoa (Box Jellyfish) – medusa
4. Anthozoa (Flower animals) – polyp
❖ Reproduction
Separates sexes reproduce sexually
Polyp stage reproduce by budding (asexually)
C. Platyhelminthes - flatworms
❖ Sub Kingdom: Eumetozoa [Bilateria]
 Mikaela Althea Leviste | 8-Dalton
❖ Aceolomates E. Rotifera
❖ Key Features ❖ Sub Kingdom: Eumetozoa [Bilateria]
1. Bilateral symmetry ❖ Wheel-bearer
2. Ribbon-shaped; soft-bodied flattened ❖ Key Features
dorsoventrally 1. Small; bilateral symmetry
3. Anterior head w/ digestive cavity 2. Heads w/ crown of cilia
4. Incomplete gut (one opening) 3. Freshwater or soil
❖ Reproduction 4. w/ Alimentary canal
(Asexual) 5. Exchange of gases and nutrients: body walls
1. Clinches in two 6. w/ eyespots & sensory bristles
2. Other half grows new tail; the other, head ❖ Reproduction
(Sexual) Female gamete develops a new individual w/o
Penis fencing – One organism will inseminate male gamete fertilizing it
the other, with the inseminating individual ❖ First seen by Antoine van Leeuwenhoek (1702)
acting as the "father"; loser: mother ❖ EXAMPLE:
❖ Class Rotaria socialis
1. Turbellaria – head: nephridiopores,
tail: tubules F. Annelida – segmented worms
2. Trematoda – oral & ventral sucker, cecum ❖ Key Features
3. Cestoda – proflottids w/ reproductive 1. Bilateral symmetry
structures 2. Moist cuticle; epithelium
❖ EXAMPLES: 3. Chitinous seta; parapodia
Planaria – free-living 4. Closed blood system
Tapeworm – parasitic flatworm (has scolex, ❖ Class
sucker & hook) 1. Oligochaeta (Earthworm)
Fasciola hepatica – trematode 2. Polychaeta
3. Hirudinea (Leech)
D. Nematoda – roundworms
❖ Sub Kingdom: Eumetozoa [Bilateria] G. Mollusca
❖ Key Features ❖ Key Features
1. Bilateral symmetry 1. Unsegmented soft body
2. Unsegmented 2. Bilateral symmetry
3. Pseudocoel: hydrostatic skeleton 3. Internal & external shell
4. Respiratory & circulatory organs: absent 4. Toothed tongue (made: chitin), radula
5. One-way digestive tract ❖ Visceral Mass – internal organs (digestive
❖ Structures excretory, reproductive systems)
▪ Mouth ❖ Class
▪ Nerve ring 1. Gastropoda
▪ Pharynx 2. Bivalvia
▪ Excretory pore 3. Cephalopoda
▪ Intestine
▪ Pseudocoelom H. Arthropoda
▪ Cuticle ❖ Key Features
▪ Reproductive pore 1. Exoskeleton
▪ Anus 2. Segmented bodies
❖ EXAMPLES: 3. Jointed appendages
Ascaris lumbricoides – female is bigger 4. Bilateral symmetry
Pinworm, Hookworm 5. Open circulatory system
 Mikaela Althea Leviste | 8-Dalton
❖ Class ✓ Swim bladder: buoyancy
1. Insecta ✓ Gill cover: operculum
2. Crustacea ▪ Amphibia
3. Diplopoda ✓ Legs, lungs, partially divided heart
4. Chilopoda ✓ Cutaneous respiration
✓ Pulmonary veins
I. Echinodermata ▪ Reptilia
❖ Key Features ✓ Amniotic egg
1. Deuterostomes ✓ Dry skin
2. Radial symmetry ✓ Thoracic breathing
3. No head or brain ▪ Aves
4. Endoskeleton; pedicellariae ✓ Feathers
5. Tube feet ✓ Flight skeleton
❖ EXAMPLES: ▪ Mammalia
Sea stars, sea cucumbers, sea urchins ✓ Hair; mammary gland
✓ Endothermy; placenta
J. Chordata ✓ Horns and hooves
❖ Sub Kingdom: Eumetozoa [Bilateria] ✓ Flyng mammals
❖ Key Features ✓ Digesting plants
1. Single, hollow, dorsal nerve cord o Monotreme – egg-laying
2. Notochord o Marsupial - pouched
3. Pharyngeal slits (clefts) connects pharynx o Placentals – produces placenta &
4. Muscular post-anal tail nourishes embryo
❖ Sub-Phylum
➢ Cephalochordata
➢ Urochordata
➢ Vertebrata
Characteristics:
→Notochord is replaced w/ bony vertebral
column
→Head w/ skull & brain (craniate
chordates)
→Neural crest – embryonic cells
responsible for other developments
→Have: liver, kidney, endocrine glands
▪ Agnatha – jawless fishes
✓ Rudimentary vertebrae made of
cartilage
✓ Hagfishes: swim using segmental
muscles
Lampreys: fish parasites
▪ Chondrichthyes – cartilaginous fishes
✓ Skeleton: cartilage w/ calcium
✓ Suspension feeders
✓ Active swimmers
▪ Osteichthyes – bony fishes
✓ Skeleton: bone
✓ Lateral line system: sensory