At the end of this chapter, the student should be able to

1. Define analytic geometry;

2. Identify the divisions of analytic geometry;

3. Define circle analytically and identify its parts;

4. Determine the general form and the standard form of

the equations of a circles;

5. Appreciate the use of circles in real life situations; and

6. Draw nearly and accurately the graphs of circles

Analytic Geometry is a unified algebra
dealing with the study of relationships
between different geometric figures and
equations by means of the geometric
properties and processes of algebra in
relation to a coordinate system
Divisions of Analytic Geometry

Plane Analytic Geometry – Deals with

the study of points, curves and planes
in a two-dimensional coordinate
system.

Solid Analytic Geometry – Deals with

the study of points, curves, surfaces and
solids that is, in a three-dimensional
coordinate system.
THE INTERSECTION OF A PLANE WITH A CONE,
THE SECTION SO OBTAINED IS CALLED A
CONIC SECTION
l
Axis

Upper Generator
nappe α β m
V
This is a conic section.
Lower
nappe
TYPES OF CONIC SECTIONS
Conic Sections
Conic sections or simply conics,
are section formed when planes
cut at various angle at right
circular cone of two nappes.

Definition: A conic is the locus of a point

that moves in a plane so that the ratio of
its distance from a fixed point to its
distance from a fixed line is a positive
constant
The Circle
 α β

P(x,y)

(h,k)
C
O (0,0)

Standard Equation General Equation

x² + y² = r² (x – h) ² + (y – k) ² = r²

When β = 90°, the section is a circle

 CIRCLE
A CIRCLE IS THE P (x,y)
SET OF ALL
POINTS ON A O

PLANE THAT ARE

EQUIDISTANT
FROM A FIXED
POINT ON A
PLANE.
 Parts of a Circle
• Radius is the constant distance (segment
connecting the center and any point on the
circle.
• Center is the fixed point equidistant from
any point of the circle.
• Chord is the segment connecting any two
points of a circle.
• Diameter is the longest chord of a circle,
connecting any two points of a circle and
pass-through the center.
• Tangent line is a line that touches the circle
at exactly one point called the point of
tangency.
• Secant line is a line that intersects the circle
at two points.
 Equations of a Circle

• A circle can be represented by an equation

of second degree in x and y. The equations
of circles can be expressed in standard and
general forms
 Equations of a Circle

The standard equation of a circle of The standard equation of a circle of

radius r at center C(h, k) is radius r at center C(0, 0) is
(x  h)2  (y  k)2  r 2 x2  y2  r 2
 Equations of a Circle

The standard equation of a circle of radius r

at center C(h, k) is
(x  h)2  (y  k)2  r 2

Expanding the expression of the left

side of (x  h)2  (y  k)2  r 2 and
arranging the terms;

x 2  y 2  2hx  2ky  h 2  k 2  r 2  0
General Equation of a Circle
If we let D  2h, E  -2k, and F  h 2  k 2  r 2 x 2  y 2  Dx  Ey  F  0
 Reduction to Standard Form
To reduce the general equation of circle to its standard form the following steps are suggested

1. Group the x terms and y terms

separately and transpose the (x 2  Dx)  (y 2  Ey)  F
constant term on the right side

2. Complete the square in its

1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
group by adding (1 D)2 and
1 2
(x  Dx  D )  (y  Ey  E )  F  D  E
2 2
( E )2 respectively, add the same
2
4 4 4 4
on the right side.

3. Factor each perfect square 1 2 1 2 D 2  E 2  4F

group.
(x  D)  (y  E ) 
2 2 4
Center Radius form of a Circle

1 1
C ( D , E ) If r 2  0 , there is a graph
2 2 and it’s a circle

If r 2  0 , the graph is a
single point sometimes
called a point circle.

r
1 2
D  E 2  4F If r 2  0 , there is no graph
2 since r is imaginary
Classify the graph of the equation
as to circle, point-circle or no graph.

a. x 2  y 2  2 x  8  0
b. x 2  y 2  2 x  2y  7  0
c. x 2  y 2  6 x  4y  9  0
d. 4x 2  4y 2  4 x  24y  37  0
e. 9x 2  9y 2  12 x  18y  238  0

f. Find the circumference and area of a circle defined by the

equation x 2  y 2  8x  6y  24  0
 Circles
Determined
by Simple
Conditions

• To find the equation of a Find the equation of the circle with center (3, 1 2)
circle satisfying the and radius 6
given simple conditions,
we can use the standard The center is at (3, 1 2) so
form together with the that h  3 and k  1 2
previously learned
fundamental formulas.
(x  3)2  (y  1 2)2  6 Standard form

13
x 2  y 2  6x  y  0 General form
4
Find the equation of the circle
with center (2, -1) and passing
through (-2, 3)

Find the equation of the

circle if its diameter has
end points (-3, 1) and (2,4)
Assignment:
A. Reduce each equation of the circle to its general form.
1. 𝑥 + 3 2 + 𝑦 − 2 2 = 5
2. 𝑥 + 2 𝑦 − 𝑥 2 = 4 + 2𝑦 2
B. Reduce each of the following equations of the circles to its standard
form. Do not graph.
1. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 8𝑥 + 9𝑦 − 11 = 0
2. 16𝑥 2 + 16𝑦 2 + 32𝑥 + 8𝑦 = 47
C. Find the circumference and area of a circle whose equation is
1. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 − 6𝑦 − 3 = 0
2. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 10𝑥 − 24𝑦 + 25 = 0