Flexible AC Transmission Systems(FACTS)

Static Var Compensator II

Dr. Avik Bhattacharya

Assistant Professor
Room No. 227, Department of Electrical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
Phone: 01332285375
Email: bavikfee@iitr.ac.in

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 MSC-TCR SVC
• In this instead Fixed capacitor
mechanically switched capacitor are used
• It is normally used, where less number of
switching required
• Sam like FC-TCR SVC a small inductance is
connected series with capacitors and
tuned for selected harmonics
• In this also high pass filter also used for
mitigation harmonic

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 MSC-TCR SVC
• The purpose of mechanically switched capacitor is to generate stepped
reactive power.
• TCR perform as controlled reactive power absorption when there is excess
Var generation.
• In MSC-TCR SVC the rating if TCR is almost equal to single Mechanically
switched capacitor rating.
• As per the requirement of reactive power generation the number of
switch is on (for less reactive power generation less number of switch is
on)

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 MSC-TCR SVC
Advantage
• Lower loss
• Lower cost
Disadvantage
1. Slow response due to mechanical switching , the switch closes in 2 cycles
and open in 8 cycle. So it is not used for large dynamic reactive power
variation .
2. If the Var demand would repeatedly change above and below those levels at
which a capacitor bank is switched in and out. Then MSC-TCR SVC, cannot be
used because the switching life limited by 2000-5000 times only.

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 MSC-TCR SVC
Disadvantage
3. Tapped energy in capacitor banks which results in transients. There for
each capacitor has to be completely discharged through resistor (which
make around 8 minutes) before being switch we use potential
transformer(P.T) but it will increase the cost .
• The conclusion that, because of the much slower response and limitations
in the execution of capacitor switching's, the output of the MSC-TCR
combination would not be able to follow a changing reactive current
reference
• It can be used in rate of change is very low, or it is a single step like change
at a time when the capacitor is already discharged and ready for
switching.
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 TSC-TRC SVC
• The thyristor-switched capacitor, thyristor-controlled reactor (TSC-TCR)
type compensator was developed for dynamic compensation with
minimized standby losses and providing increased operating flexibility.
• A basic single-phase TSC-TCR typically consists of n TSC branches and one
TCR.
• The number of branches, n, is determined by practical considerations that
include the operating voltage level, maximum Var output, current rating of
the thyristor valves, etc.
• The inductive range also can be expanded to any maximum rating by
employing additional TCR or TSR (Segmented TCR) branches.

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 TSC-TRC SVC

TSC-TCR Var generator

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TSC-TRC SVC

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 TSC-TRC SVC
• In all interval surplus reactive power absorbed by using the TCR
• So theoretically, the TCR should have the same Var rating as the TSC.
• But the switching conditions at the endpoints of the intervals are not
indeterminate,
• So the Var rating of the TCR has to be somewhat larger in practice that of
one TSC in order to provide enough overlap (hysteresis) between the
“switching in” and “switching out” Var levels.
• The capacitive Var output, QC, is changed in a step-like manner by the TSCs

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 TSC-TRC SVC
• Approximate the Var demand
with a net capacitive Var surplus,
and the relatively small inductive
Var output of the TCR, QL is used
to cancel the surplus capacitive
vars.
• The rating of the reactor is kept
relatively small (1/n times the
maximum capacitive output)
Var demand versus Var output characteristic
of the TSC-TCR type Var generator
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 TSC-TRC SVC
• Control scheme for the TSC-TCR type Var generator have to
provides three functions
1. Determines the number of TSC branches needed to be switched in to
approximate the required capacitive output current and computes
the amplitude of the inductive current needed to cancel the surplus
capacitive current.
2. Controls the switching of the TSC branches in a “transient-free”
manner.
3. Varies the current in the TCR by firing delay angle control.

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 TSC-TRC SVC

Control scheme TSC-TCR static

Var generator

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 TSC-TRC SVC
Determines the number of TSC branches needed to be switched
• The input current reference IQref representing the magnitude of the
requested output current
• Find the ratio of current reference (IQref) to current (IC)that a TSC
branch would draw at the given amplitude V of the ac voltage.
• The result, rounded to the next higher integer gives the number of
capacitor banks needed (TSC).

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TSC-TRC SVC

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 TSC-TRC SVC
Switching of the TSC branches in a “transient-free” manner
• Switching of the TSC branches follows the two simple rules for “transient-
free” switching summarized in TSC discussion.
• That is either switch the capacitor bank when the voltage across the
thyristor valve becomes zero or when the thyristor valve voltage is at a
minimum. (The first condition can be met if the capacitor residual voltage
is less than the peak ac voltage and the latter condition is satisfied at
those peaks of the ac voltage which has the same polarity as the residual
voltage of the capacitor)
• The third function (TCR firing delay angle control) is identical to that
used in the fixed-capacitor, thyristor-controlled reactor scheme.
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 TSC-TRC SVC
Vsw is one when voltage across the thyristor is zero
VPol signal is one when the polarity of Vc and
polarity of V are same
PT (sync) is one when source voltage riches its
peak
Cause 1
TSC is on when, ON request is 1 and VSW is 1

Cause 2
TSC is On when, ON request is 1, Vpol is 1 and PT is 1

Control scheme for switching the TSC

branches in a "transient-free" manner
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 TSC-TRC SVC

VLmax=Voltage limit for TCR

VCmax=Voltage limit for capacitor
ILmax= Current limit of TCR
ICmax= Current limit of capacitor
BLmax= Maximum admittance of TCR
BC= admittance of capacitor

The V-l operating area of the TSC-TCR Var generator

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 TSC-TRC SVC
loss versus Var output characteristic of the
TSC-TCR type Var generator
• At or slightly below zero var output, all capacitor
banks are switched out, the TCR current is zero or
negligibly small, and consequently, the losses are
zero or almost zero.
• As the capacitive output is increased, an increasing
number of TSC banks are switched in with the TCR
absorbing the surplus capacitive vars.
• each switched-in TSC bank the losses increase by a
fixed amount

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 TSC-TRC SVC
The advantages of TSC-TCR type SVC over FC-TCR type
• The reduction in the reactor size and consequently the harmonics
generated
• Greater flexibility in control
• Better performance under system fault conditions.
• The power losses in the quiescent operating condition (with SVC
output current close to zero) also tend to be less with TSC-TCR type
SVC.

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Steady State Control Characteristics of SVC

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Steady State Control Characteristics of SVC

Determination of operating point of

SVC
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Steady State Control Characteristics of SVC

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Steady State Control Characteristics of SVC

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Steady State Control Characteristics of SVC

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Thank you

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