MME 310

Mechanical Behaviour of Materials

Lecture 1
Introduction to the course
25th July 2011

Instructor: Dr. Vivek Verma

 Books
• George Dieter
• Hull and Bacon
• Hertzberg

Instructor: Dr. Vivek Verma

 Mechanical Behaviour of Materials
• Response of materials to forces / loads
– Limiting values without failure
– Contrary: T and rate of loading that minimizes the
forces while performing deformation
• Depending on application we design material
– Large Vs small grain size
– Tough Vs hard

http://www.velteclabs.com/MetallurgicalTesting Instructor: Dr. Vivek Verma

 Basic Assumptions: SOM
• Material is in equilibrium
• Body is continuous, homogeneous & isotropic
– Continuous: Body doesn’t contain voids or empty
spaces of any kind
– Homogeneous: Identical properties at all points
– Isotropic: Property does not vary with direction or
orientation
• At microscale
– Non homogeneous
– anisotropic
Microstructure of sintered bronze 200×

http://www.copper.org/resources/properties/129_6/consolidation.html Instructor: Dr. Vivek Verma

 Basic Assumptions: SOM
• Most engineering materials
– Different phases  different mechanical properties
– Heterogeneous at microscale
• Statistically homogeneous and isotropic even
though crystal grains have different properties in
different directions

• Severe deformation may lead to anisotropy at

macroscale

http://aluminumsurface.blogspot.com/2009/06/microstructure-of-aluminum-alloys.html
http://hsc.csu.edu.au/engineering_studies/lifting/2521/Normalising.html
Instructor: Dr. Vivek Verma
 Elastic and Plastic Behaviour
• Elastic behaviour
– Hooke’s Law: load deformation relationship should
be linear
– How about rubber?
• Does not follow linear relationship
• Still elastic  all materials that behave elastically need not
follow Hooke’s law
• Elastic limit
• Plastic deformation
– Will cover several lectures on this

Instructor: Dr. Vivek Verma

 Average Stress Strain

Dieter book Instructor: Dr. Vivek Verma

 Average Stress Strain

Dieter book Instructor: Dr. Vivek Verma

Tensile Deformation of Ductile Materials
• Typical tension stress – strain curve

Dieter book Instructor: Dr. Vivek Verma

Tensile Deformation of Ductile Materials
• OA: Elastic region
– Hooke’s law obeyed
– A: point of elastic limit
• Greatest stress before permanent strain
• Proportional Limit A’: curve deviates from
linearity
• Yield strength B
• Strain hardening
• Maximum load
– Ultimate tensile strength

Instructor: Dr. Vivek Verma

 Ductile Vs Brittle Behaviour
• Ductility: ability for plastic deformation
– Allows redistribution of localized stress (Important)
• Brittle: no local yielding  localized stress build
• Brittleness is not absolute
– Temperature, high rate of loading, notches,
embrittaling agents (H2), hydrostatic Vs tension

http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/engr322/Homework/Previous/S09/ENGR322HW7.html Instructor: Dr. Vivek Verma

 Ductile Vs Brittle Behaviour

Dieter book Instructor: Dr. Vivek Verma

 What Constitutes Failure
• Excessive elastic deformation
– Under conditions of stable equilibrium (beam under
gradually applied load)
– Sudden deflection (unstable equilibrium)
– Failure due to excessive elastic deformation are
controlled by E and not strength of material
• Change shape
• Increase dimension of cross – section
• Yielding of excessive plastic deformation
– Permanent change  not functional
– Strain hardening, yield criterion, creep
Instructor: Dr. Vivek Verma
 What Constitutes Failure
• Fracture
– Sudden brittle fracture
• Decrease in T, increase in loading rate, notch
– Fatigue (progressive)
– Delayed fracture
• Statically loaded at elevated T for long time
• Mechanical properties can be changed by heat
treatment
• Factor of safety should be considered
• Equation

Instructor: Dr. Vivek Verma

 Stress and Strain
• Section 1-8 and 1-9 Dieter

Dieter book Instructor: Dr. Vivek Verma

 Stress and Strain
• Section 1-8 and 1-9 Dieter

Dieter book Instructor: Dr. Vivek Verma