Introduction to Biomechanics:

lecture 4 part 2
ASU: MCT 342
UEL: EG8537
Spring 2021

• Associate Prof Aliaa Rehan Youssef

• e10006@eng.asu.edu.eg
What would you do if you see a barking dog?
Marco: body/organ Marco: Tissue Micro: cell

Molecular
Ann Biomed Eng. 2012 Nov; 40(11): 2456–2474.
 • the object assumed to be rigid and the deformations is ignored.
• major segments of the body.

Rigid body • The rigid-body assumption saves considerable mathematical and modeling
work without great loss of accuracy.
• sports biomechanics
• Newtonian mechanics

Deformable • how forces are distributed within a material

• Can be focused at many levels (cellular to tissues/organs/ system) to

body examine how forces stimulate growth or cause damage

Fluid
• is concerned with the forces in fluids (liquids and gasses).
• Example: study heart valves, swimming, or adapting sports equipment to
minimize air resistance.
 Angular Impulse-Momentum Relationship

Angula
r accele
rate of ration i
change s the
velocity of angu
(Δω/t). lar

angular momentum (mass moment of inertia

Angular impulse (torque
times a change in angular velocity).
multiplied by time)
Visco-elastic
 Viscous
(damper, like
honey)

Viscoelastic
Elastic (deforms
and returns to
original shape,
like a spring)
Visco-elasticity
• Time-dependent and rate dependent behavior

• Elasticity refers to the material’s ability to return to its original state

after deformation (change in dimensions, i.e., length or shape) after
removal of the deforming load.

• Viscosity refers to a material’s resistance to flow. It is a fluid property

and depends on the PG and water composition of the tissue.
• A tissue with high viscosity will exhibit high resistance to deformation
• a less viscous fluid will deform more readily. When forces are applied to
viscous materials, the tissues exhibit time dependent and rate-dependent
properties.
• Viscosity diminishes as temperature rises and increases as pressure
increases.
How would you describe the mechanical
behavior of biomaterials?

How could you test this behavior?

Why do our biomaterials exhibit such

behavior?
How body behave in response to force?
No-linear behavior
Definitions
• Stress: Force per unit area
• Strain: Deformation
• Youngs’ modulus:
• a measure of the ability of a material to withstand changes in length when under
lengthwise tension or compression.
• Sometimes referred to as the modulus of elasticity, Young's modulus is equal to the
longitudinal stress divided by the strain.
• Measured as the slope of the linear portion
• Increased modulus = increased stiffness
• Elastic deformation:
• Reversible
• Linear portion of the curve
Definitions
• Plastic deformation
• Irreversible deformation
• Non-linear part of the curve
• Yield point or elastic limit: the point at which the material becomes
inelastic
• Yield strength: the stress at which the material begins to deform
physically
How would you describe the mechanical
behavior of biomaterials?

How could you test this behavior?

Why do our biomaterials exhibit such

behavior?
 Creep

when the tissue is loaded to a fixed force level, and length is measured, the latter
increases with time (T0 to T1) and the tissue recovers its original length in a
nonlinear manner (T1 to T0).
 Force or stress-relaxation

if the tissue is stretched to a fixed length and held there, the force needed to
maintain this length will decrease with time
Force or stress-relaxation
 Load-rate sensitivity

If the tissue is loaded rapidly, more energy (force or stress) is required

to deform the tissue.
 Hysteresis

As the tissue is loaded and unloaded, some energy is dissipated through issue elongation and heat release
Hysteresis
Time dependent properties

• If a fixed force is applied to a tissue and

Creep maintained, and the deformation
produced by this force is measured, the
deformation will increase over time.

• If a tissue is stretched to a fixed length

Stress- while the force required to maintain
Relaxation this length is measured, the force
needed will decrease over time.
Time dependent properties

Strain- • If connective tissues have a load applied rapidly, a larger peak

force can be applied to the tissue than if the load was applied

Rate slowly
• The subsequent force relaxation will be larger than if the load
• is applied slowly. Creep will take longer to occur under conditions
Sensitivity of rapid loading

Hysteresis
• When the force and length of the tissues are measured
• as force is applied (loaded) and removed (unloaded), the
resulting load-deformation curves do not follow the same path.