Module 02 Classes of Biomaterials

MSE 204
Introduction to Biomaterials
Module 2
Classification of Biomaterials
Instructor: Vivek Verma

Structure Property Relationships
• Molecular characteristics (molecular
architecture and molecular weight) and
chemical composition are directly related to
the physical and chemical properties of
macroscopic materials

• Material based
– Polymers
– Ceramics
– Metallic
• Application based
– Structural
• Bone replacement, dental biomaterials, cardiovascular
biomaterials, total hip and knee replacement
– Non structural
• Drug delivery, sensing, surface modification
• Response based
– Bioinert, bioactive, bioresorbable

Materials Based: Biopolymers
• Used in
– Orthopedics
– Dental
– Hard/ soft tissue replacement
– Cardiovascular devices

Biopolymers: Polymer molecule
• Molecular structure
– High molecular weight
• 950,000 Da Vs 18 Da
• Shapes
– Linear
– Branched
– Network



• Co polymers

• Chemical structure
– Polypropylene
• Methyl: Pendant group

• Repeat units

• Tacticity
– Planar zig zag form
– Atactic PP: methyl group is randomly located in
front of and behind the polymer backbone
– Isotactic PP: all methyl groups are located on one
side of the stretched out polymer backbone
– Syndiotactic PP: methyl groups regularly alternate
from side to side

• Tacticity

• Tacticity

Biopolymers: Molecular Weight
• Degree of polymerization: number of
monomer repeat units in each polymer chain
• Distribution of molecular weight since degree
of polymerization is not same
• Number average molecular weight
• Weight average molecular weight
• Poly Dispersity Index (PDI)

Biopolymers: Physical Properties
• Liquid or melt state: polymer chains move
randomly
• Glass transition (Tg) temperature
– Long range segmental motion cease
– T < Tg: hard and glassy (PMMA)
– T > Tg: rubbery
• Melting temperature: exhibited by semicrystalline
polymers due to melting of crystalline phase
• T > Tg: tough and strong
• T < Tg: hard and strong
• Polypropylene
• Tg < Tm

Biopolymers: Physical Properties

Biopolymers: Applications
• PMMA: Polymethyl methacrylate (Plexiglas)
– Transparent, amorphous and glassy
– Bone cement for orthopaedic implants
• Vertebroplasty
http://www.spineneurosurgeryindia.com/vertebroplasty.aspx
http://bowers.chem.ucsb.edu/research/synthetic_polymers/pmma_ps/index.shtml
• PMMA: Polymethyl methacrylate (Plexiglas)
– Transparent, amorphous and glassy
– Bone cement for orthopaedic implants
• Vertebroplasty
– Hard and soft contact lenses
• Permeability (gas)
• Hydrophobic/ hydrophilic
• Permanent/ use and throw

• Polyacrylic acids: dental cements
• Polyethylene (PE)
– High density: Tubing for drains and catheters
– “In medicine, a catheter is a tube that can be
inserted into a body cavity, duct, or vessel” [1].
• PTFE (Teflon)
– Catheter
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Polyethylene-repeat-2D-flat.png
http://www.anticopumps.co.in/blog/?p=113
http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bestand:Polyacrylic_acid.png
[1] http://www.news-medical.net/health/Catheter-What-is-Catheter.aspx
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catheter Instructor: Vivek Verma
• Polypropylene
– Isotactic crystalline polymer
– High rigidity and good mechanical strength
– Good chemical resistance
– Used in sutures and hernia repair
– Go through:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ODZtJL_gb4E
http://www.thumpertalk.com/topic/604032-suture-removal-with-pics/
http://chemistry.about.com/od/factsstructures/ig/Chemical-Structures---P/Polypropylene.htm
• Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
– Tubing and blood storage bags
• Pure PVC is hard and brittle
– Plasticizers are added
• Soft and flexible
– Long term?
• Plasticizers can get into body
http://www.123rf.com/photo_12416394_polyvinyl-chloride-pvc-structural-formula.html
http://www.hiwtc.com/buy/blood-bags-85427/
• Poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS):
– Poor mechanical property
• Reinforcement: silica fillers
– Heart valves, breast implants
– Ear, nose reconstruction
– Catheters, drainage tubes
– Membrane oxygenator: “is a device used to add
oxygen to, and remove carbon dioxide from the
blood” [1]
[1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane_oxygenator
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pdms.png

Materials Based: Biometallic
• Implants market: 12-20% annual growth
• Metal implants (four out of ten)
– Open reduction of a fracture and internal fixation
http://radiology.casereports.net/index.php/rcr/article/viewArticle/325
http://www.evidencestore.com/Exhibit-Rental/fixation.aspx
– Anthroplasty of knee or ankle
– Total hip replacement or hip anthroplasty
http://www.parkwayphysiotherapy.ca/Injuries-Conditions/Hip/Surgery/Artificial-Joint-Replacement-of-the-Hip/a~329/article.html
http://www.vectorstock.com/royalty-free-vector/hip-arthroplasty-hip-joint-before-and-after-surger-vector-801467
– Anthroplasty of knee or ankle
– Total hip replacement or hip anthroplasty
– Placement or removal of an internal fixation
device without reduction of fracture
http://www.umm.edu/imagepages/18023.htm

– Placement or removal of an internal fixation

device without reduction of fracture

• Steps in the fabrication of implants



Biometallic: Microstructure and Properties
• Microstructure and processing history has an
important role in success or failure of implant
– Chemical and crystallographic identities of the
phases present in the microstructure
– Relative amounts, distribution and orientation of
these phases
– Effect of phases on properties
• Surface properties

Biometallic: Stainless Steels
• Composition
• 316L, grade 2
– Fe: 60-65%
– Cr: 17-20%
– Ni: 12-14%
– C: <0.03%
– Minor amounts: N, Mn, Mo, P, Si, S
• Chromium: corrosion resistant steel by
forming strong adherent Cr2O3

Biometallic: Stainless Steels
• Chromium
– Corrosion resistant steel by forming strong adherent
Cr2O3
– Stabilize ferritic (BCC) phase: weak
– Mo, Si also stabilize BCC
• Nickel
– To stabilize austenitic (FCC) phase that is stronger
• Carbon
– Low to allow better corrosion resistance
– Forms Cr23C6
• Forms at grain boundary with high C or thermal history
• Depletes Cr from adjacent grain boundary region
– Less formation of Cr2O3 ‘sensitized’
– Prone through corrosion assisted fractures that origin from
sensitized grain boundary

Biometallic: Titanium Based Alloys
• Composition
– Commercially pure Ti (98.9-99.6%)
– Extra low martensite Ti-6Al-4V alloy
• Alpha beta alloy
• Al: alpha (HCP) phase stabilizer
• V: beta (BCC) phase stabilizer
• Microstructure and properties
• Commercially pure Ti (single phase alpha)
– Dental implants
– Mild cold work enhance mechanical properties
– Oxygen, nitrogen (best) and carbon enhances
mechanical properties through solid solution
strengthening
Biometallic: Titanium Based Alloys
• Microstructure and properties
• Ti-6Al-4V
– Microstructure depends on heat treatment and
mechanical working

Assignment
For submission
• Difference between ceramic, glass and glass
ceramic
• Different kind of tissues, function

Materials Based: Bioceramic
• Ceramics
• Glasses
• Glass ceramics
• Inorganic/ nonmetallic
• Applications
– Eyeglasses, chemical ware, fiber optics for endoscopy,
thermometer, tissue culture flasks
– Carriers for Antibodies, enzymes, Antigens
– Dentistry in gold porcelain crowns, dentures,
• Offer resistance to
– Microbial attack, pH change, solvent conditions, T,
pressure

Bioceramics: Types
• Used for: repairing or replacing skeletal hard
connective tissue
• Success depends upon
– Achieving a stable attachment to connective tissue
– Stimulating repair and regeneration of bone
• Mechanism for attachment:
– Type of tissue response at the implant tissue
interface
– No implant material is completely inert

Bioceramics: Types

Bioceramics: Types
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Natural-innate-immune-response-following-biologically-inert-biomaterial-implantation_fig4_272372728
Bioceramics: Types

Bioceramics: Types
• Rate of formation of interfacial bond of
ceramic with bone
• Relative reactivity of implant
– Thickness of interfacial zone between material
and tissue
– Failure usually at biomaterial tissue interface

Bioceramics: Types

Bioceramics: Types
• Nearly inert biomaterial (Type 1)
– Relative movement between biomaterial tissue
interface
• Deterioration in function of implant and/or tissue at
interface
– Progressive development of fibrous capsule in soft
and hard tissues
• Thickness varies depending on material and extent of
relative motion
– Dense Al2O3: fibrous tissue at interface is very thin
• Tight fit in compression: fine
• Interfacial movement: fibrous capsule will thicken, and
implant will loosen

Bioceramics: Types

Bioceramics: Types
• Biological fixation (Type 2)
– Growth of tissue into pores of surface or throughout the
implant
– Increased restriction to interfacial motion between device
and tissue
– Handle more complex stress states than type 1
• Limitations
– Pores must be > 50-150 μm
• Blood circulation for grown tissues into the pores
– If microenvironment at interface damage
• Loss of blood supply, tissue death, inflammation
– Surface area  corrosion and loss of metal ions
– High porosity  poor strength
• Best suited when used as coating or unloaded space
fillers in tissue

Bioceramics: Types

Bioceramics: Types
• Resorbable (Type 4)
– Degrade over time and replaced by natural host tissue
• Limitations/ improvement required:
– Maintenance of strength and the stability of interface
during degradation period and replacement by the
natural host tissue
– Matching resorption rates to the repair rates of body
tissue
– Resorable material consist of metabolically acceptable
substances
• Examples
– Poly lactic acid, poly glycolic acid as sutures (CO2, H2O)
– Tricalcium phosphate

Bioceramics: Types

Bioceramics: Types
• Bioactive (Type 3)
• Elicits a specific biological response at the
interface of the material, resulting in the
formation of a bond between tissue and material
• Example: 45S5 bioglass
• Interfacial bond with neighbouring tissue
depends from material to material
– Strength of bond
– Mechanism and thickness of bonding
– Time dependence of bonding
• Changes in composition
– Minor changes dictate whether bioinert, resorbable or
bioactive

Bioceramics: Types

Bioceramics: Types

Bioceramics: Types

• Material based
– Polymers
– Ceramics
– Metallic
– Structural
– Non structural
• Response based

Application Based: Structural
• Orthopedic applications
• Cardiovascular medical devices
• Dental implants

Application Based: Orthopedic
• Fracture fixation
– Fracture plate
– Spinal fixation device
– Wires, screws, pins
http://www.teachengineering.org/view_lesson.php?url=collection/cub_/lessons/cub_biomed/cub_biomed_lesson10.xml

• Joint replacement
– Hip arthroplasty
– Knee arthroplasty
– Ankle arthroplasty
– Shoulder arthroplasty
– Elbow arthroplasty
– Wrist arthroplasty
– Finger arthroplasty
• More than 6 times
– Compared to fracture fixation devices
http://www.medicaltourismco.com/medical-tourism/computer-aided-assisted-total-knee-replacement-surgery-hospital-surgeons-in-india/
http://www.parkwayphysiotherapy.ca/Injuries-Conditions/Hip/Surgery/Artificial-Joint-Replacement-of-the-Hip/a~329/article.html
http://www.vectorstock.com/royalty-free-vector/hip-arthroplasty-hip-joint-before-and-after-surger-vector-801467
http://www.zimmer.com/ctl?op=global&action=1&id=8140&template=PC Instructor: Vivek Verma
• Total joint
arthroplasty
– Replace poorly
functional joints

• Materials requirement: withstand cyclic loads
– Metals
– Polymers
– Ceramics

• Materials design
– Material effecting biological environment
– Host tissue and fluids effecting material
• Bone material
– Collagen
– Hydroxyapatite
• Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2
http://web.mit.edu/3.082/www/team1_f02/collagen.htm

http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v412/n6846/fig_tab/412491a0_F1.html
• Total Hip Arthroplasty

Application Based: Orthopedic - Total Hip Arthroplasty
• Titanium or Co-Cr alloy femoral stem
• Femoral head: Co-Cr or ceramic

• Plastic liner: UHMWPE
• Acetabular cup: ceramic fitted into cup liner
• Cup liner: Ti or Co-Cr
• Cup liner and acetubular cup
– Cemented (PMMA), screwed or press fitted
http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=a00377
• Cementing or press fit?
– Age > 80
– Age < 60
• Chance for revision
• Removing bone cement
– Challenging
– May compromise availability of bone stock
• Material and processes
– Surface roughness
– Coating
– Geometry
– Material composition
• Success rate: 90% for 7 years
• How to know which manufacturer is better?

• Polymers
– Articulating bearing surfaces
– Interposiotional cementing material
• Required: low μ and wear rate
• PTFE: poor creep and stress corrosion

• UHMWPE
Polymers: UHMWPE
• Load bearing articulating surface
– Articulates against femoral ball of Co-Cr alloy
• Low friction
• Polymer debris is formed
• Billions of < 1-10 μm particles annually
• Higher cross linking  lesser wear
• ϒ-radiations for crosslinking: pros and cons
http://precisiongrout.com/grout_staining__sealing
Polymers: PMMA
• Polymers used for fixation as
structural interface between the
implant component and bone
tissue: PMMA
– Grouting material
• Stem of femoral component and
acetabular component
– Modulus difference between bone
and prosthesis is reduced by PMMA
• Lower interfacial stresses
http://precisiongrout.com/grout_staining__sealing
Ceramics
• Ceramic on ceramic bearing hip implant
– Better wear resistance
• Metal-metal
• Metal-polymer
– Oxidation resistance
– High stiffness
– Low μ
• Requirement
– Full density
– Uniform grain size (< 5 μm)

Ceramics
• Alumina (Al2O3) and zirconia (ZrO2)
– Wear resistant
– Chemically stable
Alumina
• For wear resistance and fracture toughness
– Small grain size
– Higher purity
– Lowering porosity
– Hot isostatic pressing

Ceramics
Zirconia
• Better mechanical property than alumina
Quality control in ceramics?
• Osteophilic surfaces of ceramics and glass
ceramics
– Compatible with osteoblast* cells
– Cells lay down bone in direct apposition to the
material
*Bone forming cells

Metals
• Good corrosion resistance
• Reasonable fatigue life
• Strength
• Ductility
• Fracture toughness
• Hardness
• Formability
• Biocompatible
Stainless steels, Co alloys, Ti alloys
Metals
Stainless steels
• Low strength and corrosion resistance
• Higher ductility
• Low cost
Titanium alloys
• Commercially pure and Ti-6Al-4V
• High corrosion resistance (Co and SS)
• Less flexural rigidity
• Torsional and axial stiffness close to bone
– Less stress shielding
• Sensitive to notch!
• Poor wear and frictional properties
Clinical Concerns
• How much material is released from the
implant
• Where and how much of the material is
transported
• Chemical form of degraded product
• Pathophysiological interactions and
consequences of such degradation

Application Based: Cardiovascular Medical Devices
Stents and Grafts
• Atherosclerosis
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholesterol
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triglyceride
http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/atherosclerosis/ Instructor: Vivek Verma
Stents and Grafts
• Atherosclerosis: Narrowing and Hardening
*Condition in which an artery wall thickens as a result of
the accumulation of fatty materials such as cholesterol.

It is a syndrome affecting arterial blood vessels, a
chronic inflammatory response in the walls of arteries,
caused largely by the accumulation of macrophage
white blood cells and promoted by low-density
lipoproteins (LDL, plasma proteins that carry cholesterol
and triglycerides) without adequate removal of fats and
cholesterol from the macrophages by functional high-
density lipoproteins (HDL). It is commonly referred to as
a hardening or furring of the arteries. It is caused by the
formation of multiple plaques within the arteries
*http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atherosclerosis
Stents and Grafts
• Atheroma
In pathology, an atheroma is an accumulation

and swelling in artery walls made up of
(mostly) macrophage cells, or debris, and
containing lipids (cholesterol and fatty acids),
calcium and a variable amount of fibrous
connective tissue.
http://www.diabetes-mellitus.org/

Stents and Grafts
• Atheroma
– Lipid core
– Cholesterol crystals
– Cells
• Macrophages
• Smooth muscle cells
• Foam cells
– Necrotic debris
– Protein and degenerating blood elements
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid
http://image.slidesharecdn.com/
Stents and Grafts
• Percutaneous transluminal coronary
angioplasty (PTCA)
http://www.cardiology.md/procedures.htm

Stents and Grafts
Coronary angioplasty
• Short term failure
– Elastic recoil of vessel wall
– Acute thrombosis at the site of angioplasty
– Acute dissection
• Long term
– Restenosis
• Stents are better than angioplasty alone

Stents and Grafts
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2VvrIg94o64
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S9AqBd4RExk
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fmlHydYGQBQ

angioplasty (PTCA)

Stents and Grafts
angioplasty (PTCA)
http://www.cardiology.md/procedures.htm

Stents and Grafts
• Provide scaffold to support disrupted vascular
wall
• Minimize thrombus formation
Material
• Balloon expandable 316L SS or nitinol mesh
tubes
Issues:
• Subacute thrombosis (7-10 days)
– Medicines
• Multidrug treatment with antiplatelet agents

Stents and Grafts
Issues: Long term: in-stent restenosis (< 6 months)
• Early damage to endothelial lining and stretching of vessel
wall
– Adherence and accumulation of leukocytes (WBC) and
platelets
• Wires embedded by smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in
collagen matrix
• Tissue thickening due to
– Release of growth factors, chemotactic factors and
inflammatory mediators
• Tissue thickening results in
– Increase migration and proliferation of SMCs
– Increase production of extracellular matrix molecules
– Narrowing of lumen and resulting in restenosis
Stents and Grafts
In-stent restenosis remedy:
Intracoronary radiotherapy using β or γ rays
• Block cell proliferation
• Induce cell death
• Inhibit migration of SMCs
• Issues:
– Late thrombosis
– Increases restenosis at the edge of the treated
field
Stents and Grafts
Polymer coated drug eluting drugs
• Rapamycin
– Immunosuppression in solid organ transplant
– Inhibit proliferation, migration and growth of SMCs
and ECM synthesis
• Paclitaxel
– Anticancer drug
– Anti SMCs activity

Stents and Grafts
Polymer coated drug eluting drugs
• Drugs embedded in polymer matrix that is
coated onto the stent
• Drug released by diffusion or polymer
degradation
• Good for more than two years

• Material based
– Polymers
– Ceramics
– Metallic
– Structural
– Non structural
• Response based

Application Based: Non Structural
• Drug delivery
• Sensing
• Surface modification

Application: Non Structural-Drug Delivery
• Release drug in controlled manner

• Release drug in controlled manner
• Need minimum drug concentration for
effectiveness
– Drug is metabolized and removed from the body
– How to maintain effective drug concentration
• High concentration: Side effects?
• Periodic intervals
– Patient forget
• Controlled release formulations
– Zero order system

• Controlled delivery (1950s)
– Minimize frequency of dose
– Small drug spheres coated with soluble coating
• Variable thickness of coating
– Sustained release
– Depends on in vivo environment
• Varies from patient to patient
• Controlled release (1960-)
– Does not depend on in vivo environment
• Release by reproducible and predictable kinetics

Drug Delivery


Diffusion controlled delivery systems
• Membrane controlled reservoir devices
• Monolithic devices
http://www.uweb.engr.washington.edu/research/tutorials/drugdelivery.html
http://www.weightlossanddietpills.co.uk/slim-with-weight-loss-patch/
http://www.pijnpolikliniek.info/index.php?page=22&section=2


Responsive “smart” systems
• Environmentally responsive systems
Mechano-chemical device for triggered release of drug. (a) The network consisting of an
environmentally responsive microgel is loaded with drug (D) and condensed by a slight
reduction in pH. (b) By coating the condensed microgel with a lipid bilayer, the condensed
state of the gel particle is stabilized in a solution that would otherwise cause it to swell
and release its drug content. (c) Due to the creation of a single pore in the bilayer, the
microgel undergoes a phase transition in a swelling solution. The microgel swells,
mechanically disrupting the bilayer coating and causing a burst release of drug driven by
ion exchange with physiological sodium
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168365900002364
Responsive “smart” systems
• Environmentally responsive systems
– Non toxic
– Biodegradable
– ABA block polymer
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168365900002364
• Material based
– Polymers
– Ceramics
– Metallic
– Structural
– Non structural
• Response based

Application Based: Surface Modification
• Bulk properties
– Mechanical properties
– Durability
– Functionality
• Biological response to biomaterial or device
– Surface chemistry
– Structure
• Surface modification
– To retain key physical properties of a biomaterial while
modifying only the outermost surface to influence
biointeraction
– Mechanical and functional properties unaffected
– Bioresponse related to the tissue-device interface is
improved/ modulated
General Principles
• Chemically or physically altering the atoms/
molecules
– Chemical modification, etching, mechanical
roughening
• Overcoating the existing surface with different
material
– Coating
– Grafting
– Thin film deposition
• Creating surface textures or patterns
Textures and Patterns
http://turbo.premiumpixels.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/prev-21.jpg
http://www.magpiesnest.org/USERIMAGES/floral-diamond-fabric-design.jpg

Patterns

Neutravidin: 1° Ab: 2° Ab pattern seen through green Neutravidin: 1° Ab: 2° Ab pattern seen through red filter.
filter. The green fluorescence is due to FITC labelled The presence of red fluorescence is due to the TRITC
neutravidin. Individual dots are 4µm in diameter. labelled 2° Ab. Overlapping red and green fluorescence
confirms that 2° Ab self-assembled to the patterns of
neutravidin. Also showing that neutravidin and 1° Ab
structure remained bound to the surface despite multiple
wash cycles. Individual dots are 4µm in diameter.




General Principles
• Chemically or physically altering the atoms/
molecules
– Chemical modification, etching, mechanical
roughening
• Overcoating the existing surface with different
material
– Coating
– Grafting
– Thin film deposition
• Creating surface textures or patterns
General Principles
• Thin surface modification
– Thick will change mechanical and functional
properties
– Very thick
• Delamination and cracking
– 3-10 Å
• Difficult
– Very thin
• Erosion
• Surface reversal
• Delamination resistance
– Covalent bonding
– Primer layer

General Principles
• Surface rearrangement
– Diffusion or translation of surface atoms into bulk
– Prevented
• Crosslinking
• Sterical blocking
• Incorporating impermeable layer
• Surface analysis
– Contamination
– Sensitive
• Can be commercialized
Methods
• Plasma
• Silanization

Methods: Silanization
• Liquid phase chemical reaction
• Modify hydroxylated surfaces
– Glass, Si, Ge, Al2O3, quartz, metal oxides
• Advantages
– Simple
– Stable
– Covalent/crosslink
– Low cost

Methods: Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) Deposition


Methods: Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) Deposition
• Overcoat surface with one or more highly
ordered layers of surfactant molecules
• Molecules
– Polar head and nonpolar tail
• High degree of order and uniformity
• Several chemistries can be employed
• Stability can be improved by crosslinking

• Self-assembly is a term used to describe processes
in which a disordered system of pre-existing
components forms an organized structure or
pattern as a consequence of specific, local
interactions among the components themselves,
without external direction
• Static and Dynamic self assembly
• Static: the ordered state forms as a system
approaches equilibrium, reducing its free energy
• Dynamic: called self organization
– Works on steady state principle
– Energy is required

Self-assembly
• Bottom up
– Molecular self assembly direct access to the nanometer
regime
– Inspired by nature: millions of years of evolution have
resulted in working molecular machines (enzymes)
• Self assembly
– Based on non-covalent assembly of subunits to
generate higher ordered aggregates
– Offers efficient alternative to the classic covalent
approach
– Requires fewer synthetic steps
– Results in higher yields

• Self-assembly
• Monolayer
– Layer that is a single molecule thick
• The formation of monolayers by spontaneous chemisorption
(chemical reaction between surface and adsorbate) of long
chain amphiphilic molecules at surfaces results in creation of
long range order
• Common to all self assembled monolayers (SAMs)
– Surface active head group that attaches to its corresponding
substrate via chemisorption process
• Results in monolayer with thickness dictated by length of
alkyl chain
• Factors contributing to the usefulness of SAMs
– Stability
– Functional group versatility
– Substrate monolayer composition

• Self-assembly
• SAMs

Methods: Self Assembled
Monolayers (SAMs)
• Surface films that
spontaneously form
• Self assembly Vs Self
organization
• SAMs
– N-alkyl silane on hydroxlated
surfaces (silica, glass,
alumina)
– Alkane thiol and disulphide
on Au, Ag, Cu
– Amines and alcohol on Pt
http://gmwgroup.unix.fas.harvard.edu/pubs/pdf/909.pdf
http://w.sps.aero/Key_ComSpace_Articles/TSA-011_Self-Assembled_Thin_Films.pdf
Methods: Self Assembled Monolayers (SAMs)
• Moderate to strong adsorption of an anchoring chemical
group to the surface
– 30-100 kcal/mol
• van der Waals interaction of alkyl chain
• Chemisorption
– Driving force for complete coverage
• van der Waals forces lead crystallization of the alkyl
group
– Alkyl chain too long
• Higher chances of defects
• Difficult to assemble
– Alkyl chain too short
• Insufficient force
• Difficult to assemble

Methods: Self Assembled Monolayers (SAMs)
• Molecular mobility
• SAMs Vs LB assembly
– Chemical stability
– Ease of formation
– Options for changing the outermost group that
interfaces with external environment

Module 02 Classes of Biomaterials

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Module 02 Classes of Biomaterials

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MSE 204

Instructor: Vivek Verma

Instructor: Vivek Verma

Instructor: Vivek Verma

Instructor: Vivek Verma

Instructor: Vivek Verma

Instructor: Vivek Verma

Instructor: Vivek Verma

Instructor: Vivek Verma

Instructor: Vivek Verma

Instructor: Vivek Verma

Instructor: Vivek Verma

Instructor: Vivek Verma

Instructor: Vivek Verma

• Weight average molecular weight

• Poly Dispersity Index (PDI)

Instructor: Vivek Verma

Instructor: Vivek Verma

Instructor: Vivek Verma

Instructor: Vivek Verma

Instructor: Vivek Verma

Instructor: Vivek Verma

– Placement or removal of an internal fixation

Instructor: Vivek Verma

Instructor: Vivek Verma

Instructor: Vivek Verma

Instructor: Vivek Verma

Instructor: Vivek Verma

Instructor: Vivek Verma

Instructor: Vivek Verma

Instructor: Vivek Verma

Instructor: Vivek Verma

Instructor: Vivek Verma

Instructor: Vivek Verma

Instructor: Vivek Verma

Instructor: Vivek Verma

Instructor: Vivek Verma

Instructor: Vivek Verma

Instructor: Vivek Verma

Instructor: Vivek Verma

Instructor: Vivek Verma

Instructor: Vivek Verma

Instructor: Vivek Verma

Instructor: Vivek Verma

Instructor: Vivek Verma

Instructor: Vivek Verma

Instructor: Vivek Verma

Instructor: Vivek Verma

Instructor: Vivek Verma

Instructor: Vivek Verma

Instructor: Vivek Verma

Instructor: Vivek Verma

Instructor: Vivek Verma

Instructor: Vivek Verma

Instructor: Vivek Verma

• Femoral head: Co-Cr or ceramic

Instructor: Vivek Verma

• PTFE: poor creep and stress corrosion

Instructor: Vivek Verma

Instructor: Vivek Verma

*Bone forming cells

Instructor: Vivek Verma

the accumulation of fatty materials such as cholesterol.