CELL CYCLE

- Definition/Introduction

- Stages/Process

- Duration

- Cytokinesis

- Mitosis

- Conclusion

1. DEFINITION/INTRODUCTION

Cell cycle is a series of events that take place in a cell as it grows, and divides. A Cell spend most of its
time in what is called "INTERPHASE". During this time, it grows, replicates its chromosomes and prepare
for cell division. The Cell then leaves Interphase, undergo mitosis and completes its division.

2. STAGES/PROCESS

• The cell increases in size (gap 1 or G1 stage),

• Copies its DNA (Synthesis or S stage),

• Prepares to divide (gap 2 or G2 stage),

• Finally divides (Mitosis or M stage).

The stages G1, S and G2 make up INTERPHASE, which accounts for the span between cell divisions.

3. DURATION

The duration of these cells phases varies considerably in different kinds of cells with a total cycle time of
24 hours. The G1 PHASE might last about 11 Hours. S PHASE about 8 hours. G2 about 4 hours and M
about 1 hour.
 4. CYTOKINESIS

This is the physical process of cell division which divides the Cytoplasm of a Parent cell into two
daughter cells.

5. MITOSIS

This is a process of cell duplication in which one cell divides into genetically identical daughter cells. In
the various stages of mitosis, the cell's chromosomes are copied and then distributed equally between
the two new nuclei of the daughter cells.

6. CONCLUSION

The events of cell cycle can be identified as follows ;

• Initiating from a quiescent phase (Phase G0).

• Cell growth and preparation of Chromosomes replication takes place (Phase G1).

• The cell cycle continues with synthesis of DNA (S Phase) and it's followed by division preparation
(Phase G2).

THE TESTES

- Definition/Introduction

- Location

- Functions

- Seminiferous tubules

- Diseases of the testes

1. DEFINITION/INTRODUCTION
The Testes, also called the Testicles, are two oval - shaped organs in the male reproductive system.
Structures within the testes are important for the production and storage of sperm until they are
mature enough for ejaculation. The Testes also produce a hormone called "TESTOSTERONE", which is
responsible for sex drive, fertility, and the development of muscle and bone mass.

Testes get their ovular shape from tissues called the LOBULES. The LOBULES are made up of coiled tubes
surrounded by densed connective tissues.

2. LOCATION

The Testes are contained in a sac of skin called the scrotum. The scrotum hangs outside the body, in
front of the pelvic region near the upper thighs.

3. FUNCTIONS

The main functions of the testes are;

• Sperm production

• Sperm Storage

• Testosterone and Androgen production

4. SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES

These are called tube that make up most of each testis. The cells and tissues in the tubules are
responding for spermatogenesis, which is the process of creating sperm.

These tubules are lined with a layer of tissue called the EPITHELIUM. This layer is made up of sertoli
cells that aid in the production of hormones that generate sperm. Among the Sertoli Cells are
Spermatogenic cells that divide and become spermatozoa or sperm cells. The tissues next the tubules
are called LEYDIG CELLS. These cells produce male hormone such as Testosterone and other androgen.

5. DISEASES OF THE TESTES

• Epididymitis

• Testicular Cancer

• Testicular Pain