PRACTICAL

RESEARCH 1
COURSE MATERIAL NO. 4

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 WHAT WILL
YOU LEARN?

This module has been designed to help

you:

• Describes sampling procedure and

sample;
• plans data collection and analysis
procedure;
• presents written research
methodology; and
• utilizes materials and techniques to
produce creative work.

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/InRE8ETO1L8lTG_2GJbVow/edit#&usqp=CA
U

UNDERSTANDING
DATA AND WAYS TO
SYSTEMATICALLY
COLLECT DATA
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 Hello there, Young Researcher!
Welcome to Practical Research 1. This term, we are going to
focus in Qualitative Research, but let me tell you a short
introduction. Research is truly endless. It’s the lifeblood of WHAT’S INSIDE
every industry that pushes it up and thrives to grow. It’s a vast THIS
landscape where you can travel wherever you want to go. And MODULE?4
it’s something that is open to everybody. It is a vast experience ▪ Sampling
once you have explored it. It’s a seed that opens up your love • Learning Activity 1 5
for reading, writing, analyzing, and sharing valuable
▪ Data Collection and Analysis
information.
Procedure 7
In this course, you will:
▪ Learning Output 10
⚫ understand the nature of inquiry and research,
▪ Summary 11
⚫ acknowledge qualitative research and its importance in
daily life, ▪ References 11
⚫ identifying the inquiry and stating the problem,
⚫ learning from others and reviewing the literature,
⚫ understanding data and ways to systematically collect
data,
⚫ finding answers through data collection,
⚫ analyzing the meaning of the data and drawing
conclusions,
⚫ reporting and sharing the findings, and
⚫ produce a qualitative research paper.
We are here to prepare you for research work as this lays the
groundwork for preparation and the processes involved in
research activity. Once your research is accomplished and
approved by a panel… it’s a job well done!
Let’s begin to help you love research and be an accomplished
researcher!

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FOCUS
QUESTIONS
• What are the ways to
systematically collect data?
• What are data collection and
analysis procedure in
qualitative research?
2nd Term AY 2022-2023
SAMPLING
In research terms a sample is a group of
people, objects, or items that are taken from a
larger population for measurement. The sample
should be representative of the population to
ensure that we can generalize the findings from
the research sample to the population as a whole.
The size and method of selecting the
sample of the study depend on: the length of time
that will be spent in the conduct of the study, the
type of research to be done, the characteristics of
the population being studied and the resources
available.
TYPES OF SAMPLING METHODS:
1. Purposive Sampling – With this type,
participants are selected or sought after
based on pre-selected criteria based on
research question.
2. Cluster Sampling – Involves dividing the
population into subgroups, but each
subgroup should have similar
characteristics to the whole sample.
Instead of sampling individuals from each
subgroup, you randomly select entire
subgroups.
Practical Research 1 Page | 4
 3. Snowball Sampling - If the population is hard
to access, snowball sampling can be used to
recruit participants via other participants. The
number of people you have access to
“snowballs” as you get in contact with more
people.

4. Convenience Sampling - A convenience

sample simply includes the individuals who
happen to be most accessible to the
researcher.

5. Stratified Purposeful Sampling - Involves

dividing the population into subpopulations
that may differ in important ways. It allows
you draw more precise conclusions by
ensuring that every subgroup is properly
represented in the sample.

LEARNING ACTIVITY
1 You’re my type!

Directions: I need help! Identify what type sampling method is being

used by writing your answer before the given statement. You can
refer your answer from our previous discussion. Go little rockstar ~

1. You want to know more about the opinions and

experiences of disabled students at your university, so
you purposefully select a number of students with
different support needs in order to gather a varied range
of data on their experiences with student services.

2. You are researching experiences of homelessness in your

city. Since there is no list of all homeless people in the
city, probability sampling isn’t possible. You meet one
person who agrees to participate in the research, and she
puts you in contact with other homeless people that she
knows in the area.

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 3. The company has 800 female employees and
200 male employees. You want to ensure that
the sample reflects the gender balance of the
company, so you sort the population into two
strata based on gender. Then you use random
sampling on each group, selecting 80 women
and 20 men, which gives you a representative
sample of 100 people.

4. You are researching opinions about student

support services in your university, so after
each of your classes, you ask your fellow
students to complete a survey on the topic.
This is a convenient way to gather data, but as
you only surveyed students taking the same
classes as you at the same level, the sample is
not representative of all the students at your
university.

5. The company has offices in 10 cities across the

country (all with roughly the same number of
employees in similar roles). You don’t have the
capacity to travel to every office to collect
your data, so you use random sampling to
select 3 offices
Probability sampling is a
sampling technique, in
which the subjects of the
population get an equal
opportunity to be selected
as a representative sample.

Nonprobability
sampling is a method of
sampling wherein, it is not
known that which individual
from the population will be
selected as a sample.

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DATA COLLECTION AND
ANALYSIS PROCEDURE
There are many ways to gather data in qualitative
research. Some of these are

1. Interview

Qualitative Interview is a type of framework

in which the concepts and principle are not
only recorded but also achieved, challenged
and as well as strengthened. Interviews may
be in-depth interview (IDI or one on one),
dyads, triads, paired or focused groups.
Methodological techniques may be face-to-
face, telephone or online.

A. Unstructured interview – this is useful for

long term field work. It allows
respondents to express in their own ways
and pace, with minimal hold on
respondents’ responses. This looks like a
conversation rather than interview. A Image Source: https://www.questionpro.com/blog/data-
collection/ow/edit#c-concept-journalist-making-review-188862286.jpg
“controlled conversation” which is guided
by the interviewer. This can be:

1. Non-directive interviews which does

not have pre-planned set of questions.
2. Focused interviews wherein the
researcher is well aware of the
respondent and in times of differing
away from the main issue.
3. Informal conversational interview
which is based on unplanned set
questions set questions that are
generated rapidly during the
interview.

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For more details and examples,
you may watch the short video
below!
Video link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zcM
WIWtfntU
2nd Term AY 2022-2023
B. Semi-structured interview – This is an in-depth
interview where the respondents have to answer
pre-set open-ended questions. This is usually utilized
by health care professionals.
C. In-depth interviews - This is usually utilized
extensively as interviewing format possibly with an
individual or sometimes with a group. This is
conducted only once with an individual or with a
group that lasts from 30 minutes to more than one
hour. Interview guide is used to maximize the time
and keep the focus on the desired line of action.
Guide questions should include the core questions
and its follow up questions.
2. Observation
This is appropriate for collecting data on naturally
occurring behaviour in their usual context. IT is
systematic data collection approach because the
researcher uses all their senses to examine people in
natural settings or naturally occurring situations.
A. Participant Observation – Here the observer
participates in on-going activities and records
observations. The observer takes part on the events
or situation. The researcher interacts with the
participants. Participant observation extends beyond
naturalistic observation because the observer is a
“player” in the action.
B. Non-Participant Observation – This has limited
contact with the people or participants because the
observer observes from a distance without
participating in the group activities. It is also known
as non-participant observation. The researcher does
not try to influence them or take part in the group
activities. This is difficult because one cannot
penetrate the main issue
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 3. Survey
LEARNING ACTIVITY

A survey data gathering method that is utilized to

collect, analyze and interpret the views of a group of
people. It is a systematic method of gathering
information from the subject of the study.

Two Key Features of Survey Research

1. Questionnaires – This is a pre-defined series of

questions used to collect information from
individuals.
2. Sampling – a technique in which the subject of the
study is selected to answer the survey questions: the
information collected can be generalized to the
entire population of interest.
Questionnaire Design
1. Close-Ended Questions – The respondents are given
list of predetermined responses. They will just
simply choose their answer.
Example:
Strongly Somewhat Neither Somewhat Strongly
Agree agree agree Disagree disagree
nor
disagree

I feel
good
about
my
work
on
the
job.

2. Open-Ended Questions – The respondents are given To know more about

list of predetermined responses. They will just questionnaire, read on
simply choose their answer.
https://opentextbc.ca/researchm
• Respondents are asked to answer each
ethods/chapter/constructing-
question in their own words.
survey-questionnaires/
• Responses are categorized for statistical
analysis

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 Considerations for Designing a Questionnaire

1. Consider the proper order of questions. Start

with routine question, such as age, sex/gender,
marital status etc. This should be followed by
simpler questions to complicated or sensitive
questions.

2. Two in one question should never be used in

survey.
Ex: I feel good about my work, and I get along
well with others at work
3. Avoid using emotionally loaded or biased words
and phrases.

Ex: How often do you exercise twice a day.

LEARNING OUTPUT
Gotta Collect ‘em All!

GROUP WORK. You’re done identifying your

research problem and reviewing its related
literature. Now, it is time identify your
research design, sampling technique, and
instrument to use. Complete the research
matrix from the previous course material
(CM3).

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 It was a fun discussion as we have discussed research
Case Study design to ensure that your methods match your research
Cluster aims, that you collect high-quality data, and that you use
Content Analysis the right kind of analysis to answer your questions,
Convenience utilizing credible sources. This allows you to draw valid,
Ethnography trustworthy conclusions. Moreover, we have considered
Grounded Theory the general aim of sampling in qualitative research is to
Interviews acquire information that is useful for understanding the
Observation
complexity, depth, variation, or context surrounding a
Phenomenological Study
phenomenon, rather than to represent populations as in
Purposive
quantitative research.
Qualitative Research
Questionnaire
Sampling
Snowball
Stratified References:

Arvesu, E. B. (2019). Practical Research. Discovering

Meaning: The Qualitative Way. Golden Cronica
Publishing Inc. Novaliches, Quezon City
Baraceros, E. L. (2016). Practical Research 1. Manila,
Philippines.
CONTRIBUTORS University of Arizona Global Campus Writing Center.
https://writingcenter.uagc.edu/writing-literature-
Jeriko ArwelS. Arlegui review#:~:text=A%20literature%20review%20is%20a,
Erika Gin C. Constantino-Bacuyag the%20topic%20and%20by%20whom.
Ma. Erica Anne S. Flores
Raven Kaye Magbanua
Renelyn O. Manacho
Ranelyn Joyce A. Navarro
Venice Jastine Paras
Karrele Anne Y. Rayos
Erna D. Rosario

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