Q1.

Write short note on the following: (10)

a) Coastal Navigation
Answer Key:
Definition:

Use of large scale charts, RADAR, visual compass bearings etc

b) Deep Sea Navigation

Answer Key:
Definition:

Use of small scale charts, sextant, G.P.S, Electronic navigation systems etc

c) Pilotage
Answer Key:
Definition:

Following master’s order and pilot’s advice:

Use of large scale charts, RADAR, visual compass bearings etc:

Use of radio equipment to communicate with port and pilots etc:

Student No: ________________________
Q2. Define the following: (10)
a) Great Circle
Answer Key:
Any imaginary circle on the earth, the plane of which passes through the center of the earth and that
cuts the earth into two equal halves is called a great circle.

b) Small Circle
Answer Key:
Any imaginary circle on the earth surface that is not a great circle, i.e. who’s plane doesn’t pass
through the center of the earth is called a small circle.

c) Latitude
Answer Key:
latitude is a geographic coordinate that specifies the north–south position of a point on the Earth's
surface. Latitude is an angle (defined below) which ranges from 0° at the Equator to 90° (North or
South) at the poles. Lines of constant latitude, or parallels, run east–west as circles parallel to the
equator. Therefore it is the angle created at the equatorial plane at the center of the earth by a small
circle that passes through an observer and is parallel to the equator.

d) Longitude
Answer Key:
Longitude is a geographic coordinate that specifies the east–west position of a point on the Earth's
surface, or the surface of a celestial body. It is an angular measurement, usually expressed
in degrees. Meridians (lines running from pole to pole) connect points with the same longitude.
The prime meridian, which passes near the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, England, is defined as 0°
longitude by convention. Longitudes are east starting from the prime meridian, and are west starting
from the west of prime meridian and both ranges from 0 degrees to 180 degrees.

e) Nautical Mile
Answer Key:
A nautical mile is a unit of measurement used in air, marine, and space navigation, and for the
definition of territorial waters. Historically, it was defined as one minute (1/60 of a degree)
of latitude along any line of longitude. Today the international nautical mile is defined as exactly 1852
metres (6076 ft; 1.151 mi). The derived unit of speed is the knot, one nautical mile per hour.

2
Student No: ________________________
Q3. a) What is Variation of a magnetic compass? What causes variation? Where do you get the
information on Variation? (5)
Answer Key:
The difference in between the geographical meridian and the magnetic meridian in a place is called
the variation.

Earth’s magnetism:

Magnetic lines of force of earth’s magnetism:

Information on navigational charts and nautical publications:

b) What is Deviation of a magnetic compass? What causes Deviation? Where do you get the
information on Deviation? (5)
Answer Key:
The magnetic property of a ship’s hull and cargo causes the magnetic compass needle to deviate
further away from the magnetic meridian. The difference in between the magnetic meridian and the
direction of the magnetic needle present in a ship is called the deviation of the magnetic compass.

Influence of Ship’s hull, cargo and other magnetic material on board:

The effect of different ship’s heading:

Information on ship’s deviation card and on the compass error log book:

3
Student No: ________________________
Q4.
a) If Var = °E, Dev= °E, Find the Compass Error (10)
Answer Key:
Compass error = °E

b) If Var = °W, Dev = °E, Find the Compass Error

Answer Key:
Compass error = °W/E

c) If Compass Error = °E, Variation = °E, Find the Deviation of the compass
Answer Key:
Dev = °W/E

d) If Compass Error = °E, Deviation = °W, Find the Variation of the place
Answer Key:
Variation = °E/W

e) If Compass Error = °W, Variation = °E, Find the Deviation of the compass
Answer Key:
Dev = °W/E

Q5. Describe the following briefly: (10)

a) Impeller log
Answer Key:
Speedo meter on board a ship fitted with a small propeller:

Speed measured through the water:

b) Electro Magnetic log

Answer Key:
Fixed speedo meter on board a ship that operates on electromagnetic signal:

4
Student No: ________________________

Electromagnetic sensors:

Measurement of speed through the water:

c) Doppler log
Answer Key:
Doppler effect:

Fixed sonar speedometer on a ship that operates using Doppler effect:

Measurement of speed through the ground:

d) Echo Sounder
Answer Key:
Fixed sonar equipment that measure the distance under water:

U.K.C calculation principle:

5
Student No: ________________________
Q6. Draw block diagram of a marine RADAR. (10)
Answer Key:

Sketch:

6
Student No: ________________________
Q7. Describe the following of a pulse formed electromagnetic signal: (10)
a) Pulse length
Answer Key:
Length of a broken electromagnetic transmission:

Technique used to make a desired pulse length:

Sketch:

b) Frequency
Answer Key:
Positive and negative cycles of an electromagnetic signal and number of cycles per second:

Examples:
Sketch:

c) Wave length
Answer Key:
Positive and negative cycle of an electromagnetic signal:

Length of a single cycle:

Sketch:

d) Amplitude
Answer Key:
The strength of an electromagnetic transmission:

Sketch:

7
Student No: ________________________
Q8. Describe the functions of the following controls of marine RADAR: (10)
a) Brilliance
Answer Key:
Control of electric voltage in different parts of the receiving unit:

Effect of brilliance control:

b) Gain
Answer Key:
Control of video amplifier in the receiving unit:

Effect of gain control:

Noise:

c) Tune
Answer Key:
Local oscillator and mixer:

Intermediate frequency:

Control of tuning button and its effect on local oscillator:

8
Student No: ________________________
Q9. Draw the following buoys with color & top mark and mention the light signal: (10)
a) Starboard lateral mark in region B
Answer Key:
Sketch:

b) Preferred channel to starboard mark in region A

Answer Key:
Sketch:

9
Student No: ________________________
Q10. Draw the following buoys with color and top mark; and mention the light signal: (10)
a) Safe water mark
Answer Key:
Sketch:

b) Isolated danger mark

Answer Key:
Sketch:

10
Student No: ________________________
Q11. Draw the following buoys with color and top mark; and mention the light signal: (10)
a) North cardinal mark
Answer Key:
Sketch:

b) West cardinal mark

Answer Key:
Sketch:

11
Student No: ________________________
Q12. Draw the following buoys with color and top mark; and mention the light signal: (10)
a) East cardinal mark
Answer Key:
Sketch:

b) South cardinal mark

Answer Key:
Sketch:

12
Student No: ________________________
Q13. What is tidal height and tidal stream? What is diurnal and semi-diurnal tide? (10)
Answer Key:
Effect of tide on water horizontally:

Effect of tide on water vertically:

Flood tide, ebb tide and slack water:

High water:

Low water:

Number of high water and low water in a day:

13
Student No: ________________________
Q14. What is spring tide and neap tide? Why and how do they happen? (Sketch expected). (10)
Answer Key:
Definition of spring and neap tide:

Positioning of earth, moon and sun:

Sketch:

14
Student No: ________________________
Q15. What is Nominal Range and Luminous Range of light? (10)
What is Geographical Range of light?
Answer Key:
Meteorological visibility scale:

Range of light at meteorological visibility of 10 miles:

Visibility information on charts and publications:

Luminous range in prevailing visibility:

Curvature of the earth, height of eye and height of the light; and their relation with geographical
range:

Sketch:

15