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Linear momentum
Linear momentum of a particle:
The time rate of change of the momentum of a particle is equal to the net force acting on the particle

Chapter 8: MOMENTUM, IMPULSE, AND COLLISIONS System of particles

Exercises: 5, 9, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 25, 27, 33, 35, 39, 43, 45, 47, 49, 53,57
Problems: 59, 65, 69, 71, 73, 75, 77, 81, 83, 91, 95, 97, 99, 101, 105
Conservation:
Dang Duc Vuong Isolated system is a system on which no external force exerts on or the net external
force exerted on it equals to zero.
Email: vuong.dangduc@hust.edu.vn
     
when F  0 p  m A v A  mB v B  mC v C  ...  const
       
F 0  Fx  0 px  mA v Ax  mB v B x  mC v Cx  ...  const

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Collision and impulse Center of mass

The of the center of mass of a system of particles: position vector xcm 
m x  m x
m1 x1  m2 x2  m3 x3  ...
 i i i i
Collision: isolated event in which two or more bodies exert relatively strong forces on each other for a relatively short time.      m1  m2  m3  ... m
  m r  m2 r2  m3 r3  ...  mi ri m r M i
Momentum conservation Px  const rcm  1 1   i i

elastic collision: m1  m2  m3  ...  mi M m y  m y  m y  ...  m y  m y

ycm  1 1 2 2
 
3 3 i i i i

Energy conservation M   mi m  m  m  ...

1 2 3m M i

inelastic collision: momentum conservation Px  const     
The total momentum of a system: P  m1v1  m2 v2  m3v3  ...  Mvcm
   
Impulse: Measures the strength and duration of the collision force  m1v1  m2v2  m3v3  ... P
The velocity of the center of mass of the system of particles vcm  
  t2    M M
F  const  J   Fdt  F(t 2  t1 )  Ft  
 t2 
J    Fdt
t1
If the net external force on the system is not zero, the acceleration of the center of mass is: F ext  M a cm
   t2  Systems with varying mass (rocket+exhaust products)
t1 F  F(t)  J   F(t)dt
t1

Impulse-momentum theorem
 t2  
     
t2 t2 t2
dv
J   Fdt   madt   m dt   mdv  mv 2  mv1  p2  p1 dM < 0
t1 t1 t1
dt t1

The change in a particle’s momentum during a time interval equals the impulse of the net force that acted on the particle during
Before After dt
that interval.

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8.59 The net force acting on a 2.00-kg discus while it is being thrown is t2.𝚤⃑+(+t) 𝚥⃑, where  = 25.0 N/s2,  = 30.0 N and 8.65(70). A railroad handcar is moving along straight, frictionless tracks with negligible air resistance. In the following cases,
 = 5.0 N/s. If the discus was originally at rest, what is its velocity after the net force has acted for 0.500 s? Express your the car initially has a total mass (car and contents) of 200 kg and is traveling east with a velocity of magnitude 5.00 m/s.
answer in terms of the unit vectors 𝚤⃑ and 𝚥⃑ Find the final velocity of the car in each case, assuming that the handcar does not leave the tracks. (a) A 25.0-kg mass is
  thrown sideways out of the car with a velocity of magnitude 2.00 m/s relative to the car's initial velocity. (b) A 25.0-kg mass
p   Fdt  is thrown backward out of the car with a velocity of 5.00 m/s relative to the initial motion of the car. (c) A 25.0-kg mass is
  v
p  mv thrown into the car with a velocity of 6.00 m/s relative to the ground and opposite in direction to the initial velocity of the
car.
z z z
          y y y
p   Fdt    t i  (  t) j  dt   t  i   t   t  j
2 3 2
v
v v
 3  2  x x x

 p         
v  t i 
3
t  t  j  0.52i  7.82 j
2

m  3m   2m m 

(a) (b) (c)

Identify:
Use a coordinate system attached to the ground. Take the x-axis to be east (along the tracks) and the y-axis to be north
(parallel to the ground and perpendicular to the tracks). Then Px is conserved and Py is not conserved, due to the sideways
force exerted by the tracks, the force that keeps the handcar on the tracks.

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a) Let A be the 25.0 kg mass and B be the car (mass 175 kg) 8.69(74). A 0.150-kg frame, when suspended from a coil spring, stretches the spring 0.050 m. A 0.200-kg
lump of putty is dropped from rest onto the frame from a height of 30.0 cm (Fig.). Find the maximum
distance the frame moves downward from its initial position. the spring to find the force constant k of the
spring. Let s be the amount the spring is stretched.
Energy is conserved
d0 K U W K U 1 1 other 2 2

d1 d1 d1 K 
M  m v 2
(b) A 25.0-kg mass is thrown backward out of the car
d2 s
1
2 1
2

U   M  m  g  d   k(d  d ) 2
1
2 1 1 0

v0=0 m M W 0
h d other

K 0 2

(c) 1
U   M  m  g  d   k(d  d ) 2

k(d  d )  Mg v1 v2 2
2
2 2 0

M  m v
1 0
Py is conserved 1
M 0.150   M  m  g(d  d )  k  d  d    d  d    0
2 2 2

k  g 9.81  29.4N / m mv  M.0   M  m  v 2

2 2
2
1 1 0 2 0

s 0.050 1 2

mv M  m v 1
  M  m  gd  k  s   d  s    0
2 2 2

v  v  2gh  v  2gh
2 2
v  1
2 2
M  m
2
1 1 2
0

 v  2(9.81)(0.300)  2.425  m / s  14.7d  1.96d  0.3362  0

2

1
v  1.386  m / s 
2
d  0.232  m 

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8.71(76). A Ricocheting Bullet. 0. 100-kg stone rests on a frictionless, horizontal surface. A bullet of mass 6.00 g, traveling 8.(73)78. Two identical masses are released from rest in a smooth hemispherical bowl of radius R,
horizontally at 350 m/s, strikes the stone and rebounds horizontally at right angles to its original direction with a speed of from the positions shown in Fig. You can ignore friction between the masses and the surface of the
250 m/s. (a) Compute the magnitude and direction of the velocity of the stone after it is struck. (b) Is the collision bowl. If they stick together when they collide, how high above the bottom of the bowl will the masses
perfectly elastic? go after colliding?

IDENTIFY: Apply conservation of energy to the motion before and after the collision and apply conservation of
momentum to the collision.

A
Px is conserved
m v m v m v m v R
A A1x B B1x A A2x B B2x
A B  A+B 
m v h
m v m v v  A A1x
 21.0  m / s  v
1 v 2
m
A A1 x B B2 x B2x
B

Py is conserved v  v  v  25.8m / s
2 2
A body: Conservation of energy Conservation of momentum Conservation of energy
m v m v m v m v 1
B B1x B2y

v m v  m gR  v  2gR
2 applied to the collision 1
 m  m  v   m  m  gh
A A1y B B1y A A2y B B2y

tan    0.7143;   35.5

B2y o 2
m 2
A 1 A 1

v  15.0  m / s  m v  0  m  m  v 2
A B 2 A B
0  m v  m v v  A
v B2y
v 2
R
m
A A2 B B2y B2y A2 A 1 A B 2
B
m v h 2

if the collision perfectly elastic  Energy is conservations? K  K  K  147J  0  not elastic v  v 

A 1
2g 4
2 1
2
m  m A
2 B
1

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8.75(80). A 20.00-kg lead sphere is hanging from a hook by a thin wire 3.50 m long, and is free to swing in a complete circle. 8.77(83). A 4.00-g bullet, traveling horizontally with a velocity of magnitude 400 m/s, is fired into a wooden block with mass
Suddenly it is struck horizontally by a 5.00-kg steel dart that embeds itself in the lead sphere. What must be the minimum 0.800 kg, initially at rest on a level surface. The bullet passes through the block and emerges with its speed reduced to 120 m/s.
initial speed of the dart so that the combination makes a complete circular loop after the collision? The block slides a distance of 45.0 cm along the surface from its initial position. (a) What is the coefficient of kinetic friction
between block and surface? (b) What is the decrease in kinetic energy of the bullet? (c) What is the kinetic energy of the block
The steel dart collides the lead sphere: non elastic Conservation of momentum
at the instant after the bullet passes through it?
m 5 v
mv  M.0   m  M  v v  v  v  A1
A1 1
m  M 20  5
1
5
A1 A1

The combination makes a complete circular loop after the collision

v 2

at the top of the circular loop, the object has speed v2 a  2

R
rad

T  (m  M)g  (m  M)a v 3
Bullet is fired into a wooden block Momentum is conserved
g   v  gR
rad 2

T0 R
2

use conservation of energy with point 1 at the bottom of the loop and point 2 Motion of the block after the collision.
at the top of the loop
1 1 M
m v  0  m v  m g  2R 
2 2
m
2 2
AB 1 AB 2 AB

v  gR v  65.5  m / s  m mM
AB
2 1A

v
v  A1

5
1

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(b) What is the decrease in kinetic energy of the bullet? 8.81(87). In a shipping company distribution center, an open cart of mass 50.0 kg is rolling to the left
at a speed of 5.00 m/s (Fig.). You can ignore friction between the cart and the floor. A 15.0-kg
package slides down a chute that is inclined at 37° from the horizontal and leaves the end of the
chute with a speed of 3.00 m/s. The package lands in the cart and they roll off together. If the lower
(c) What is the kinetic energy of the block at the instant after the bullet passes through it
end of the chute is a vertical distance of 4.00 m above the bottom of the cart, what are (a) the speed
of the package just before it lands in the cart and (b) the final speed of the cart?

Apply conservation of energy to the motion of the package

1 1
 mv  mgh  mv  v  v  2gh  9.35  m / s 
2 2 2

2 2
0 1 1 0

v 0
In the collision between the package and the cart momentum is conserved in the
y
horizontal direction.
P  const  mv  MV   M  m  V
x 1x 0 1
x
 v  v  v cos 
1x 0x 0

v mv  MV mv cos   MV
 1
V   1x
 3.29  m / s 
0 0 0

V 0 M  m
1
 M  m

v 1

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8.91(97). Hockey puck B rests on a smooth ice surface and is struck by a second puck A, which has the same mass. Puck A is
initially traveling at 15.0 m/s and is deflected 25.0o from its initial direction. Assume that the collision is perfectly elastic.
Find the final speed of each puck and the direction of B's velocity after the collision. [Hint: Use the relationship derived in
part (d) of Problem 8.96.]

 ?
m1  m2  m
     25 o
Mv  m v  m v
    
cm A A B B

 v  v  v  v  v  v  2v v 2 2 2

 v     
A A cm A A cm A cm

v cm
 v  v  v  v  v  v  2v v 2 2 2
A
v B B B cm B B cm B cm

1 1 1   1  
Center mass K  m v  m v  m  v  v  2v v   m  v  v  2v v
2 2 2 2 2 2

mA mB 2 2 2
A A
2
B B A A cm A cm B B cm B cm

1 1    Ox : v A1  v A 2 cos   vB 2 cos 
K   m v  m v    m  m  v   m v  m v  v
2 2 2
   
2 2 P  const  mAv A1  mAvA 2  mB vB 2
A A B B A B cm A A B B cm

     1 1 Oy : 0  v A 2 sin   vB 2 cos 
 m v  m v  v  Mv .v  0  K   m v  m v   Mv 2 2 2
A A B
2
B cm
2
cm cm A A B B cm
Perfectly elastic collision
1 1 1 1 v  13.7  m / s 
The asteroids collide K min  Mvcm 2  const KE of internal motion K  const  mAv A12  mA 2 v A 2 2  mB vB 22   A2 ;   65o
2 KE of center motion 2 2 2  vB 2  6.4  m / s 
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8.95(101). You are standing on a concrete slab that in turn is resting on a frozen lake. Assume there is no friction between the 8.97(103). A fireworks rocket is fired vertically upward. At its maximum height of 80.0 m, it explodes and breaks into two
slab and the ice. The slab has a weight five times your weight. If you begin walking forward at 2.00 m/s relative to the ice, pieces, one with mass 1.40 kg and the other with mass 0.28 kg. In the explosion, 860 J of chemical energy is converted to
with what speed, relative to the ice, does the slab move? kinetic energy of the two fragments. (a) What is the speed of each fragment just after the explosion? (b) It is observed
that the two fragments hit the ground at the same time. What is the distance between the points on the ground where they
The is no friction between slab and ice; land? Assume that the ground is level and air resistance can be ignored.
The system of slab and man is an isolated system;
2.00 m/s At the highest point, the velocity of the rocket is vi=0 m1  1.40kg m2  0.28kg
Use the momentum conservation with the motion of man on slab
      
* The momentum conservation: pi  p f  0  m1v1  m2 v2 v1 v2
 m 1
P  const  0  mv  Mv  v   v    2  m / s   Two parts move in opposite directions
 m1v1  m2v2  0
M 5
1 2 2 1
1 1
** Energy conservation:  KE  m1v1  m2 v2  860  J 
2 2

2 2 h
The slab moves backward with speed of 0.4 m/s
 v  14.3 m / s 
 1
v2  71.5  m / s 
(b) Two parts land at the same time  v1, v2 are in horizontal direction
2h
Time to hit the ground: t   4.04  s   AB   v1  v2  t  347  m  A B
g

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Consider the process in Oxyz coordinate system (Figure). Note that positive z-
8.99(105). A Nuclear Reaction. Fission, the process that supplies energy in direction is from back to front of the figure.
nuclear power plants, occurs when a heavy nucleus is split into two medium- Use the momentum conservation for the collision we have:
 
sized nuclei. One such reaction occurs when a neutron colliding with a 235 U pi  p f
      
(uranium) nucleus splits that nucleus into a 141Ba (barium) nucleus and a 92Kr  mn voni  mn von f  mn ven1  mn ven2  M Ba vBa  M Kr vKr ven1
(krypton) nucleus. In this reaction, two neutrons also are split off from the Project on Oxyz we have:
original 235U. Before the collision, the arrangement is as shown in Fig.a. After On Ox: mn voni  mn von f cos10  mn ven1 cos 45  mn ven2 cos30  
the collision, the 141Ba nucleus is moving in the +z-direction and the 92Kr von i von f
 voni  von  f cos10  ven 1 cos 45  ven 2 cos30
nucleus in the -z-direction. The three neutrons are moving in the xy-plane, as On Oy: 0  mn von  f sin10  mn ven 1 sin 45  mn ven  2 sin 30
shown in Fig.b. If the incoming neutron has an initial velocity of magnitude
 0  von f sin10  ven 1 sin 45  ven 2 sin 30 
3.0x103 m/s and a final velocity of magnitude 2.0x103 m/s in the directions ven 2
On Oz: 0  M Ba vBa  M Kr vKr
shown, what are the speeds of the other two neutrons, and what can you say ven 1  221 m / s 
(a) von-i= 3.0x103 m/s; von-f= 2.0x103 m/s ;  
 ven 2  1.01 10  m / s 
3
about the speeds of the 141Ba and 92Kr nuclei? (The mass of the 141Ba nucleus is
approximately 2.3x10-25 kg, and the mass of 92Kr is about 1.5x10-25 kg.)
vKr M Ba n+ U → 3n + Ba + Kr
(b) We have: 0  M Ba vBa  M Kr vKr    1.5
vBa M Kr

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8.101(107). The coefficient of restitution  for a head-on collision is defined as the ratio of the relative speed after the collision *8.105(111). A Multistage Rocket. Suppose the first stage of a two-stage rocket has total mass 12,000 kg, of which 9000 kg is
to the relative speed before. (a) What is  for a completely inelastic collision? (b) What is  for an elastic collision? (c) A fuel. The total mass of the second stage is 1000 kg, of which 700 kg is fuel. Assume that the relative speed vex of ejected
ball is dropped from a height h onto a stationary surface and rebounds back to a height H1. Show that Є = 𝐻1/ℎ (d) A material is constant, and ignore any effect of gravity. (The effect of gravity is small during the firing period if the rate of fuel
properly inflated basketball should have a coefficient of restitution of 0.85. When dropped from a height of 1.2 m above a consumption is large). (a) Suppose the entire fuel supply carried by the two-stage rocket is utilized in a single-stage rocket
solid wood floor, to what height should a properly inflated basketball bounce? (e) The height of the first bounce is H1. If  with the same total mass of 13,000 kg. In terms of vex, what is the speed of the rocket, starting from rest, when its fuel is
is constant, show that the height of the n-th bounce is Hn = 2nh. (f) If  is constant, what is the height of the eighth bounce exhausted? (b) For the two-stage rocket, what is the speed when the fuel of the first stage is exhausted if the first stage
of a properly inflated basketball dropped from 1.2 m? carries the second stage with it to this point? This speed then becomes the initial speed of the second stage. At this point, the
second stage separates from the first stage. (c) What is the final speed of the second stage? (d) What value of vex is required
(a) completely inelastic collision  = 0
to give the second stage of the rocket a speed of 7.00 km/s?
(b) elastic collision  = 1
(c) Speed of ball just before collision: vi  2 gh v H1
  f  For the single-stage rocket
The velocity just after collision: v f  2 gH1 vi h
Mi
(d) We have: ε=0.85  H1   2 h  0.87 m v f  vi  v ex ln
Mf
(e) H1   h  H 2   H1  
2 2
 2 2
h  H n   
2 n
h h
2n

Coefficient of restitution
Mi: the total initial mass Rocket propulsion. (a) The initial mass of the rocket plus all its fuel is M
 H 8   28 h  1.2   0.85   0.089m
16 Mf: the mass left after all the fuel is burned +Δm at a time t, and its speed is v. (b) At a time t+Δt, the rocket’s mass has
(f) n = 8 Є=vi/vf;
vex: the ejected material been reduced to M and an amount of fuel Δm has been ejected. The
rocket’s speed increases by an amount Δv.

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a) The total initial mass of the rocket is Mi = 12,000 kg+1000 kg = 13,000 kg
The fuel: 9000 kg+700 kg = 9700 kg
The mass Mf left after all the fuel is burned is = 13,000 kg- 9700 kg= 3300 kg
Mi M 13000
v f  vi  v ex ln  v f  v ex ln i  v ex ln  1.37vex
Mf Mf 3300
b) vi = 0; Mi = 13 000 kg; Mf1 = Mi – Mfuel1 = 4000 kg;
 The final speed of the 1st stage:
Mi 13000
vf1  vex ln  vi  vex ln  0  1.18v ex
Mf 4000
(c) We have: vi2 = vf1 = 1.18vex; Mi2 = Mstage2=1000 kg; Mf2 = Mi2-Mfuel2 = 300 kg;
Note that the 1st stage separated (not exhausted) with speed of 0 m/s relative to the 2nd stage, so it does not change the
speed of stage 2.
M i2 1000
 The final speed of the 2nd stage: v f 2  v e ln  vi2  v ex ln  1.18v ex  2.38v ex
Mf 2 3300
v
(d) To have final speed of the 2nd stage is 7 km/s=7000 m/s  v ex  f 2  2940  m / s   2.94  km / s 
2.38

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