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Fundamentals of
Machine
Mechanical
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Dr.Yusuf YILMAZ
 Chapter 3
Shaft Design
&
Its Components
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  Design Detail Needed to Specify a Shaft

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Mechanical
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Mechanical
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 LOCKING DEVICES
 One of the fundamental problem in shaft design is
how to connect rotational machine elements to the
shaft.
 Some of the methods are:
 Interference fits
 Setscrews
 Keys & keyways
 Pins
 Splines, etc.

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  The resistance to axial motion or rotary motion of the collar
or hub relative to the shaft is called the holding power.
 This resistance is due to the frictional force between the
Mechanical contacting portions of the collar and shaft.
Engineering
Department  Setscrews should have a length of about half of the shaft
KONYA diameter, which is important in collar design.
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Mechanical
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  Materials of keys:
 Ductile materials are used because of shear-load
of keys.
 Soft, low-carbon steel is the most common choice,
unless a corrosive environment requires a brass or
stainless steel key.
 Square or rectangular keys are often made from
cold-rolled bar stock and merely cut to length.
 Tapered and Woodruff keys are also usually made
from soft, cold-rolled steel.

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  The hub is slightly larger than the shaft and key to
allow it to slide over the shaft during assembly.
 The set screw is used to take up the slack. The
resulting friction is used to provide resistance to axial
motion.
Mechanical
Engineering  Thread adhesive may be required to ensure that
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vibration doesn.t cause the set screw to loosen.
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  Designed to be inserted from the end of the shaft
after the hub is in position.
 The taper will impart a compressive contact pressure
between the hub and the shaft. Friction will help
transmit torque and provide resistance to axial motion
of the hub relative to the shaft.
 Tapered keys do not require set screws. Access to
Mechanical both ends of tapered keys are required so that the key
Engineering
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can be inserted and driven out when the key is being
removed.
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  Installation is similar to standard tapered keys.
 The extended head provides a holding method for
removing the key by pulling instead of driving it
Mechanical
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  Circular groove in shaft holds the key in place
while the hub is slid over the shaft.
Mechanical
Engineering  The Woodruff key will have less shear strength
Department than a rectangular or square key.
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  Stress Analysis of Parallel Keys
 A key has two failure mechanisms:
1) it can be sheared off, and
2) it can be crushed due to the compressive
bearing forces.

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  If K=1, these equations give the same result for a
square key. In general K will be greater than 1.0
and more shear failures will be observed in the
field. Keys are generally designed to fail before
Mechanical overloads can cause damage to the shaft or
Engineering
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KONYA  In this respect they act like a mechanical fuse.
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  Stress concentration due to keyway:
 The sled-runner keyway has less stress
concentration than an end-milled keyway.
 Peterson, R.E. suggested Kt = 2.14 for bending for
an end-milled keyway and 2.62 for torsion. In
bending, the sled-runner seat will have less stress
concentration.
 Other results reported are 1.79 for an end-milled
keyway and 1.38 for the sled-runner type.
 Assume a factor of safety n = 2.0 during this
course.
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Mechanical  Pins are used for axial positioning and for the
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transfer of torque or thrust or both.
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  EXAMPLE 1 At a machined shaft shoulder the small diameter d is 1.100 in, the large
diameter D is 1.65 in, and the fillet radius is 0.11 in. The bending moment is 1260 lbf · in
and the steady torsion moment is 1100 lbf · in. The heat-treated steel shaft has an
ultimate strength of Sut = 105 kpsi and a yield strength of Sy = 82 kpsi. The reliability
goal is 0.99.
 (a) Determine the fatigue factor of safety of the design using each of the fatigue
failure criteria described in this section.
 (b) Determine the yielding factor of safety.

 Solution ; (a)
D/d = 1.65/1.100 = 1.50,
r/d = 0.11/1.100 = 0.10,
Kt = 1.68 , Kts = 1.42,
q = 0.85 , qshear = 0.92
Kf = 1 + 0.85(1.68 − 1) = 1.58 Kfs = 1 + 0.92(1.42 − 1) = 1.39

S′e = 0.5(105) = 52.5 kpsi (S′e = 0.5Sut for Sut ≤ 200 kpsi )
Mechanical  ka = 2.70(105)−0.265 = 0.787 ka = aS utb (machined & cold drawn)
Engineering  kb = (1.100/0.3)-0.107 = 0.870 kb = (d/0.3)−0.107 (0.11 ≤ d ≤ 2 in)
Department
 kc = kd = kf = 1
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  ke = 0.814
 Se = 0.787(0.870)0.814(52.5) = 29.3 kpsi

 For a rotating shaft, the constant bending moment will create a completely reversed
bending stress.
 Ma = 1260 lbf · in , Tm = 1100 lbf · in , Mm = Ta = 0
 Applying Eq. for the DE-Goodman criteria gives

 n = 1.62 DE-Goodman
 Similarly, applying Eqs. for the other failure criteria,
 n = 1.87 DE-Gerber
Mechanical  n = 1.88 DE-ASME Elliptic
Engineering  n = 1.56 DE-Soderberg
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  (b) For the yielding factor of safety, determine an equivalent Von Mises maximum
stress using Eq. (Ma = 1260 lbf · in , Tm = 1100 lbf · in , Mm = Ta = 0)

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  EXAMPLE.2 A double reduction gearbox design has developed to the point
that the general layout and axial dimensions of the countershaft carrying
two spur gears has been proposed, as shown in Fig. The gears and bearings
are located and supported by shoulders, and held in place by retaining rings.
The gears transmit torque through keys. Gears have been specified as
shown, allowing the tangential and radial forces transmitted through the
gears to the shaft to be determined as follows.
 Wt23 = 540 lbf
 Wt54 = −2431 lbf
 Wr23 = −197 lbf
 Wr54 = −885 lbf
where the superscripts t and r represent tangential and radial directions,
respectively; and, the subscripts 23 and 54 represent the forces exerted
by gears 2 and 5 (not shown) on gears 3 and 4, respectively. Proceed with
the next phase of the design, in which a suitable material is selected, and
appropriate diameters for each section of the shaft are estimated, based
on providing sufficient fatigue and static stress capacity for infinite life of
Mechanical the shaft, with minimum safety factors of 1.5.
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  Solution
 Perform free body diagram analysis to get reaction forces at the bearings.
 R Az = 115.0 lbf
 R Ay = 356.7 lbf
 R Bz = 1776.0 lbf
 R By = 725.3 lbf

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  From total Mx , find the torque in the shaft between the gears,
 T = Wt23(d3/2) = 540 (12/2) = 3240 lbf · in

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  Generate shear-moment diagrams for two planes.
 For x-z plane;

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  For x-y plane;

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  Combine orthogonal planes as vectors to get total moments, e.g. at J,
 Mtotal= √39962 + 16322 = 4316 lbf · in.

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  Start with Point I, where the bending moment is high, there is a stress concentration
at the shoulder, and the torque is present.
 At I, Ma = 3651 lbf-in, Tm = 3240 lbf-in, Mm = Ta = 0
 Assume generous fillet radius for gear at I.
 First Iteration Estimates for Stress Concentration Factors Kt.

 Warning: These factors are only estimates for use when actual dimensions are not yet
determined. Do not use these once actual dimensions are available.
 From Table, estimate Kt = 1.7, Kts = 1.5. For quick, conservative first pass, assume
 Kf = Kt , Kf s = Kts .
 Choose inexpensive steel, 1020 CD, with Sut = 68 kpsi. For Se,
 ka = aS ut b = 2.7(68)−0.265 = 0.883
Mechanical
Engineering  Guess kb = 0.9 Check later when d is known.
Department  kc = kd = ke = 1
KONYA  Se = (0.883)(0.9)(0.5)(68) = 27.0 kpsi.
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  For first estimate of the small diameter at the shoulder at point I, use the DE-
Goodman criterion of Eq. This criterion is good for the initial design, since it is simple
and conservative.

 With Mm = Ta = 0, equation reduces to,

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  All estimates have probably been conservative, so select the next standard size below
1.65 in. and check, d =1.625 in.
 A typical D/d ratio for support at a shoulder is D/d =1.2, thus, D =1.2(1.625) = 1.95 in.
Increase to D 2.0 in. A nominal 2 in. cold-drawn shaft diameter can be used. Check if
estimates were acceptable.
 D/d = 2/1.625 = 1.23
 Assume fillet radius r = d/10 = 0.16 in. r/d = 0.1
 Kt = 1.6 , q = 0.82 , Kf = 1 + 0.82(1.6 − 1) = 1.49
 Kts = 1.35, qs = 0.95 , Kf s = 1 + 0.95(1.35 − 1) = 1.33
 ka = 0.883 (no change)
 kb = (1.625/0.3) −0.107 = 0.835

 Se = (0.883)(0.835)(0.5)(68) = 25.1 kpsi

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  Using Goodman criterion

 Note that we could have used Eq. directly. Check yielding.

 Also check this diameter at the end of the keyway, just to the right of point I, and at
the groove at point K. From moment diagram, estimate M at end of keyway to be M
3750 lbf-in.
 Assume the radius at the bottom of the keyway will be the standard
 r/d =0.02, r = 0.02 d = 0.02 (1.625) = 0.0325 in.
Mechanical
Engineering  Kt = 2.14 , q =0.65 Kf = 1 + 0.65(2.14 − 1) = 1.74
Department  Kts = 3.0, qs = 0.9 Kf s = 1 + 0.9(3 − 1) = 2.8
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  The keyway turns out to be more critical than the shoulder. We can either increase
the diameter, or use a higher strength material. Unless the deflection analysis shows a
need for larger diameters, let us choose to increase the strength. We started with a
very low strength, and can afford to increase it some to avoid larger sizes.
 Try 1050 CD, with Sut = 100 kpsi.
 Recalculate factors affected by Sut , i.e. ka → Se; q → Kf →σ′a
 ka = 2.7(100)−0.265 = 0.797, Se = 0.797(0.835)(0.5)(100) = 33.3 kpsi
 q = 0.72, Kf = 1 + 0.72(2.14 − 1) = 1.82
Mechanical
Engineering 32(1.82)(3750)
Department  a'   16200 psi
 (1.625) 3
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 1 16200 18650
   0.673
nf 33300 100000

n f  1.49

 Since the Goodman criterion is conservative, we will accept this as close enough to the
requested 1.5
 Check at the groove at K, since Kt for flat-bottomed grooves are often very high. From
the torque diagram, note that no torque is present at the groove. From the moment
diagram, Ma = 2398 lbf in, Mm = Ta = Tm = 0. To quickly check if this location is
potentially critical just use Kf = Kt = 5.0 as an estimate, from Table 7–1.

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 This is low. We will look up data for a specific retaining ring to obtain Kf more
accurately. With a quick on-line search of a retaining ring specification using the
website www.globalspec.com, appropriate groove specifications for a retaining ring
for a shaft diameter of 1.625 in are obtained as follows: width, a = 0.068 in; depth,
t = 0.048 in; and corner radius at bottom of groove,
r = 0.01in. From Fig. A–15–16, with r/t = 0.01/0.048 = 0.208, and
a/t = 0.068/0.048 = 1.42
Kt = 4.3, q = 0.65 (Fig. 6–20)
Kf = 1 + 0.65(4.3 − 1) = 3.15

Quickly check if point M might be critical. Only bending is present, and the moment
is small, but the diameter is small and the stress concentration is high for a sharp
fillet required for a bearing. From the moment diagram,
Mechanical Ma = 959 lbf · in, and Mm = Tm = Ta = 0.
Engineering Estimate Kt = 2.7 from Table 7–1, d = 1.0 in, and fillet radius r to fit a typical
Department bearing.
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  Should be OK. Close enough to recheck after bearing is selected. With the
diameters specified for the critical locations, fill in trial values for the rest
of the diameters, taking into account typical shoulder heights for bearing
and gear support.
 D1 = D7 = 1.0 in
 D2 = D6 = 1.4 in
 D3 = D5 = 1.625 in
 D4 = 2.0 in
 The bending moments are much less on the left end of shaft, so D1, D2, and
Mechanical D3 could be smaller. However, unless weight is an issue, there is little
Engineering
advantage to requiring more material removal. Also, the extra rigidity may
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be needed to keep deflections small.
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 Example: A shaft is to be supported by two
bearings spaced 30 inches apart. A straight spur
gear with a pitch diameter of 24 inches is to be
supported 6 inches to the left of the right-hand
bearing, and a straight pinion with a pitch diameter
of 10 inches is to be supported 12 inches to the
right of the left-hand bearing.
The 20o involute gears are required to transmit
150 horsepower at a rotational speed of 200 rpm.
The shaft material is hot rolled 1020 steel with
Su=65,000 psi, Syp=43,000 psi, e=36 percent
elongation in 2 inches, and fatigue properties as
shown in Figure 2.19, where SN=Sf=33,000 psi .
Mechanical
Engineering
Shoulders for gears and bearings are to be a
Department minimum of 0.125 inch, and a safety factor of
KONYA nd=2.25 is used in designing the shaft.
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 we consider cross sections of the shaft at sections A, B, C,
and D, which are considered critical sections. The torque is
transmitted from the driver pinion at C, through the shaft, to
the driven gear at B. The torque is;

The tangential force in the z-direction at C ( FCZ ) at the

pitch radius is

The radial separating force ( FCX ) is determined for an

involute tooth profile with a pressure angle of f = 20o ,
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 The forces at A, B, C, and D that cause bending
moments in the shaft are as shown, where ;
FCZ = 0.0833T (= 3939 lb) ,
FCX = 0.0303T (= 1433 lb) ,
FBZ = 0.2T (= 9454 lb) , and
FBX = 0.0727T (= 3441 lb)

We determine the reactions at A and D ;

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 From these we can conclude that the bending
moments at locations A, B, C, and D are

The torque that exists in section BC of the shaft.

These torques are

shear forces for each section of the beam as shown

Mechanical
Engineering
in the shear force diagrams above. These are
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 Shear forces for each section of the beam as shown
in the shear force diagrams above. These are

At points A and D we note that the torque and

bending moment are both zero. There is, however, a
transverse shear force at these two locations. The
shear stress at these two locations
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 Using these shear stresses in place of txy

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 Substituting the appropriate values results in,

At points B and C ;

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 In this expression,
Kf = 1+q(Kt - 1)
Assuming
D / d » 1 and r/d << 1 ,
we can estimate
Kt = 1.8 .
Additionally, for steel with
Su = 65, 000 psi ,
we will assume
q » 0.8 .
Therefore,
Kf = 1 + q(Kt - 1) = 1 + 0.8(1.8 - 1) = 1.64 .
Mechanical
The mean torque is,
Engineering T m = T BC = 47, 296 in-lb .
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Mechanical
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Department
KONYA
TÜRKİYE
91
Dr.Yusuf YILMAZ
Mechanical
Engineering
Department
KONYA
TÜRKİYE
92
Dr.Yusuf YILMAZ
Mechanical
Engineering
Department
KONYA
TÜRKİYE
93
Dr.Yusuf YILMAZ
Mechanical
Engineering
Department
KONYA
TÜRKİYE
94
Dr.Yusuf YILMAZ
Mechanical
Engineering
Department
KONYA
TÜRKİYE
95
Dr.Yusuf YILMAZ
Mechanical
Engineering
Department
KONYA
TÜRKİYE
96
Dr.Yusuf YILMAZ
Mechanical
Engineering
Department
KONYA
TÜRKİYE
97
Dr.Yusuf YILMAZ
Mechanical
Engineering
Department
KONYA
TÜRKİYE
98
Dr.Yusuf YILMAZ
Mechanical
Engineering
Department
KONYA
TÜRKİYE
99
Dr.Yusuf YILMAZ
 Problem : A belt-driven Jack shaft is sketched
schematically in figure;
a.) Construct the load, shear and bending moment
diagrams.
b.) Determine the bending moment on the shaft and
calculate the torque in the shaft segment between
pulleys.
c.) If the shaft is to be machined from hot rolled
1020 steel and is rotated at 1200rpm, design safety
factor of 1.7 is desired. What diameter would be
required to provide infinite life ( S’e = 227,535 Mpa,
Mechanical k= 0.85 were given)
Engineering
Department
KONYA
TÜRKİYE
100
Dr.Yusuf YILMAZ
Mechanical
Engineering
Department
KONYA
TÜRKİYE
101
Dr.Yusuf YILMAZ
 Free body diagram of the shaft;

Mechanical
Engineering
Department
KONYA
TÜRKİYE
102
Dr.Yusuf YILMAZ
 Calculating bearing reaction forces,
Horizontal Plane (xy plane)

F x  0, M z  0 at point A (CCW +)

RAX  RCX  9900

9900*450  900* RCX  0
RCX  4950 N
RAX  4950 N

Mechanical
Engineering
Department
KONYA
TÜRKİYE
103
Dr.Yusuf YILMAZ
Mechanical
Engineering
Department
KONYA
TÜRKİYE
104
Dr.Yusuf YILMAZ
 Calculating bearing reaction forces,
Vertical Plane (zy plane)

F Z  0, M X  0 at point A (CCW +)
RAZ  RCZ  10800
900*450  900* RCZ 1125*9900  0
RCZ  12825N
RAZ  2025N
Mechanical
Engineering
Department
KONYA
TÜRKİYE
105
Dr.Yusuf YILMAZ
Mechanical
Engineering
Department
KONYA
TÜRKİYE
106
Dr.Yusuf YILMAZ
 Determination of the Critical section;
Critical section is B ;
Since max moment and torque are in this
section

M B  2227,7  911,3  2407 N .m

2 2

d
TBD  ( F1  F2 )
2
Mechanical
TBD  380(7200  2700)  1710 N  m
Engineering
Department
KONYA
TÜRKİYE
107
Dr.Yusuf YILMAZ
 Shaft diameter at critical section B is ;
32.n
dB  3 M  0, 75T
2 2

 .K .Se
32*1.7
 3 2407  0.75*1710
2 2

 *0.85*227.535 x10 6

d B  63mm
d B  63mm
Mechanical
Engineering
Department
KONYA
TÜRKİYE
108
Dr.Yusuf YILMAZ
 Problem (Midterm quest. 2014/1)
The poppet valve of an Internal
Combustion Engine shown in figure is
subjected to a completely reversed
axial load of “P” acting through its axis.
The valve is manufactured from heat
treated steel having an ultimate tensile
strength Sut=920 MPa, and yield
strength Sy=750 MPa and the safety
factor n=1,5. Considering the minimum
diameter and including appropriate
stress situation;
a) The endurance limit for the valve
based on 0.99 reliability,(15P)
b) Find the maximum load that can be
applied to the poppet valve for infinite
Mechanical life according to Mod-Goodman
Engineering theory.(15P)
Department
(Kt=2.1, ka=4,5.Sut-0,265, ke=0.814, kb=1,
KONYA q=0.95)
TÜRKİYE
109
Dr.Yusuf YILMAZ
 a) The Endurance limit of the shaft

ka  4,5* Sut0,265  4,5*9200,265  0, 739

ke  0,814 for 0,99 reliability
Se  0, 739*0,814*0,5*920  276, 7 N 2
mm

Mechanical
Engineering
Department
KONYA
TÜRKİYE
110
Dr.Yusuf YILMAZ
 b) The max. axial load wrt Modified-Goodman
theory

P
 m  0 and  a   min   max 
A
d2 4P 4P P
A a  2  
4 d  .15 176, 7 mm 2
2

WRT Modified  Goodman theory;

P
Mechanical 1 m a 1 176, 7
Engineering
Department
    P=32,59kN
n Sut Se 1,5 276, 7
KONYA
TÜRKİYE
111
Dr.Yusuf YILMAZ
 Problem (Midterm quest.2014/2)
A steel cantilever beam 300 mm long is subjected to a
load at free end that varies from 50 kN to -150 kN.
Notch sensitivity factor is 0.9, surface finish factor is
0.8, and size factor is 0.85. According to the “d”
diameter at the fillet section is 116 mm, find the safety
factor for Soderberg theory. (30P)
(Sut = 600 MPa, Sy = 380 MPa, Kt=1.3)

Mechanical
Engineering
Department
KONYA
TÜRKİYE
112
Dr.Yusuf YILMAZ
 Moment at section A  A ;
M max  150.10 * 200  30.10 N .mm
3 6

M min  50.10 * 200  10.10 N .mm

3 6

M max c M max . d 2 32M max

 max   
I  d 64
4
d 3

32(30.10 ) 6
 max   195, 77 Mpa
 116 3

32(10.106 )
Mechanical  min   65, 27 Mpa
Engineering
Department  116 3

KONYA
TÜRKİYE
113
Dr.Yusuf YILMAZ
  max   min
m   65, 25Mpa
2
 max   min
a   130,52 Mpa
2

ka  0,8 kb  0,85
Se  0,8*0,85*0,5*600  204 N 2
mm
WRT Soderberg theory;
1 m a 1 (65, 25) 130,52
    n=2,136
Mechanical
Engineering +
Department
n S y Se n 380 204
KONYA
TÜRKİYE
114
Dr.Yusuf YILMAZ
 Problem (Midterm quest. 2014/3 )
A transmission shaft is supported on two bearings
450 mm apart. Power to be transmitted by the shaft
is 25 kW at 300 rpm. The diameter and weight of
pulley C are 200 mm and 600 N and those of pulley D
are 300 mm and 750 N respectively. T1=2.T2 and
T3=2.T4 and power is transmitted from pulley C to D.
Find the minimum diameter of the shaft. (Shaft
rotates clockwise direction). (40P)

(Kt=1.5 Kts=1.2, P=25 kW, Sut = 620 MPa, Sy = 485 MPa, q=0.9,
n=2 )
Mechanical
Engineering
Department
KONYA
TÜRKİYE
115
Dr.Yusuf YILMAZ
Mechanical
Engineering
Department
KONYA
TÜRKİYE
116
Dr.Yusuf YILMAZ
 Free body diagram of the shaft;

Mechanical
Engineering
Department
KONYA
TÜRKİYE
117
Dr.Yusuf YILMAZ
 Forces on point C;
60 P 60*25.106
T   7,957.105 N .mm
2 n 2 300

d d
T  (T1  T2 ) , where T1  2T2 then we have T  T2
2 2

2T 2*7,957.105
T2    7957 N
d 200

T1  2T2  2*7957  15914 N

Mechanical
Engineering
Department
KONYA
TÜRKİYE
118
Dr.Yusuf YILMAZ
 Forces on point D;
60 P 60*25.106
T   7,957.105 N .mm
2 n 2 300

d d
T  (T3  T4 ) , where T3  2T4 then we have T  T4
2 2

2T 2*7,957.105
T4    5304, 67 N
d 300

T3  2T4  2*5304,67  10609,33N

Mechanical
Engineering
Department
KONYA
TÜRKİYE
119
Dr.Yusuf YILMAZ
 Forces on support A and B in yz (Vertical) plane ;
Forces on C ;
FC  T1  T2  WC
 15914  7957  600
 24471N
Forces on D ;
FD  (T3  T4 ) Sin45  WD
 (10609,33  5304, 67) Sin45  750
 10502,89 N
Mechanical
Engineering
M  0 A  RBZ  1563,93N
Department
KONYA
F  0
Z  RAZ  15532,04 N
TÜRKİYE
120
Dr.Yusuf YILMAZ
Mechanical
Engineering
Department
KONYA
TÜRKİYE
121
Dr.Yusuf YILMAZ
 Forces on support A and B in xy (Horizontal ) plane ;

Forces on C ;
There is no force in horizontal plane
Forces on D ;
FD  (T3  T4 )Cos 45
 (10609,33  5304, 67)Cos 45
 9752,89 N

Mechanical
M A 0  RBX  7501,9N
Engineering
Department
KONYA
F X 0  RAX  3750,9 N
TÜRKİYE
122
Dr.Yusuf YILMAZ
Mechanical
Engineering
Department
KONYA
TÜRKİYE
123
Dr.Yusuf YILMAZ
 M C  M C2yz  M C2xy

 15532042  375090 2
 1, 6.106 N .mm
M D  M D2 yz  M D2 xy

 234589,52  11252852
 1,15.106 N .mm
TC  TD  T  7,957.10 N .mm 5

Mechanical
Engineering Critical section is C
Department
KONYA
TÜRKİYE
124
Dr.Yusuf YILMAZ
 At critical section ; C

M m  0 and Ta  0 Since completely reversed load

M C  1, 6.106 N .mm
TC  7,957.10 N .mm
5

Se  0,5.SUT  0,5*620.106  310.106 N 2

mm
K t  1,5 q  0,9 K ts  1, 2 qs  0,9
K f  1  q( K t  1)
K f  1  0,9(1,5  1)  1, 45
Mechanical
Engineering
Department K fs  1  0,9(1, 2  1)  1,18
KONYA
TÜRKİYE
125
Dr.Yusuf YILMAZ
 1 16  1 2
4K f Ma   3  K fsTm  
2 1
 3 
n  d  Se Sut 

1 16  1 5 2
4 1, 45*1, 6.10   3 1,18*7,957.10  
6 2 1
 3 
2  d  310.106
620.106


1 16  1 2 2
4 1, 45*1, 6.10   3 1,18*7,957.10  
3 2 1
 3 
2  d  310.10 6
620.10 6


d  0, 0564m  56, 4mm

Mechanical
Engineering
Department
KONYA
TÜRKİYE
126
Dr.Yusuf YILMAZ
Mechanical
Engineering
Department
KONYA
TÜRKİYE
127
Dr.Yusuf YILMAZ
Mechanical
Engineering
Department
KONYA
TÜRKİYE
128
Dr.Yusuf YILMAZ