Part I.

Essay

1. An experimenter used the wrong instrument in conducting measurements. What

type of error is committed here? Justify your answer. [2 points]

This is an example of a systematic error. It is because while the experimenter used

the wrong instrument, the measurements gathered are still precise but not accurate.

1. Describe a method through a schematic diagram to prepare 0.10 molar NaCl solution.
[2 points]

Weigh 5.844g of NaCl using

an analytical balance.

Transfer it into a beaker

Measure 1L of Distilled
water using a graduated
cylinder

Dilute the 5.844g of NaCl to

1L of Distilled Water

2. A food quality analyst is tasked to evaluate the ascorbic acid content of a commercial
orange juice. She took ten (10) measurements and found one value to be quite
different from the others. Should she reject this value? Justify your answer. [2 points]

Before rejecting the value, she should first conduct a Q-test to analyze whether the
measurement is an outlier or not. If it is an outlier, she should reject the value.
However if it is not, she should not reject the value.

3. Why is it important to use an indicator during titration? (2 pts.)

 During titration, a noticeable pH change occurs near the equivalence point of acid-
base titration. Checking the pH level every time the acid or base is added, is time
consuming and is open to human error. Using an indicator to signal the end of
titration is accurate and not time consuming.

4. Cite two (2) precautionary measures when doing acid-base titration. (2 pts.)

One precautionary measure is to remove any air bubble present in the buret to
minimize error in reading the volume. Second precautionary measure when doing
acid-base titration is to continuously shake the titration flask during the addition of the
solution from the buret to ensure the solution is well-mixed.

5. Differentiate an equivalence point from an endpoint. (2 pt.)

Equivalence point signals the end of the chemical reaction, while endpoint signals the
change in pH level resulting in a color change of the indicator used where the moles
of the titrant exceeds the moles of the analyte. Endpoint occurs after the
equivalence