Combined Footings

Combined footings are used, when design of separate isolated footings are not
feasible. This may be because of low bearing capacity of soil or overlap
R General deflected shape of combined footing
isolated footings due to heavy loads or one/both of column situated very near V
to proper line. R
As far as practicable, it is seen that the resultant of all the external loads from K
columns etc, passes through the CG of the combined footing, such that the
soil is stressed to a uniform pressure. P
Some of the types combined footings: r
i) Rectangular combined footing a
ii) Trapezoidal combined footing
iii) Strap beam on footings
s
iv) Raft foundation a
d
Generally

a) Rectangular combined footing is adopted, when sufficient space is

available on either side of the column group (in longitudinal direction)
-> width restricted type K
D
b) Trapezoidal combined footing is adopted, when required space is not
available on both the sides of column group (in longitudinal direction) K
—> length restricted type C
c) Strap beam may be advisable; when required space is not available on only E
one of the sides of column group (in longitudinal direction)
N
d) If most of the area of the structure is occupied by individual footings, it is a
preferable to provide an overall raft.
g
P
u

11 | P a g e RVRK Prasad, KDK College of Engineering, Nagpur

 A) Rectangular Combined Footing.
Question 1: Design a combined footing for two columns, each carrying P=1360 P=1360
an axial load of 1360 kN service. Size of both the columns is 400 x 400
mm. The c/c distance between columns is 4.0 m. Width of foundation is
restricted to 2m. Take SBC of soil as 220 kN/rm, unit weight as 18
kN/m3 and angle of repose as 30°. Use M20 Concrete and Fe 415 steel

Solution:

1. Design Constants:

xu, max = 0.48, Q = .036 x 20x 0.48(1 -.042*0.48) = 2.76

2m
pbal = 0.4158 If- x 100 = o.96
fy
2. Area & Dimensions of footing:

Service loads, PA= 1360 kN

andP B =1360kN
Total Service load « 2720 kN
Assume selfwt= 272 kN (*10%)
Total Load on soil = 2992 kN V \A/\AAAA/V\AAA/
600 kN/m
Area of footing required = 2992/220 = 13.6 m2
Let, the Width of footing = 2 m; Length of footing = 6.8m

3. Position of columns on footing:

Resultant of the loads must pass through CG of footing, for uniform pressure
As the loading is Symmetrical, hence providing footing symmetrically
Each of the CL offset = (6.8 - 4) 12 = 1.4 m

4. Net upward pressure = Net load / Area provided

=2720/(2x6.8) = 200 kN/m2
Factored soil pressure = 1.5 x 200 = 300 kN/m per m width

Factored soil pressure / m = 300 x 2 = 600 kN/m

5. Analysis

12 | P a g e RVRK Prasad, KDK College of Engineering, Nagpur.

Shear Force: Max offset (cantilever portion) = (2-0.4)/2 = 0.8 m
SF just left of A = 1.4 x 600 = 840 kN Designing for unit width
Just right of A = 840 -2040 = - 1200 kN Max BM = 300 x 0.8212 = 96 kNm
SFjust right of B = - 1.4 x 600 = - 840 kN
Just leftofB = -842 + 2040= 1200RN d= I2.76X1000
96X1 ° 6 = 186 < 440 mm

From symmetry, SF is zero at the centre C i.e., 3.4m from left end Area of steel, = 415
— 1 - \ 1!-
2
4 6 X96xl ° 6 , 1000 x 440 = 623mm2 < 902
Bending Moment: Provide 12 mm<J) bars @ 1000 x 113 / 902 -> 125 mmc/c
Max hogging BM @ A = - 600 x 1.42 72 = - 588 kNm
Max hogging BM @ B = - 600 x 1.42 II = - 588 kNm 7. Shear force considerations:
Max sagging BM @ C = - 600 x 3.42 /2 + 2040 x 2 = 612 kNm a) One way shear
Critical section at 'd= 440'mm from column face
Point of contra flexure, - 600 x x 2 12 + 2040 x (x-1.4) = 0 Max SF, Vu = 1620 -0.64 x 600 = 1236 kN
x = 1.972 m from the leftmost end TV = Vu/bd = 1236xl03/(2000x440) = 1.4 N/mm2 < TC max

6. BM Consideration: Percentage of steel, p = 100 Ast/bd = 100x(4099) /(2000x440)= 0.4666/o

a) Bending in longitudinal direction TC = 0.36 +(0.12/0.25)x0.166 =0.44 N/mm2.
Effective depth required, d — [Q=kxjx0.36fck] TV > TC - unsafe - provide shear reinforcement
Design SF, Vus = V - TC bd = 1236xl03- 0.44(2000x440) =848.8xl03 kN
612 xlO 6
d= 2.76 x 2000
= 333 provide 440 mm, D = 440 + 60 = 500mm
1 Spacing of 12mm $, 8 legged vertical stirrups, sv = 0.87fy Asv d/Vus
Min tension reinforcement = 0.00205*1000*440 = 902 mm2 /m width = 0.87x415x(8xll3)x440/848.8xl0 3 ->160mmc/c
Maximum spacing
Area of steel required at mid-span for the sagging moment (i) 0.75 d = 0.75(440) = 330
fck 4.6 Mu 10 4.6 X612 X 106 (ii) 300 V
Ast* = 1- 1- bd = 1- 1- bd (iii) Min. shear reinforcement 0.87fy Asv /0.4b
2/y fck b d 2 415 20 X 2000 X 4402
= 0.87x415x(8xl 13) / 0.4 / 2000 = 407
Ast+ = 4287 mm2 > (2.0 x 902) Provide 12 mm§ 8 legged Vertical stirrups @ 160 mm c/c
Provide 20 mm<}> bars @ 2000 x 314 / 4287 -> 140 mmc/c Nominal shear reinforcement of 12 mm(j» 8 legged @ 300 c/c can be provided
in the x2 portion from free end and in the middle 2x xl portion
Area of steel required at cantilever portion for the hogging moment
Ast~= —
415
\l- |l -
Aj
4 6 X588xlo ll
20XZOOOX4403
2000 x 440 = 4099 mm 2 > 1804
Provide 20 mm<J> bars @ 2000x314 74287 -» 150 mmc/c

b) Bending in transverse direction

13 | P a g e RVRK Prasad, KDK College of Engineering, Nagpur.
xl 2000-640 orin --_
-—
0.44
= ——1.54
> xl = 388 say 380 mm
x2 = 1400-640 = 760 mm

b) Two way shear

Critical section at 'd/2 =220' from column surface
Total length of critical section, bO =4(400+440) = 3360 mm •
Max SF, Vu = 2040 -(0.84x0.84)300 = 828 kN

Shear stress, TV = Vu/ bO d = 828,000 /(3360x440) = 0.56 N/m2 < 0.908

(k = 0.5 +2/6.4 = 0.8125) & (TC= kx0.25Vfck)
7. Development length
Ld = <|>(0.87fy)/4Tbd = $ 0.87x415/(4xl.6xl.2) = 47<f»
For 20 mm-» 940 mm

Lo = 12<J> or d -» 12x20 =240 or 440-> LO = 440

8. Transfer of load at base of column

ForAl ->
0.4 + 4*0.44 = 2.16;
V(A1/A2) = V(2.16x2.0)/(0.4x0.4) > 2
Permissible bearing pressure, =2 x 0.45 x 20=18 N/mm2
Max. stress in column =
2040x103/400x400= 12.75 N/mm2 < 18 -»Safe

** Transverse reinforcement for lateral can be adjusted in transverse

reinforcement for shear

J o e T: j j o u o U L1 L

S •s 1 ~) r "> n r r

14 | P a g e RVRK Prasad, KDK College of Engineering, Nagpur

Questiion 2 Design a rectangular combined footing for Column A 300 x 300
and Column B 350 x 350 carrying factored axial loads of 1296 kN and 1620 P=864 P=1080
kN respectively and located 3.6 m apart. The safe bearing capacity of soil is -_3-6m .
v
198 kN/m2/ Use M20 and Fe 415. Width of footing is restricted to 1.8 m

Solution:
A
1 ^
f
B

1. Design Constants:
Xu, max = 0.48, Q = .036 x 20x 0.48(1 -.042*0.48) = 2.76
SBC-»l98kPa
2. Area / Dimensions of footing:
Service loads, PA= 1296/1.5 = 864 kN
and PB=1620/1.5 = 1080 kN
Total Service load = 1944 kN Q* 2m '.>'<••.' 1 6 m — -P
1.8m
•
Assume self wt= 194.4kN
Total Load on soil = 2138.4 kN

Area of footing required = 2138.4 /198 = 10.8 m2 1 3m "

Let, the Width of footing = 1.8m-> Length of footing = 6 m I Pu=1620
1 Pu=1296
3. Position of columns on footing 1A Bl
1 i
Resultant of the loads must pass through CG of footing, for uniform pressure
CG of loads from C/L of A = W2 x C / (W1 + W2) 1m
VWVXAAAAA/VVVVXAA
1.4m
= 1620 x 3.6 /(1296+1620) = 2m.
i.e., 1.6 m from C/L of B
C/L OffsetonsideofColumA= 6/2-2 = 1m (cleart offset =0.85m)
C/L OffsetonsideofCoIumB= 6/2-1.6=1.4 m (clear off set = 1.225m)
(Clear offsets in the transverse direction are 0.75 m and 0.725 m respectively)

4. Net factored upward pressure = (1296+1620)/(1.8*6)= 270 kN/m2

Load / m length of footing = 270 x 1.8 = 486 kN/m

Designing for the entire width of 1.8m

[If designed for 1 m width -» upward soil pressure will be, udl =270kN/m]

15 | P a g e RVRK Prasad, KDK College of Engineering, Nagpur.

 Provide 16 mm<j> bars @ 1800x314/1623.6 -> 300 mmc/c
5. Analysis b) Bending in transverse direction
Shear Force: Max offset (cantilever portion) = (1.8-0.35)/2 = 0.725 m
SF just left of A == 1.0 x 486 = 486 kN Designing for unit width
Just right of A = 486 -1296 = - 810 kN Max BM = 270 x 0.7252 /2 = 70.96 kNm
SF just right of B = - 1.4 x 486 = - 680.4 kN 70.96X106 ,.A
Just left of B = - 680.4 + 1620 = 939.6 kN d= 440mm
SF is zero at D -> 486x - 1296 = 0-» x =2.6667 m from left end
Area of steel, = — 1 - 1- 4 6 Jf7aMxl ° 6 IQQQ x 440 = 456mm2 < 902
Bending Moment: 415 >J 20X1QOOX440 2

Max hogging BM @ A = - 486 x 1.02 /2 = - 243 kNm Provide 12 mmifr bars @ 1000 x 113 / 902 -> 125 mmc/c
Max hogging BM @ B = - 486 x 1 A212 = - 476.28 kNm
Max sagging BM @ C = - 486 x 2.6667212 + 1296 x 1.6667 = 432 kNm 7. Shear force considerations:
a) One way shear
Points of contra flexure, - 486 x x212 + 1296 x (x-1.0) = 0 Critical section at 'd= 440'mm from column face
x = 1.3333 m & 4 from the leftmost end Max SF, Vu = 936.9 -0.615x 486 = 638 kN
TV = Vu/bd = 638xl03/( 1800x440) = 0.8 N/mm2 < TC max
6. BM Consideration:
a) Bending in longitudinal direction Percentage of steel, p = 100 Ast/bd = 100x(328l) /(1800x440)= 0.414%
Effective depth required, d ~ ' [Q=kxjx0.36fck] ic = 0.36 +(0.12/0.25)xO. 164 =0.44 N/mm2.
TV > TC - unsafe - provide shear reinforcement
476 XlO 6 Design SF, Vus = V - TC bd = 936.9 x 103- 0.44(1800x440) =588x 103 kN
d= '2.76X 1800
= 310 provide 440 mm, D = 440 + 60 = 500mm
Min tension reinforcement = 0.00205*1000*440 = 902 mm2 /m width Spacing of 10mm <j), 8 legged vertical stirrups, sv = 0.87iy Asv d/Vus
= 0.87 x415 x (8 x78.5) x440/ 588xl0 3 -» 160 mm c/c
Area of steel required at mid-span for the sagging moment Maximum spacing
fck 4.6 Mu 10 4.6 X 432 x 106 (i) 0.75 d = 0.75(440) = 330
Ast+ - 1- 1- bd = 1- 1- bd (ii) 300
2fy fck b d2 415 20 x 1800 x 440Z
(iii) Min. shear reinforcement 0.87fy Asv /0.4b
Ast" =2948mm2 > (1.8 x902) = 0.87x415x(8x78.5) / 0.4 /1800 = 283 V
Provide 20 mm<t> bars @ 1800 x 314 / 2948 -> 175 mmc/c Provide 10 mm<j> 8 legged Vertical stirrups @ 160 mm c/c
Nominal shear reinforcement of 10 mm<t> 8 legged @ 275 c/c can be provided
Ast required at cantilever portion for the hogging moment on Right side ,;/ in the x2 portion from free end and in the middle 2x xl portion

I -^
i
20X1800X 4402
n
1_ 1 _ 4.6X476.28X10' hsoo x 440 = 3281mm 2 >

Provide 20 mm<j> bars % \0 x 314/ 3281 -> 150 mmc/c

1623.6

Ast required at cantilever portion for the hogging moment on left side *
46X243X10* lgoo x 44Q = 159y m m 2 <

415 20X1800X4402

16 | P a g e RVRK Prasad, KDK Col lege o f Engineering, Nagpur.

 1933-615
0.44 0.8
xl = 724 say 700 mm
Xl 1667-640
0.44 0.645
xl = 700 say 700 mm
x2= 1000-615 = 385 mm
x2 = 1400-615 = 785 mm

b) Two way shear

Critical section at *d/2 =220' from column surface
Total length of critical section, bO =2(790+740) = 3060 mm
Max SF, Vu = 1620 -(0.79x0.74)270 = 1462 kN

TV = Vu/ bO d = 1462,000 /(3060x440) = 1.08N/m2 > 0.89 -^Unsafe

(k = 0.5 + 1.8/6 = 0.8) & (TC= kx0.25Vfck)
Increase depth -> 1462xl03/(3060xd) = 0.89
d = 536; provide d = 540 and D = 600

7. Development length
Ld = «f(0.87fy)/4tbd = $ 0.87x415/(4xl.6xl.2) = 47+
For 20 mm-> 940 mm

Lo = 12+ or d -» 12x20 =240 or 440^- LO = 440

8. Transfer of load at base of column

For Al ->
0.35 + 4*0.44 = 2.11;
V(A1/A2) = V(2.llxl.8)7(0.35x0.35) >2
Permissible bearing pressure, =2 x 0.45 x 20=18 N/mm2
Max. stress in column =
1620xl03/350x350 = 13.22 N/mm 2 < 18 -»Safe

** Transverse reinforcement for lateral can be adjusted in transverse

reinforcement for shear
J u L e J J D j j O L»^C

") ~) 3 ") 3 h nr 3 n c C

17 | P a g e R V R K P r a s a d , KDK College of Engineering, Nagpur.

 B) Trapezoidal combined footing . P =864 1 P=1080
*— 1.2m 1.2m—*
Questions: Design a Trapezoidal combined footing for Column A 300 x 300
and Column B 350 x 350 carrying factored loads of 1296 kN and 1620 kN
respectively and located 3.6 m apart. The safe bearing capacity of soil is 198
A ir 1B

kPa Use M20 and Fe 415. The length of footing is restricted to 6m with equal
CL offset to each column
Solution:
1. Design Constants:
Xu, max = 0.48, Q = ,036 x 20x 0.48(1 -.042*0.48) = 2.76

2. Area/Dimensions of footing:
Service loads are = 1296/1.5 = 864 kN
and 1620/1.5 = 1080 kN
Total Service load = 1944 kN
Assume self wt = 194.4 kN
Total Load on Ground = 2138.4 kN
Area of footing required = 2138.4/198 = 10.8 m2
Let the length of footing, L = 6 m and other lateral dimensions be 'a' and 'b'
Area = L(a+b)/2 = 6(a+b)/2 = 10.8 ;/. (a + b)= 3.6m - - - (1)
CG of loads from CL of column A = W2 x C / (Wl + W2) 583.2 T<N/m •
= 1620 x 3.6 /(1296+1620) = 2m.
3. Position of columns on footing:
Resultant of loads must pass through CG of footing, for uniform pressure
CL offsets on each column in longitudinal direction = (6-3.6)/2 = 1.2m
wkt; Centroid of Trapezium from A =(L/3) x (a + 2 b)/(a + b)
=(6/3) [(a + 2 b) /(a+b)] = (1.2 + 2)
.-. 2(a+2b)/(3.6) =3.2
a + 2b = 5.76m - - -(2)
from(l)&(2); a= 1.44m & b = 2.16m
Provided, area of footing = (1.44+2.16) /2 * 6 = 10.8 m2
bx= 1.44 + x(2.16-1.44)/6=1.44 + 0.12 x

4. Net upward factored soil pressure = (1296+1620) /10.8 = 270 kN/m2

Designing for the actual width
The press sure on footing can be modeled as uniformly varying load
Intensity of pressure on extreme left footing = 270 x 1.44 = 388.8 kN/m
Intensity of pressure on extreme right of footing = 270 x2.16 - 583.2 kN/m*
Intensity of pressure @ x m from A. gx = 388.8 + x (583.2-388.8) / 6
= 388.8+32,4x =270(1.44+ 0.12 x)
18 | P a g e RVRK Prasad, KDK College of Engineering, Nagpur
5. Analysis
Shear Force: 20X15B4X440 2
r 1584 x 440 = 1933 mm 2 >( 1.584 X 902)
SFjust left of A = 1.2 x (388.8+427.68 )/2= 489.888 kN Provide 16 mmif. bars @ 1584 x 314/ 1933 -» 225 mmc/c
Just right of A = 489.888 -1296 = - 806.112 kN b) Bending in transverse direction
SFjust right of B= - 1.2 x (544.32+583.2) )/2= - 676.512 kN Max offset (cantilever portion) = (2.016-0.35)/2 = 0.833 m
Just left of B = - 676.512 + 1620 = 943.488 kN Designing for unit width
SF is zero at D -» x x (388.8+270(1.44 + 0.12 x))/2 - 1296 = 0 Max BM = 270 x 0.833212 = 93.675 kNm
-» 270x(1.44+ 0.06 x ) - l 296 =0-»x =2.96663 m from left end 93.67S XIO 6 ,0. ..„
bx= 1.7959955m rr;
2,76 — rr-= 184 < 440 mm
x 1000
Bending Moment:
Max hogging BM @ A = - 489.888 xO.590476 = - 289.2672 kNm Areaofsteel, =-415 1- 1-
\2
' xl f 1000 x 440 = 6Q7mm2 < 902
Max hogging BM @ B = - 676.512x0.606897 = -410.5728 kNm Provide 12 mmifr bars @ 1000 x 113 / 902 -> 125 mmc/c
Max sagging BM @ C = - 1296 x 1.428921 + 1296 x 1.7666 = 437.6702 kNm
7. Shear force considerations:
Points of contra flexure -> -x{388.8+270(1.44 + 0.12x^/2 f f l . 4 4 + 0.12 x a) One way shear
+2.88/1.44+ 0.12x+1.44)(x/3)l+ 1296 x (x-1.2) = 0 Critical section at *d= 440'mm from column face
x = 1.602187 m & 4.290796 m from the leftmost end i.e., 1.64 m from right end (4.36 m from left end)
bx= 1.44+ 4.36x0.12 =1.9632 m
6. BM Consideration: qx = 530.064 kN/m
a) Bending in longitudinal direction Max SF, Vu = 4.36 x (388.8+530.064 )/2 -1296= -707 kN
Effective depth required, d = ' ' [Q=kxjx0.36fck]
TV = Vu/bd = 707xl03/( 1963x440) = 0.82 N/mm2 < TC max
437.67 XlO 6 410.57 XlO 6
= 297 = 271.6 d=440;D = 500mm Percentage of steel, p = 100 Ast/bd = I00x(2764) /(1963x440)= 0.32%
2.76X1796 "^ 2.76x2016
Min tension reinforcement = 0.00205*1000*440 = 902 mm2 /m width TC = 0.36 +(0.12/0.25)x0.07 =0.39 N/mm2.
TV > TC - unsafe - provide shear reinforcement
Area of steel required at mid-span for the sagging moment Design SF, Vus = V - TC bd = 707xl03xl03-0.39(1963x440) =370xl0 3 kN
fck 4.6 Mu 10 4.6 x 437.67 x 106
-4st+ =
2fy
1- 1- fck bd 2 '415
1- 1-
20 x 1796 x 4402
bd Spacing of 1 Omm <j>, 8 legged vertical stirrups, sv = 0.87fy Asv d/Vus
= 0.87 x415 x (8 x78.5) x440/ 370xl0 3 -> 250 mm c/c
Ast+ = 2991.374 mm2 > (1.796 x 902) Maximum spacing
Provide 20 mm<t> bars @ 1796 x 314 / 2991 -> 175 mmc/c (i) 0.75 d = 0.75(440) = 330
(ii) 300
Ast required at cantilever portion for the hogging moment on Right side (iii) Min. shear reinforcement 0.87fy Asv /0.4b
—
—
lo li
II —
li
f1
16*410.573 xio 6
r 2106x440 = 2764 mm2 >(2.106 x 902) = 0.87x415x(8x78.5) / 0.4 / 1963 = 288 V
415 V 20x2016x440z
J Provide 10 mm<t> 8 legged Vertical stirrups @ 250 mm c/c for the entire length
Provide 20 mm<j> bars @ 2106x314/2764 -> 225 mmc/c

Ast required at cantilever portion for the hogging moment on left side
19|Page RVRK Prasad, KDK College of Engineering, Nagpur.
b) Two way shear
Critical section at *d/2 =220' from column surface
Total length of critical section, bO =2(790+740) = 3060 mm
Max SF, Vu = 1620 -(0.79x0.74)270 = 1462 kN

TV = Vu/ bO d = 1462,000 7(3060x440) = 1.08N/m2 > 0.89 -^Unsafe

(k = 0.5 + 1.8/6 = 0,8) & (TC= kx0.25Vfck )
Increase depth -> 1462x 103/{3060xd) = 0.89
d = 536; provide d = 540 and D = 600

7. Development length
Ld = <t>(0.87fy)/4Tbd = <t» 0.87x415/(4xl.6xl.2) = 47<|>
For 20 mm-» 940 mm

Lo = 12<|> or d -» 12x20 =240 or 440-» LO = 440

8. Transfer of load at base of column

ForAl ->
0.35 + 4*0.44 = 2.11;
V(A1/A2) = V(2.11x2.016)7(0.35x0.35) > 2
Permissible bearing pressure, =2 x 0.45 x 20=18 N7mm2
Max. stress in column =
1620xl037350x350= 13.22 N7mm2 < 18 ->Safe

** Transverse reinforcement for lateral can be adjusted in transverse

reinforcement for shear

J u ~c c J J u O J
s L

") ' D S ") ~) o Dr -) o r r

20 | P a g e RVRK Prasad, KDK College of Engineering, N a g p u r .

C) Combined footing with Strap beam
Question 4.: Design a strap footing for Column A 300 x 300 and Column B
350 x 350 carrying factored loads of 1296 kN and 1620 kN respectively and
located 3.6 m apart. The safe bearing capacity of soil is 198 kN/m2/ Use M20
and Fe 415. The CL of column A is l . l m from the property line. Take width
of footings as 1.8 m.
Solution:
1. Design Constants:
Xu, max = 0.48, Q = .036 x 20x 0.48(1-.042*0.48) = 2.76

2. Area/Dimensions of footing:
1.8
Service loads are = 1296/1.5 = 864 kN
and 1620/1.5 = 1080 kN
Total Service load = 1944kN
Assume self wt = 194.4 kN
Total Load on Ground =2138.4 kN Pu=1296 Pu=jL62
l.lmih^
Area of footing required = 2138.4/198=10.8 m2 3.6m
1 1 Sm*^ 1
Taking width = 1.8m D B
Total length of both footings; a + b = 10.8/1.8 = 6 m - - (1) wvvwv \A/V|\A7\
CG of loads from CL of column B = Wl x C / (Wl + W2)
= 1296x3.6/(I296+1620) = 1.6m.
3. Position of columns on footing:
Resultant must pass through CG of both the footings, for uniform pressure
Taking moments from CL of column B
Al x xl =(A1 + A2) x x -» a x x l = (a + b) x x
[1.8 x a] x [3.6+1.1 -a/2] = [1.8x6]x [1.6]
-> a x [4 7 -0.5 a] =6x 1.6-> 0.5 a2 - 4.7 a +9.6-0 - -(2)
from (2); a = 3 m or 6.4m
Provide a = 3m ; /. b = 3 m
Provided, total (both) area of footing = (3+3) 1.8 =10.8m2

4. Net upward factored soil pressure = (1296+1620)/10.8 = 270 kN/m2

Load / m length of footing = 270 x 1.8 = 486 kN/m

546

21 I P a B e RVRK Prasad, KDK College of Engineering, Nagpur

 -486 xx 2 72 +1620x(x-1.5) = 0-*2. 28m
5, Design of Footing
Consider 1 m wide footing [let width of strap beam = 450mm] 6. Design of strap beam:
Offset = (1.8-0.45)72 = 0.675 m Assuming a 450 mm wide strap beam
Max. BM = 270x 0.675272 = 61.5 kNm a) Bending in longitudinal direction
= 149 provide 294 mm, D = 294 + 56 = 350 mm Effective depth required, d = ' ' = 663 provide 740 mm,
'Qxb \0
D = 7490 + 60 = 800 mm
10 4.6 x61.5x 106
Ast* = bd = 1- 1- bd Provide strap beam of 450 x 800 mm
415 20 x 1000 x 2942 Min tension reinforcement =0.00205*450*740 = 682 mm2
Ast = 605 mm2
Min tensile reinforcement = (0.85/fy)bd = 0.00205(1000x294) = 602 Area of steel required at mid-span for the sagging moment
Provide 1 Ommf sp = 1000 x 78.5 / 605 -» 125 mm c/c _ 10 4.6 x 302 x 106
Distribution steel: provide min. steel 0.0012 x 1000x294 = 353 mm2 1- 450 x 740 = 1224 mm2 > ,$82-
~415 20 x 450 x 7402
Provide 8 mmf sp = 1000 x 50 7 353 -> 140 mm c/c
Check for shear - max SF @ 'd' from face of beam Provide 20 mm(j> bars-»No of bars = 12247314 = 5 Nos.
675 -294 = 381 mm from free end
SF, Vu = 0.381 x 270 = 102.87 kN Ast required at cantilever portion for the hogging moment on left side
TV = 102.87 x 103/(1000x294)=0.35 = 415
- - l - I- X740 = 1189mm2 > 682
p=IOO*(10007125)*78.5 7(1000*294) = 0.213%
TC = 0.28 + 0.08 *0.06370.1 = 0.33 MPa < 0,35 Provide 20 mmfy bars-»No of bars - 1 1 8973 14 = 4 provide 5 bars
Increase depth to
0.33 = 102.87 x 103/(1000xd) -»d=319mm (D= 375) At cantilever portion for the hogging moment on Right side::
Ld = 47 x 10 = 470 < 675+450
10
Ast' = — 11 - 1- 46X546X1 ° 6 J 450 x 740 = 2405 mm2 > 682
6. Analysis for strap beam 415 ^ 20X4SOX740 2 !

SFjust left of A = 1.1 x 486 = 534.6 kN
Just right of A = 534.6-1296 = - 761.4 kN
Right end of footing A = 3 x 486 -1296 = +162
SF just right of B = - 1.5x486= - 729 kN
Just left of B = - 729 + 1620 = 891 kN
Left end of footing B = - 3 x 486 + 1620 = +162
SF is zero at F ~> 486x - 1296 = 0-> x =2.6667 m from left end
Bending Moment:
Max hogging BM@ A = -486 x 1.1'72 = - 294 kNm
Max hogging BM @ B - - 486 x 1.5: /2 = - 546 kNm
Max sagging BM @ F = - 486 x 2.66672 72 + 1296 x 1.5667 = 302 kNm
Points of contra flexure, -486 x x2 72 + 1296 x (x-1.1) = 0-> 1.55m
Provide 20 mm<J) bars-»No of bars = 24057314 = 8 (try in two layers)
b). Check for shear:
Critical section at 'd= 740'mm from column face
Max SF, Vu = 891 -0.915x 486 = 446 kN
TV = Vu/bd = 446xl037(450x740)= 1.34N7mm2<tc max
Percentage of steel, p = 100 Ast/bd = 100x(2405) 7(450x740)= 0.72%
TC = 0.48 +(0.08/0.25)x0.22 =0.55 N/mm2.
TV > TC - unsafe - provide shear reinforcement
Design SF. Vus - V - TC bd = 446 x IO3- 0.55(450x740) =263x ] O3 kN

22 | P a g e RVRK Prasad, KDK College of Engineering, Nagpur.

Spacing of 12mm <|>, 2 legged vertical stirrups, sv = 0.87fy Asv d/Vus
= 0.87 x415 x (2x113) x740/ 263xl03 -» 225 mm c/c
Maximum spacing
(i) 0.75 d = 0.75(740) = 555
(ii) 300 ^
(iii) Min. shear reinforcement 0.87fy Asv /0.4b
= 0.87x415x(2xll3) / 0.4 / 450 = 453
Provide 12 mm<|> 2 legged Vertical stirrups @ 225 mm c/c
Nominal shear reinforcement of 12 mm<J> 2 legged @ 300 c/c can be provided
in the portion where shear stress is less than TC

7. Development length
Ld = <t>(0.87fy)/4Tbd = <t> 0.87x4157(4x1.6x1.2) = 47$
For 20 mm-» 940 mm

Lo = 12$ or d -> 12x20 =240 or 440-» LO = 440

8. Transfer of load at base of column

For Al ->
0.35 + 4*0.44 = 2.11;
V(A1/A2) = V(2.11xO,4)/(0.35x0.35) > 2
Permissible bearing pressure, =2 x 0.45 x 20=18 N/mm2
Max. stress in column —
1620xl03/350x350 = 13.22N/mm2 < 18 ->Safe

U O^
0 O O C

none:

23 | P a g e R V R K P r a s a d , KDK College of E n g i n e e r i n g , N a g p u r .
D) Raft foundation
Foundation engineering has been practiced as an art, without help of science,
since time immemorial up to 1920 .This is the time when study of soil
mechanics was started and it was in 1919 when Karl Terzaghi, popularly
known as 'father of soil mechanics', made successful attempt to explain the
phenomenon of settlement on a scientific basis.
Amount of uncertainty and degree of variation in the properties of soil and
number of parameters on which performance of a foundation depends, make
exact solution impractical, if not impossible.
(a) Raft supported on soil,
(b) Raft supported on piles, and
(c) Buoyancy raft.
On the basis of structural system adopted for the structure of the raft, these
can be classified as:
(a) Plain slab rafts which are flat concrete slabs having a uniform thickness
throughout. This can be with pedestals or without pedestals.
(b) Beam and slab raft which can be designed with down stand beam or
upstand beam systems.
(c) Cellular raft or framed raft with foundation slab, walls, columns and one
of the floor slabs acting together to give a very rigid structure

In case of soil having low bearing pressure, use of raft foundation gives three-
fold advantage:
(a) Ultimate bearing capacity increases with increasing width of the
foundation bringing deeper soil layers in the effective zone.
(b) Settlement decreases with increased depth.
(c) Raft foundation equalizes the differential settlement and bridges over the
cavities. Every structure has a limiting differential settlement which it can
undergo without damage. The amount of differential settlement between
various parts of a structure supported on a mat foundation is much lower than
that if the same structure was supported on individual footings and had
undergone the same amount of maximum settlement. With these
considerations, maximum total settlement which can be allowed for a
particular structure on mat foundation is more than what is permitted when
the structure is resting on individual footings. This, therefore, allows a higher
bearing capacity for such situations
Some designers work on the rule that if more than 50% of the area of the
structure is occupied by individual footings, it is necessary to provide an
overall raft.
The total settlement under the raft foundation can be considered to be made
up of three components, i.e., S = Sd + Sc + Ss
Where, Sd is the immediate or distortion settlement. Sc the consolidation
settlement and Ss is the secondary compression settlement.
Indian Standard Code of Practice for Design and Construction of Raft
Foundation l.S : 2950 (Part-I) 1973 proposes the following methods of,
analysis:
(a) Assumption of linearly varying contact pressure
(b) Perfectly rigid structures
(c) Perfectly flexible structures
(d) Structures stiffened along one axis
(e) Structures stiffened along both the axis
(f) General methods:
(i) Based on modulus of subgrade reaction, and
(ii) Based on modulus of compressibility (half space theory).
Basically two approaches have been suggested for analysing the behaviour of
raft foundation:
A. Rigid foundation approach
B. Flexible foundation approach
Modulus of Sub-Grade Reaction
One of the important terms required in analysing foundation on the basis of
flexible footings is value of modulus of sub-grade reaction also called
coefficient of sub-grade reaction for the particular soil in the foundation of the
buildings. Mathematically, this can be expressed as intensity of soil pressure
required to create a unit deflection

Based on the method of their support, raft can be:

24|Page RVRK Prasad, KDK College of Engineering, Nagpur.
Winter 15
OR
Q(12)[14M]:
Summer 16
Q (1 1) [ 13M ] : Design a combined footing and its main reinforcement for
two columns 400 x 400 and 500 x 500 supporting the service loads of 900
kN and 1600 kN respectively and the center to Centre distance between
them is 4.5m. The width of combined footing is restricted to 1.8m. the
allowable safe bearing capacity of soil is 200 kN/m2. Use M25 grade of
concrete and Fe 415 type steel.
Detail the design by a neat diagram
OR
Q (12a) [ 13M ] : Design the raft beam for two columns 400 x 400 and 500
x 500 supporting the service loads of 900 kN and 1600 kN respectively
and the Centre to Centre distance between them is 4.5m. The total width of
raft slab is 2m. The offsets from the Centre lines of columns are 0.72m and
1.98m as shown in figure3. Use M25 grade of concrete and Fe 415 type
steel. Provide the raft beam over the entire length of the raft slab. Design
of raft slab is not required and assume its thickness as 300mm.
Detail design by a neat diagram
column 350 x 350 mm and 450 x 450 mm respectively. The length of
footing is restricted to 5.5 m Take SBC of soil as 180 kN/m2. Use M20
Concrete and Fe 415 steel. Draw reinforcement details
OR
Q (12) [13M ] : Design a combine footing for two column 4 m C/C
apart carrying load 800 kN and 1200 kN at service. The size of column
400 x 400 mm and 400 x 400 mm respectively. The width of footing is
restricted to 2.0 m. Take SBC of soil as 180 kN/rm. Use M25 grade of
concrete and Fe 415 steel Draw reinforcement details
Summer 17
Q ( l l ) [ 14M]:
Design a combined footing for two columns A and B carrying load sof
1000 kN each at service. The size of both columns is 400 x 400 mm.
The distance between the columns is 4.0 m. Take SBC of soil as 180
kN/m2. and unit weight of soil as 18 kN/m3. Angle of repose is 30°.
Use M20 Concrete and Fe 415 steel.
OR
Q (12) [ 14M ] :Two columns A and B spaced at 5m centre to centre.
Column A, 300 x 300 mm in size and carries a load of 550 kN and is on
property line. Column B, 400 x 400 mm in size, carries a load of 800 kN.
The bearing capacity of soil is 120 kN/m2. Design the footing slab for the
strap beam footing. Use M20 and Fe 415.

0.72m 4.5m 1.98m

Winter 16 •
0 (11) [ 13M ] : Design a combined footing for two columns 3.6 m C/C
a part carrying load of 850 kN and 1100 kN at service. The size of
25 | P a g e RVRK Prasad, KDK College of Engineering, Nagpur.