Transformers

MKT 210
Tahrik Sistemleri

Transformatö
Transformatörler

Ders – 6

MA -1 MA -2

Transformers Transformers

• Change voltage levels Core type transformers Shell type transformers

• Isolation of circuits
primary secondary
• Match the impedance

Power Transmission:
Transformers

Transformer laminations can be L shaped or E shaped

220V or 110 V

HV MV MV LV

First layer second layer First layer second layer

MA -3 MA -4

Page 1
 Ideal Transformers Practical (Non-Ideal) Transformers

• No leakage • Winding resistance (R≠0)

• No losses • Flux leakage exists
• 100% eff • Finite permeability
• Magnetic core is not ideal
• Core losses
• Less than 100% eff
Voltages: dφ
v 1 = e1 = N1
dt v 1 N1 “a” called
= =a
dφ v 2 N2 turns ratio
v 2 = e2 = N 2
dt
Power:
v 1i1 = v 2i 2

Currents: i1 N 2 1
N1i1 − N 2 i 2 = 0 = =
i 2 N1 a
MA -5 MA -6

Practical (Non-Ideal) Transformers Practical (Non-Ideal) Transformers

Toroidal Transformers

Silicon steel
(laminations)

MA -7 MA -8

Page 2
 Impedance Transfer Polarity

Impedance on the secondary can be transferred into primary using

simple laws.

V2
Z2 =
i2

V1 aV2 V
Z1 = = = a 2 2 = a 2Z2
i1 i 2 / a i2

MA -9 MA -10

Transformers Types Transformers Types

Step-up and Step-down Transformers

• A step-up transformer is used when it is

desirable to step voltage up in value.
• A step-down transformer is used when it
is desirable to step voltage down in value.

Single Phase and 3-Phase Transformers

• 120 or 240 VAC single-phase
transformers are used to supply lighting,
receptacle, and small appliance loads.

MA -11 MA -12

Page 3
 Transformer Connections Transformers Types

There exists four possible connections in a transformer

MA -13 MA -14

Transformers Types Self and Mutual Inductances

v1 = L1pi1 + Mpi 2 d
p=
v 2 = Mpi1 + L2 pi 2 dt

Special Case – Identical windings

L2 = L1 = L
1) Series Connection:
v = v1 + v 2
v = (2L + 2M ) pi
2) Parallel Connection:
v = v1 = v 2 i = i1 + i 2
v1 = L pi1 + M pi 2
v 2 = M pi1 + L pi 2
MA -15 MA -16

Page 4
 Self and Mutual Inductances Self and Mutual Inductances

2v = (L + M ) pi1 + (L + M ) pi 2 L1-M L2-M v1 = L1pi1 + Mpi 2

2v = (L + M ) p(i1 + i 2 ) = (L + M ) pi + +
v 2 = Mpi1 + L2 pi 2
L+M  v1 M v2
v =  pi = Lpi If L=M i1 i2
 2  _
v1 = (L1 − M )pi1 + Mp(i1 + i 2 )
_

series 2(L + M ) a v 2 = a M pi1 + a2 L2 pi 2

= =4 a
parallel (L + M ) / 2
Definition of leakage inductances:
series 2(L + M ) → 2 M =0 N1
= = Ll 1 = L1 − M
one L →4 M =L N2
2 2
parallel (L + M ) / 2 → 1/ 2 M =0  N1  N  N
= =   Ll 2 =  1  L2 − 1 M
one L →1 M = L  N2   N2  N2

MA -17 MA -18

Flux Leakage Flux Leakage

Φm
φ1 = φl 1 + φm
Part that links to the
φ2 = φl 2 + φm second winding

Part that does not

d
Φl v1 = Ri1 + N1 (φl 1 + φm ) link the second
winding
dt
d d
v1 = Ri1 + N1 φl 1 + N1 φ m
dt dt

Small voltage
drop due to e1
leakage

Φl partly in the air. That is;

Schematic view of the mutual and leakage fluxes in a transformer ll1 N1i1
ℜl 1 = φl 1 =
µ o Al 1 ℜl 1
MA -19 MA -20

Page 5
 Flux Leakage Referred Equivalent Circuits of Transformers

d  N1i1  Transformer Model:

v1 = Ri1 + N1
dt  ℜ  + e1
 l1 

N12 di1
v1 = Ri1 + + e1
ℜ l 1 dt
Coupled
Leakage transformer
inductance
Ll1 • Winding resistance in series with leakage inductance
• Magnetizing inductance in parallel with core resistance

This is an important quantity for electric machines because we will use this a
lot in the future for almost all electric machines!

MA -21 MA -22

Referred Equivalent Circuits of Transformers Approximate Equivalent Circuits

Zeq
• Practical transformer is equivalent to lumped parameters circuit and ideal
• I1R1 and I1Xl1 are small
transformer
• |E1| = |V1| Req X eq
• Shunt branch can be moved
to supply terminal

• The ideal transformer can be shifted to either side and the circuit parameters • IΦ small (5% of rated current)
reduced to the appropriate values • Shunt branch removed
i1 Req Xeq i2'

V1 V2'

MA -23 Referred to primary MA -24

Page 6
 Approximate Equivalent Circuits Summary of Equivalent Circuits

Other approximate equivalent circuits that can be used for the Steps in the development of the transformer equivalent circuit
transformers

MA -25 MA -26

Efficiency Example-1

Transformer Example:
V2=240V
I2 240
I2 = = 5∠ − 45 A
I1
48∟45 Ω o 48∠45

V1=120V
12
I3 = = 12∠0 A
I3 o 1∠0
1∟0 Ω

V3=12V
∑ NI = 0 Alternate Way: To use power
• P2
N
NI1 − 2NI 2 − I3 = 0 • Q2
10 • P3
N
NI1 − 2N (5∠ − 45 ) − (12∠0) = 0 • Stot=Ptot+jQtot
10 • I1=Stot/V1
I1 = (10∠ − 45 ) + (1.2∠0 ) = 10.88∠ − 40.5
MA -27 MA -28

Page 7
 Example-2 Example-2

50kVA, 2400-240V 60Hz transformer has:
Zl1=0.72+j0.92 at the high voltage and Zl1=0.007+j0.009 at the low voltage.
At the parallel branch Zφ=6.32+j43.7 viewed from the low voltage side.
Draw the equivalent circuit from both high and low voltage side. Find the
impedances numerically.
Find the impedances of the following equivalent circuit at the high voltage
terminal. If the low voltage terminal is open and 2400V applied to the high
voltage terminal, find the voltage at the low voltage terminal.

MA -29 MA -30

Example-2 Example-3

The equivalent circuit parameters are:

Req = 0.72 + 0.70 = 1.42Ω

X eq = 0.92 + 0.90 = 1.82Ω

The voltage at the low voltage terminal is

Zϕ
Vc 'd ' = 2400 = 2399 .4 + j 0.315V
Z ϕ + Z l1

MA -31 MA -32

Page 8
Example-3 Example-3

MA -33 MA -34

Example-3 Example-3

MA -35 MA -36

Page 9
 Example-3 Example-3

MA -37 MA -38

Per Unit System Per Unit System – Example for Transformers

Per Unit (pu) systems are used by engineers to quantify equipment parameters in terms of
their Nameplate Ratings. For example, a motor with a 1 kW nameplate rating which delivers • Base (reference) value of the quantity Pbase, Vbase
0.9 kW to a dynamic load is said to be 90% loaded or 0.9 per unit. In this case, the per unit
base is the nameplate HP rating of 1kW. When the motor delivers 0.9 kW, 0.9/1 equals 0.9 Z1pu Pbase
Ibase =
per unit. In general then, Vbase
X
X per −unit = real
X Base Vbase
Zbase =
Ibase

• pu voltage equation and full load copper losses

V1, pu = I1, pu Z1, pu + V2 ,pu

Pcu ,pu = I1, pu 2R1, pu

• To get the actual input voltage, V1pu should be multiplied by Vbase

• To get the actual copper loss, Pcu,pu should be multiplied by Pbase

MA -39 MA -40

Page 10
 Important Quantities and Units

Turkcesi Ingilizcesi Formul Birimi

B Aki yogunlugu Flux density B= µH Wb/m2(T)

H Manyetik alan siddeti Magnetic field intensity H=NI / l A/m

µr gecirgenlik Relative permeability µ = µrµo birimsiz

µ0 Havanin gecirgenligi Permeability of air µo = 4π x 10-7 H/m

H/m

Φ aki Flux Φ=BA Wb

λ Toplam aki Flux linkage λ=NΦ Wb

F Manyeto motor kuvvet Magnetomotive force F =NI A.sarim

R Reluktans Reluctance R =l/(µA) A.sarim/wb

η verim Efficiency %

L Enduktans Inductance L= λ/i H

MA -41

Page 11