Transformers

MKT 318
Elektrikle Tahrik

Transformatörler

Ders – 5

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Transformers Transformers

• Electrical energy • Change voltage levels

• Isolation of circuits
• Telecommunication primary secondary
• Match the impedance
• Mechanical engr.
• Low power systems with single phase transformers
• High power systems with three phase transformers Power Transmission:
Transformers
• railways
• Isolation of circuits
220V or 110 V

HV MV MV LV

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 Transformers Ideal Transformers

Core type transformers Shell type transformers

• No leakage
• No losses
• 100% eff

Voltages: dφ
v 1 = e1 = N1
dt v1 N1 “a” called
= =a
Transformer laminations can be L shaped or E shaped dφ v 2 N2 turns ratio
v 2 = e2 = N 2
dt
Power:
v 1i1 = v 2i 2
First layer second layer First layer second layer Currents: i1 N 2 1
N1i1 − N 2 i 2 = 0 = =
i 2 N1 a
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Practical (Non-Ideal) Transformers Practical (Non-Ideal) Transformers

• Winding resistance (R≠0) Toroidal Transformers

• Flux leakage exists
• Finite permeability
• Magnetic core is not ideal
• Core losses
• Less than 100% eff

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 Practical (Non-Ideal) Transformers Impedance Transfer

Impedance on the secondary can be transferred into primary using

simple laws.

V2
Z2 =
i2
Silicon steel
(laminations)
V1 aV2 V
Z1 = = = a 2 2 = a 2Z2
i1 i 2 / a i2

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Polarity Transformers Types

Step-up and Step-down Transformers

• A step-up transformer is used when it is

desirable to step voltage up in value.
• A step-down transformer is used when it
is desirable to step voltage down in value.

Single Phase and 3-Phase Transformers

• 120 or 240 VAC single-phase
transformers are used to supply lighting,
receptacle, and small appliance loads.

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Transformers Types Transformer Connections

There exists four possible connections in a transformer

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Transformers Types Transformers Types

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 Magnetic and Electromagnetic Field Inductance- Magnetic and Electromagnetic Field
Magnetic fields can be visualized as lines of flux Magnetic fields can be visualized as lines of flux
that form closed paths. Using a compass, we that form closed paths. Using a compass, we
can determine the direction of the flux lines at can determine the direction of the flux lines at
any point any point

Right hand rule Right hand rule

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Inductance Inductance - Flux

There are two components of flux in such a magnetic circuit:
Definition: Flux Linkage(λ) per unit of current(I) in a magnetic circuit Φ12= Φ21= Φm

λ NΦ Φ i1 i2
L= = Mutual Flux
I I
Φ11 Φ22
NI I
Φ= N N1 N2
ℜ Leakage Flux
Coil 1 Coil 2
2
N
L=
ℜ • Φ 11 is the leakage flux of coil 1. This flux does not link coil 2 and links only coil 1.
• Φ 22 is the leakage flux of coil 2. This flux does not link coil 1 and links only coil 2.
• Thus inductance depends on the geometry of construction and Φ 12= Φ 21= Φ m is the mutual flux that links both coil 1 and 2
the number of turns
Then Self flux of coil 1 Φ 1 = Φ 11+ Φ 12 = Φ 11+ Φ m
Then Self flux of coil 2 Φ 2 = Φ 22+ Φ21 = Φ 22+ Φ m
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 Inductance - Self Inductance Inductance - Mutual Inductance

Definition of self inductance: • Magnetic flux variation in one circuit can cause a magnetic flux variation
λ in another circuit. Note that this can be by intention or by accident.
Total flux linked by a coil per unit of its own current L=
I • By intention, one can have a transformer
• By accident, one relay might cause another relay to close or open. or
Self flux linking coil 1 is λ11=N1Φ 1 = N1(Φ 11+ Φ 12) noise to be injected in one circuit by another
Self flux linking coil 2 is λ22= N2Φ 2 = N2(Φ 22+ Φ 21)
Definition of Mutual Inductance:
λ11 Portion of flux produced by one coil (say 2) that links the other coil (say
(L1) Self Inductance of coil 1 L1 = 1) per unit of current in the flux producing coil (coil 2).
i1
λ 22 N 1Φ m
(L2) Self Inductance of coil 2 L2 = (M12) Mutual Inductance of coil 1 due to current in coil 2 M 12 =
i2 i2
N 2Φ m
• A coil always links all the flux it produces
(M21) Mutual Inductance of coil 2 due to current in coil 1 M 21 =
i1
Normally M12 = M21= M

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Inductance - Mutual Inductance Inductance - Mutual Inductance

• When two coils are placed close to each other, a changing flux in one coil will
cause an induced voltage in the second coil. The coils are said to have mutual
inductance M, which can either add or subtract from the total inductance di1
v2 = M 21
depending on if the fields are aiding or opposing. dt
• Mutual inductance is the ability of one inductor to induce a voltage across a
neighboring inductor.
Magnetic flux produced by a Mutual inductance M21 of coil 2
single coil with respect to coil 1

di2
v1 = M 12
dt

dφ1 d (φ11 + φ21 ) d φ2 d (φ12 + φ22 )

v1 = N1 = N1 v2 = N 2 = N2 Mutual inductance of M12 of coil 1
dt dt dt dt with respect to coil 2
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 Relationship between Self and Mutual Inductances Inductance - Coupling Coefficient

N1Φ1 N 2Φ 2 Φm Φm
L1 = ; L2 = Let k1 = and k2 =
i2 Φ1 Φ2 0 ≤ k ≤1 k = 1 Perfect Coupling
i1
k < 0.5 Loosly Coupling
NΦ N Φ NΦ N Φ 1 N 2 Φ m N 1Φ m k > 0.5 Tightly Coupling
Then L1 L2 = 1 1 2 2 = 1 m 2 m =
i1 i2 i1k1 i2 k 2 k1k 2 i1 i2
M
M2 M
L1 L2 =
k1k 2
M
M = k L1 L2 k = k1k 2 = a) Loosely coupled coil b) Tightly coupled coil
L1 L2
0 ≤ k ≤1
• Here k is the coupling coefficient
• Normally k < 1 (meaning leakage flux cannot be avoided in practice) M
k=
L1 L2
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Inductance - Case I Inductance - Case II

i1 i1 i2
M i2 M

e1 e2 e1 e2
L1 L1 L2
L2

Coil 2 Coil 1 Coil 2

Coil 1

dλ1 d ( L1i1 + Mi2 ) di di dλ1 d ( L1i1 − Mi2 ) di di

e1 = = = L1 1 + M 2 e1 = = = L1 1 − M 2
dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt

dλ 2 d ( L2 i2 + Mi1 ) di di dλ 2 d ( L2 i2 − Mi1 ) di di
e2 = = = L2 2 + M 1 e2 = = = L2 2 − M 1
dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt

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Inductance - Self and Mutual Inductances Inductance - Self and Mutual Inductances

2v = (L + M ) pi1 + (L + M ) pi 2
v1 = L1pi1 + Mpi 2 d
p= 2v = (L + M ) p(i1 + i 2 ) = (L + M ) pi
v 2 = Mpi 1 + L2 pi 2 dt
L+M 
v =  pi = Lpi If L=M
Special Case – Identical windings
 2 
L2 = L1 = L series 2(L + M )
= =4
1) Series Connection: parallel (L + M ) / 2
v = v1 + v 2
v = (2L + 2M ) pi series 2(L + M ) → 2 M =0
= =
one L →4 M =L
i=i1+i2 2) Parallel Connection:
v = v1 = v 2 i = i1 + i 2 parallel (L + M ) / 2 → 1/ 2 M =0
v v1 = L pi1 + M pi 2 = =
one L →1 M = L
v 2 = M pi1 + L pi 2
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Inductance - Self and Mutual Inductances Inductance - Flux Leakage

v1 = L1pi1 + Mpi 2
v 2 = Mpi 1 + L2 pi 2

v1 = (L1 − M )pi1 + Mp (i1 + i 2 )

a v 2 = a M pi1 + a2 L2 pi 2
a

Definition of leakage inductances:

N1
Ll 1 = L1 − M
N2
2 2
 N1  N  N
  Ll 2 =  1  L2 − 1 M Schematic view of the mutual and leakage fluxes in a transformer
 N2   N2  N2

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 Inductance - Flux Leakage Inductance - Flux Leakage
Φm d  N1i1 
 ℜ  + e1
φ1 = φl 1 + φm v1 = Ri1 + N1
Part that links to the dt  l1 
φ2 = φl 2 + φm second winding

N12 di1
d Part that does not v1 = Ri1 + + e1
Φl v1 = Ri1 + N1 (φl 1 + φm ) link the second
winding
ℜl 1 dt
dt
d d Leakage
v1 = Ri1 + N1 φl 1 + N1 φm inductance
dt dt
Ll1
Small voltage
drop due to
e1
leakage

Φl partly in the air. That is; This is an important quantity for electric machines because we will use this a
lot in the future for almost all electric machines!
l N1i1
ℜl 1 = l 1 φl 1 =
µo Al 1 ℜl 1
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Referred Equivalent Circuits of Transformers Referred Equivalent Circuits of Transformers

Transformer Model:
• Practical transformer is equivalent to lumped parameters circuit and ideal
transformer

Coupled
transformer

• Winding resistance in series with leakage inductance • The ideal transformer can be shifted to either side and the circuit parameters
• Magnetizing inductance in parallel with core resistance reduced to the appropriate values

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 Approximate Equivalent Circuits Approximate Equivalent Circuits
Zeq Other approximate equivalent circuits that can be used for the
• I1R1 and I1Xl1 are small transformers
• |E1| = |V1| Req X eq
• Shunt branch can be moved
to supply terminal

• IΦ small (5% of rated current)

• Shunt branch removed

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Summary of Equivalent Circuits Efficiency

Steps in the development of the transformer equivalent circuit

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 Example-1 Example-2
Transformer Example: 50kVA, 2400-240V 60Hz transformer has:
Zl1=0.72+j0.92 at the high voltage and Zl2=0.007+j0.009 at the low voltage.
240 At the parallel branch Zφ=6.32+j43.7 viewed from the low voltage side.
I2 = = 5∠ − 45 A
48∠45 Draw the equivalent circuit from both high and low voltage side. Find the
impedances numerically.
12
I3 = = 12∠0 A
1∠0

∑ NI = 0 Alternate Way: To use power

• P2
N
NI1 − 2NI 2 − I3 = 0 • Q2
10 • P3
N
NI1 − 2N (5∠ − 45 ) − (12∠0) = 0 • Stot=Ptot+jQtot
10 • I1=Stot/V1
I1 = (10 ∠ − 45 ) + (1.2∠0 ) = 10 .88 ∠ − 40 .5
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Example-2 Example-2

Find the impedances of the following equivalent circuit at the high voltage The equivalent circuit parameters are:
terminal. If the low voltage terminal is open and 2400V applied to the high
voltage terminal, find the voltage at the low voltage terminal.
Req = 0.72 + 0.70 = 1.42Ω

X eq = 0.92 + 0.90 = 1.82Ω

The voltage at the low voltage terminal is

Zϕ
Vc 'd ' = 2400 = 2399.4 + j 0.315V
Z ϕ + Z l1

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Example-3 Example-3

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Example-3 Example-3

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Example-3 Example-3

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Example-3 Per Unit System

Per Unit (pu) systems are used by engineers to quantify equipment parameters in terms of
their Nameplate Ratings. For example, a motor with a 1 kW nameplate rating which delivers
0.9 kW to a dynamic load is said to be 90% loaded or 0.9 per unit. In this case, the per unit
base is the nameplate HP rating of 1kW. When the motor delivers 0.9 kW, 0.9/1 equals 0.9
per unit. In general then,
X real
X per −unit =
X Base

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 Per Unit System – Example for Transformers Important Quantities and Units

• Base (reference) value of the quantity Pbase, Vbase Turkcesi Ingilizcesi Formul Birimi
Z1pu P B Aki yogunlugu Flux density B= µH Wb/m2(T)
Ibase = base
Vbase Manyetik alan siddeti Magnetic field intensity H=NI / l A/m
H
V µr gecirgenlik Relative permeability µ = µrµo birimsiz
Zbase = base
Ibase Havanin gecirgenligi Permeability of air µo = 4π x 10-7 H/m
µ0
H/m

Φ aki Flux Φ=BA Wb

• pu voltage equation and full load copper losses
λ Toplam aki Flux linkage λ=NΦ Wb

V1, pu = I1,pu Z1,pu + V2,pu F Manyeto motor kuvvet Magnetomotive force F =NI A.sarim

2 R Reluktans Reluctance R =l/(µA) A.sarim/wb

Pcu ,pu = I1, pu R1, pu
η verim Efficiency %
• To get the actual input voltage, V1pu should be multiplied by Vbase Enduktans Inductance L= λ/i H
L
• To get the actual copper loss, Pcu,pu should be multiplied by Pbase

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