Module English For Engineering I (TM9)

1
MODUL PERKULIAHAN
English For
Engineering I
Circuits and Components
Abstract Kompetensi
Describe and analyze the engineering Students are able to describe and
materials: Circuits and Components analyze the engineering materials:
Fakultas Program Studi Tatap Muka Kode MK Disusun Oleh
Teknik Teknik Industri

09 F021700001
Diah Utami, ST, MT
Rikko Putra, ST, M.Eng
Definition of a Circuit
A circuit is a closed loop through which electric charge flows as a result of a driving
voltage. Current is the rate of flow, measured as the amount of charge passing a given
point in the circuit per unit time.
Sometimes it is helpful to think of current in a wire circuit as analogous to water
flowing through pipes. Water will flow from regions of high potential energy to regions of
lower potential energy. Some source would need to then use energy to raise the water up
so that it will flow downhill. In order to have a continuous flow of water, once the water
reaches the bottom, it must be lifted back up to the top. This action of lifting the water
back up to the top is essentially what a battery or power source does in an electric circuit.
The goal of a circuit is to do something useful with this flow of charge. All circuits
include some sort of resistive element that slows the flow of charge, just as a dam slows
the flow of water from a reservoir. If a light bulb is added to a circuit, for example, it slows
the flow of charge and transforms the associated energy into light. There are two basic
ways in which to connect more than two circuit components
Series Circuits
Series circuits are sometimes referred to as current-coupled or daisy chain-

coupled. The electric current in a series circuit goes through every component in the
circuit. Therefore, all of the components in a series connection carry the same current.
A series circuit has only one path in which its current can flow. Opening or
breaking a series circuit at any point causes the entire circuit to "open" or stop operating.
For example, if even one of the light bulbs in an older-style string of Christmas tree lights
burns out or is removed, the entire string becomes inoperable until the bulb is replaced.
Figure 1 Series Circuit
2023 English For Engineering I Biro Bahan Ajar eLearning dan MKCU
2 Diah Utami, ST, MT http://pbael.mercubuana.ac.id/
Here, we have three resistors (labeled R1, R2, and R3) connected in a long chain
from one terminal of the battery to the other. (It should be noted that the subscript
labeling—those little numbers to the lower-right of the letter “R”—are unrelated to the
resistor values in ohms. They serve only to identify one resistor from another.
The defining characteristic of a series circuit is that there is only one path for
current to flow. In this circuit, the current flows in a clockwise direction, from point 1 to
point 2 to point 3 to point 4 and back around to 1.
Current
In a series circuit, the current is the same for all of the elements.
Voltage
In a series circuit, the voltage is the sum of the voltage drops of the individual
components (resistance units).
Resistance units
The total resistance of two or more resistors connected in series is equal to the
sum of their individual resistances:
This is a diagram of several resistors, connected end to end, with the same
amount of current through each.
Here, the subscript s in Rs denotes "series", and Rs denotes resistance in a
series.
Electrical conductance presents a reciprocal quantity to resistance. Total
conductance of a series circuits of pure resistances, therefore, can be calculated from the
following expression:
For a special case of two conductances in series, the total conductance is equal
to:
Inductors
Inductors follow the same law, in that the total inductance of non-coupled inductors
in series is equal to the sum of their individual inductances:
However, in some situations, it is difficult to prevent adjacent inductors from

influencing each other as the magnetic field of one device couples with the windings of its
neighbors. This influence is defined by the mutual inductance M. For example, if two
inductors are in series, there are two possible equivalent inductances depending on how
the magnetic fields of both inductors influence each other.
When there are more than two inductors, the mutual inductance between each of
them and the way the coils influence each other complicates the calculation. For a larger
number of coils the total combined inductance is given by the sum of all mutual
inductances between the various coils including the mutual inductance of each given coil
with itself, which we term self-inductance or simply inductance. For three coils, there are
six mutual inductances M12, M13, M23, M21, M31 and M32. There are also the three self-
inductances of the three coils: M11, M22, M33.
Therefore:
By reciprocity, Mij = Mji so that the last two groups can be combined. The first three
terms represent the sum of the self-inductances of the various coils. The formula is easily
extended to any number of series coils with mutual coupling. The method can be used to
find the self-inductance of large coils of wire of any cross-sectional shape by computing
the sum of the mutual inductance of each turn of wire in the coil with every other turn
since in such a coil all turns are in series.
Capacitors
Capacitors follow the same law using the reciprocals. The total capacitance of
capacitors in series is equal to the reciprocal of the sum of the reciprocals of their
individual capacitances:
Switches
Two or more switches in series form a logical AND; the circuit only carries current
if all switches are closed. See AND gate.
Cells and batteries

A battery is a collection of electrochemical cells. If the cells are connected in
series, the voltage of the battery will be the sum of the cell voltages. For example, a 12
volt car battery contains six 2-volt cells connected in series. Some vehicles, such as
trucks, have two 12 volt batteries in series to feed the 24-volt system.
Parallel Circuits
If two or more components are connected in parallel, they have the same
difference of potential (voltage) across their ends. The potential differences across the
components are the same in magnitude, and they also have identical polarities. The same
voltage is applied to all circuit components connected in parallel. The total current is the
sum of the currents through the individual components, in accordance with Kirchhoff's
current law.
Now, let’s look at the other type of circuit, a parallel configuration:
Figure 2 Parallel Circuit
Again, we have three resistors, but this time they form more than one continuous
path for current to flow. There’s one path from 1 to 2 to 7 to 8 and back to 1 again. There’s
another from 1 to 2 to 3 to 6 to 7 to 8 and back to 1 again. And then there’s a third path
from 1 to 2 to 3 to 4 to 5 to 6 to 7 to 8 and back to 1 again. Each individual path (through
R1, R2, and R3) is called a branch.
The defining characteristic of a parallel circuit is that all components are connected
between the same set of electrically common points. Looking at the schematic diagram,
we see that points 1, 2, 3, and 4 are all electrically common. So are points 8, 7, 6, and 5.
Note that all resistors, as well as the battery, are connected between these two sets of
points.
And, of course, the complexity doesn’t stop at simple series and parallel either! We
can have circuits that are a combination of series and parallel, too.
Voltage
In a parallel circuit, the voltage is the same for all elements.
Current
The current in each individual resistor is found by Ohm's law. Factoring out the
voltage gives
Resistance units
To find the total resistance of all components, add the reciprocals of the
resistances Ri of each component and take the reciprocal of the sum. Total resistance will
always be less than the value of the smallest resistance:
Figure 3 Resistance units
For only two resistances, the unreciprocated expression is reasonably simple:
This sometimes goes by the mnemonic product over sum.
For N equal resistances in parallel, the reciprocal sum expression simplifies to:
and therefore to:
To find the current in a component with resistance Ri, use Ohm's law again:
The components divide the current according to their reciprocal resistances, so, in the
case of two resistors,
An old term for devices connected in parallel is multiple, such as multiple connections for
arc lamps.
Since electrical conductance G is reciprocal to resistance, the expression for total
conductance of a parallel circuit of resistors reads:
The relations for total conductance and resistance stand in a complementary

relationship: the expression for a series connection of resistances is the same as for
parallel connection of conductances, and vice versa.
Inductors
Inductors follow the same law, in that the total inductance of non-coupled inductors
in parallel is equal to the reciprocal of the sum of the reciprocals of their individual
inductances:
Figure 4 Inductor Parallel
If the inductors are situated in each other's magnetic fields, this approach is invalid
due to mutual inductance. If the mutual inductance between two coils in parallel is M, the
equivalent inductor is:
If
The sign of M depends on how the magnetic fields influence each other. For two
equal tightly coupled coils the total inductance is close to that of every single coil. If the
polarity of one coil is reversed so that M is negative, then the parallel inductance is nearly
zero or the combination is almost non-inductive. It is assumed in the "tightly coupled" case
M is very nearly equal to L. However, if the inductances are not equal and the coils are
tightly coupled there can be near short circuit conditions and high circulating currents for
both positive and negative values of M, which can cause problems.
More than three inductors become more complex and the mutual inductance of
each inductor on each other inductor and their influence on each other must be
considered. For three coils, there are three mutual inductances M12, M13 and M23. This
is best handled by matrix methods and summing the terms of the inverse of the L matrix
(3 by 3 in this case).
The pertinent equations are of the form:
Capacitors
The total capacitance of capacitors in parallel is equal to the sum of their individual
capacitances:
Figure 5 Capasitors Parallel
The working voltage of a parallel combination of capacitors is always limited by the

smallest working voltage of an individual capacitor.
Switches
Two or more switches in parallel form a logical OR; the circuit carries current if at
least one switch is closed. See OR gate.
Cells and batteries

If the cells of a battery are connected in parallel, the battery voltage will be the
same as the cell voltage, but the current supplied by each cell will be a fraction of the total
current. For example, if a battery comprises four identical cells connected in parallel and
delivers a current of 1 ampere, the current supplied by each cell will be 0.25 ampere. If the
cells are not identical, cells with higher voltages will attempt to charge those with lower
ones, potentially damaging them.
Parallel-connected batteries were widely used to power the valve filaments in
portable radios. Lithium-ion rechargeable batteries (particularly laptop batteries) are often
connected in parallel to increase the ampere-hour rating. Some solar electric systems
have batteries in parallel to increase the storage capacity; a close approximation of total
amp-hours is the sum of all amp-hours of in-parallel batteries.
Series-Parallel Configuration Circuit
In this circuit, we have two loops for the current to flow through: one from 1 to 2 to
5 to 6 and back to 1 again, and another from 1 to 2 to 3 to 4 to 5 to 6 and back to 1 again.
Notice how both current paths pass through R1 (from point 1 to point 2). In this
configuration, we’d say that R2 and R3 are in parallel with each other, while R1 is in series
with the parallel combination of R2 and R3.
The Basics of Series and Parallel Connections
1. What Is a Series Connection?

The basic idea of a “series” connection is that components are connected end-
to-end in a line to form a single path through which current can flow:
Figure 6 Series Connection

2. What Is a Parallel Connection?
The basic idea of a “parallel” connection, on the other hand, is that all
components are connected across each other’s leads. In a purely parallel circuit, there
are never more than two sets of electrically common points, no matter how many
components are connected. There are many paths for current flow, but only one
voltage across all components:
Figure 7 Parallel Connection
Series and parallel resistor configurations have very different electrical properties.
Notation
The value of two components in parallel is often represented in equations by the

parallel operator, two vertical lines (∥), borrowing the parallel lines notation from geometry.
This simplifies expressions that would otherwise become complicated by

expansion of the terms. For instance:
Applications
A common application of series circuit in consumer electronics is in batteries,

where several cells connected in series are used to obtain a convenient operating voltage.
Two disposable zinc cells in series might power a flashlight or remote control at 3 volts;
the battery pack for a hand-held power tool might contain a dozen lithium-ion cells wired in
series to provide 48 volts.
Series circuits were formerly used for lighting in electric multiple unit trains. For
example, if the supply voltage was 600 volts there might be eight 70-volt bulbs in series
(total 560 volts) plus a resistor to drop the remaining 40 volts. Series circuits for train
lighting were superseded, first by motor-generators, then by solid state devices.
Series resistance can also be applied to the arrangement of blood vessels within a
given organ. Each organ is supplied by a large artery, smaller arteries, arterioles,
capillaries, and veins arranged in series. The total resistance is the sum of the individual
resistances, as expressed by the following equation: Rtotal = Rartery + Rarterioles + Rcapillaries.
The largest proportion of resistance in this series is contributed by the arterioles.
Parallel resistance is illustrated by the circulatory system. Each organ is supplied
by an artery that branches off the aorta. The total resistance of this parallel arrangement is
expressed by the following equation: 1/Rtotal = 1/Ra + 1/Rb + ... 1/Rn. Ra, Rb, and Rn are
the resistances of the renal, hepatic, and other arteries respectively. The total resistance
is less than the resistance of any of the individual arteries.
Components
Every circuit is comprised of three major components:

1. a conductive "path," such as wire, or printed etches on a circuit board;
2. a "source" of electrical power, such as a battery or household wall outlet, and,
3. a "load" that needs electrical power to operate, such as a lamp.
There are also two optional components that can be included in an electrical
circuit. These are control devices and protective devices. Control and protective devices,
however, are not required for a circuit to function. They are optional.
Circuits are made up of two distinct elements:

1. active elements, which are defined as the sources of electrical energy,
2. and passive elements, which carry or use the electrical energy for some specific
reason.
Resistors, capacitors and inductors make up the passive elements in circuits. Each
is used alone or in conjunction with the others to achieve the desired circuit functions. For
example, a circuit that switches on an air conditioner when the temperature is too high
would contain the following components:
1. a source of electrical energy, in this case, simple household current;
2. a protective device that senses current flow on the circuit, the circuit breaker in the
panel box,
3. a control device that redirects the current, the switch in the thermostat;
4. and a passive element, such as an air conditioner that cools the space down until the
circuit opens shutting the air conditioner off.
Figure 8 Components
Required Components
All electrical circuits require three components to operate: a source of power, a

path for current, and a load.
A source of electrical power can be a DC battery or an AC generator. The wall
outlet in our homes is where we eventually tap into the AC power generated by the local
utility.
A path for current flow is usually at least two wires. For an electrical circuit to
function, there must be an uninterrupted path or closed loop from the source to the load
and back to the source. This is often referred to as a complete or uninterrupted path. If the
path is broken at any point, then the current can not flow and the circuit will not operate.
A load is any device that uses the energy of the flowing electricity. Typical loads
are lights, motors, and appliances. When current flows through some load, either heat or a
magnetic field is produced allowing the electrical energy to be converted into some type of
other useful energy. that does work. There are several types of loads, including resistance
loads like incandescent light bulbs and heating elements, and inductive loads like motors.
Figure 9 Required Components
Optional Components
There are two kinds of optional equipment that can be included in a circuit:
1. Control Devices
A control device is something that allows us to determine where and when
electricity flows. Most control devices either open or close the path of the circuit. Light
switches, thermostats, and time clocks are examples of common control devices found
in circuits.
2. Protective Devices
A protective device is used to protect either the load or the path from excessive
heat from overcurrent or overvoltage conditions. Most protective devices open the
circuit path if excessive current is flowing in the circuit. Common examples of protective
devices include fuses and circuit breakers.
Daftar Pustaka
Costanzo, Linda S. Physiology. Board Review Series. p. 74.

https://c03.apogee.net/mvc/home/hes/land/el?utilityname=citizenselectric&spc=foe&id=46
98
97
99
https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/direct-current/chpt-5/what-are-series-and-
parallel-circuits/
Resnick, Robert; Halliday, David (1966). "Chapter 32". Physics. Volume I and II
(Combined international ed.). Wiley. LCCN 66-11527. Example 1.
Smith, R. J. (1966). Circuits, Devices and Systems (International ed.). New York: Wiley.
p. 21. LCCN 66-17612.

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1

Fakultas Program Studi Tatap Muka Kode MK Disusun Oleh

Teknik Teknik Industri

Series circuits are sometimes referred to as current-coupled or daisy chain-

Figure 1 Series Circuit

However, in some situations, it is difficult to prevent adjacent inductors from

Cells and batteries

Figure 2 Parallel Circuit

Figure 3 Resistance units

This sometimes goes by the mnemonic product over sum.

and therefore to:

The relations for total conductance and resistance stand in a complementary

Figure 4 Inductor Parallel

Figure 5 Capasitors Parallel

The working voltage of a parallel combination of capacitors is always limited by the

Cells and batteries

Series-Parallel Configuration Circuit

1. What Is a Series Connection?

Figure 6 Series Connection

Figure 7 Parallel Connection

The value of two components in parallel is often represented in equations by the

This simplifies expressions that would otherwise become complicated by

A common application of series circuit in consumer electronics is in batteries,

Every circuit is comprised of three major components:

Circuits are made up of two distinct elements:

All electrical circuits require three components to operate: a source of power, a

Figure 9 Required Components

Costanzo, Linda S. Physiology. Board Review Series. p. 74.

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