Lesson-8/Page-8

Computer Network-II
Network Congestion
Network congestion is a specific condition in a network when more data
packets are coming to network devices that they can handle and process
at a time.
Address on a Network
 Web Address(URL)
A location on a net server is called a URL(Uniform Resource Locater)
Such as : type://address/path

http://abc.com
ftp://ftp.driver.com

 IP Address
IP address is an unique string of numbers separated by dot in four
sets, used to identify a deice on the internet.
Internet Protocol Version
 IPv4
IPv4 is the most widely developed Internet protocol used to connect
devices to the Internet. IPv4 uses 32 bit address scheme allowing for
a total of 232 address. It uses address in the following form -x.x.x.x
which is called octal. Each x has the value 0 to 255 so for example
address will be – 19.255.23.00 or 255.0.23.00
 IPv6
Today many new devises intrudes so the use of Internet is increased.
And number of Internet address required. There a new Internet
address system Protocol is developed which is IPv6.
IPv6 used two format
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 i) Normal (Pure IPv6 format)
ii) Dual (IPv6 and IPv4)
Normal IPv6 have address in following format-
y: y: y: y: y: y: y: y:
where y is called a segment and can be any hexadecimal value
between 0 to 255 IN 8 segment such as-
2020:EEEE:0000:FFFF:2222:1111:9999:FFFF
0000:7777:5555:0000:FFFF:2222:1111:9999
Dual(IPv6 and IPv4)
In dual we used combination of IPv6 and IPV4 in following format-
y: y: y: y: y:y:x.x.x.x
where y indicate IPv6 segment and x indicate IPv4 hexadecimal
such as- 2001:4000:FFFF:AAAA:0000:BBBB: 234.0.56.222
means-
y :y :y :y :y :y :x .x .x .x
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
to to to to to to to to to to
FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF FFFF 255 255 255 255

Range
Domain Name
A domain name is a unique name assigned to a website. A domain name
generally contains following parts-
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 i) www
ii) name describing the website’s purpose
iii) iii) TLD(Top Level domain) such as .com, .net, .edu
Cellular/Wireless Connectivity Protocols
 2G GSM(1992)
GSM introduced in 1992 and fully digital technology . It allowed
some data with calls in the form of message. Its data speeds of up to
250 kbps.
 3G(2000)
It is introduced in 2000 and has the speed 500kbps to 2Mbps. It
supports the multimedia and its frequency is 2100MHz.
 4G(2013)
It is started in India 2013. Its dat speed is 10-15Mbps. It uses 100Hz
to2300Hz frequency
Network Tools
 Ping
Ping command is used to test the connectivity between two host.
Ping determines whether the remote machine can receive the test
packet and reply. It is determined by finding how much time it takes
to get response from the remote machine.

 Traceroute(Linux) or Tracert(Windows)
To trace the network path. It is a handy utility to view the number of
hopes and response time to get to remote system. It is similar to
Ping.

 NSLOOKUP
This command is used to find the name and IP address of your
computer’s default server.
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