Week 1

Internet Architecture
and Protocol
Department of CS & IT
University of Mianwali
Origin of Internet

 The internet evolved from the ARPANET which was

developed in 1969 by Advanced Research Project Agency
(ARPA) of the U.S. Department of Defense. It was the first
operational packet-switching network. ARPANET began
operations in four locations. Today number of hosts are in
millions and user in billions and growing exponentially.
 This network was successful that APRA applied this
packet-switching technology to radio communication
(packet radio) and satellite communication (SATNET).
Purpose of internet

 Because the three networks are operated in very different

communication environment the appropriate values of
certain parameters such as maximum packet size were
different in each case. Faced the dilemma of integrating
these network ARPA started to work for internetworking.
 The purpose of the internet is to connect the end systems
called hosts, these include PCs, workstation, servers,
mainframes, and so on. Most host that use the internet
are connected to network (LAN & WAN).
IP Addresses

 The IP Address is a unique numerical address of a digital

device that uses internet protocol.
 IP address provide pinpoint of a particular device among a
billions of devices, just like a finger print. IP address
contains four number each number contain three digits
separated by dot “.”.
 These number have range from 0 to 255.
 (192.168.1.1) dotted decimal notation
 The IP Address Format the format of IP address is 32 bit.
 IP Packets: The four numbers of IP address separately
know as IP packets
 IP address classes

Class Range Network & Host ID

A 1-126 N.H.H.H
B 127-191 N.N.H.H
C 192-223 N.N.N.H
D 224-239 -------- Multicasting
E 240-255 --------------- Future
Functioning of the Internet

 World Wide Web (WWW) is the network of computers able

to exchange text, graphics and multimedia information via
internet. The computer that all these web pages available
called web servers.
 Example; when we want to search Google, after typing a
request is generated and request goes to server, server
will do some processing and provide a acknowledge
response.
 How a request will know that which computer has
Google’s computer?
Uniform resource locator URL
 protocol :// www.domainName.domainType
 Protocol set of rules that govern the communication
between client and server.
 Domain name mainly mean the name of website, domain
name is IP Address of website or server where website is
hosted.
 Domain Type
 .pk : Pakistan
 .gov : Government
 .com : Commercial
 .com.au : ……………?
Review of The TCP/IP Model

 TCP/IP is a result of protocol research and development

conducted by ARPA. In general terms computer
communication involve three agent applications,
computers and networks.
 Example of application file transfer and electronic mail,
these applications and other are executed on a computer
running different kind of applications simultaneous.
Computers are connected to networks and data to be
exchanged are transferred to other computer by network.
 With these concept we can organize communication into
five relatively independent layers.
 Physical layer
 Network access layer
 Internet layer
 Host-to-host or transport layer
 Application layer.