PAOMBONG HIGH SCHOOL, INC.

School Year 2022-2023

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEETS
TECHNOLOGY and LIVELIHOOD EDUCATION 7

Miss Erika Maravilla

Teacher

LESSON 18: Hazards and Risks in the Workplace

Weeks: 37, 38 and 39

Dates: May 15-19, May 22-26 and May 29, 2023

Learning Competencies:
LO2. Evaluates hazards and risks
1. Determines the effects of hazards (M)
LO3. Controls hazards and risks
1. Follows OHS policies in dealing with workplace accidents (T)

Kindly read the following instructions:

1. Read and understand the information provided in the lesson.
2. Answer all process questions.
3. Keep the answer sheets clean/neat.
4. Manage your time properly.
5. Use the following icons as your guide:

This icon is a sign that the next part of the lesson contains important
information that you need to read and study.

This icon indicates reminders or points to remember about the lesson.

This icon signals that the next part of the lesson contains activities that
you have to answer. Be mindful of the page/s where the particular activity
that you have to answer is located.
This icon is a sign that the next part of the lesson contains a quiz or
assessment. It will help us determine if you were able to achieve the
learning competencies.

The lessons are designed to help you control hazards and risks in the workplace. The
information contained herein will surely help you in answering the given task.

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 PAOMBONG HIGH SCHOOL, INC.
School Year 2022-2023

Good day!

It’s time to learn something new again! For this week you will be learning more about Hazards and
Risks in the Workplace.

Let’s begin our discussion!

Read and Understand

EFFECTS OF HAZARDS IN THE WORKPLACE

The effect that occupation may have on a worker's health is dependent on the exposure
(expressed quantitatively) to relevant agents and on host factors. Taking a history is often very
important in identifying relevant exposures and linking them to ill health. The concept of "cumulative
exposure" i.e., a quantitative measure of the intensity of exposure and the duration of exposure is
important, since generally, it is the main determinant of risk. Health may be harmed by occupational
exposures in many different ways, and practically any organ system can be affected.

Some examples follow - (starting with the lungs and skin, the organs of first contact for most chemical
occupational exposures).

Asthma e.g., from glutaraldehyde in health care workers, (e.g. in a hospital, a radiographer loads
film processing chemicals, through a closed system, since emanations of sulfur dioxide or of
glutaraldehyde can cause asthmatic symptoms). Other causes of asthma may include flour, other
agents in bakeries, or di-isocyanates in twin-pack spray painting.

● Allergic alveolitis (e.g., Farmer's lung from fungal spores)

● Pneumoconiosis (e.g., silicosis caused by inhaling quartz)
● Cancer (e.g., from asbestos inhalation)

Musculoskeletal
● Tenosynovitis and similar conditions
● Back pain from manual handling

Nervous and Mental

● Peripheral neuropathy (e.g., caused by lead or n-hexane)
● Nerve deafness induced by noise
● Mental ill-health (e.g., caused by stress, or by chemical exposures such as mercury)

Blood/Marrow
● Anemia (e.g., caused by lead, which may impair the synthesis of normal hemoglobin). Aplastic
anemia may be caused by high exposure to benzene
● Leukemia (cancer of certain white blood cells) is caused by benzene.

Genitourinary and Endocrine

● Kidney damage caused by some solvent exposures, or by cadmium
● Bladder cancer e.g., caused by beta naphthylamine, or compounds of similar structure
(generally aromatic amines, with an aromatic group in the 'para' position to the amine)
● Infertility is caused by some chemical exposures e.g., male infertility caused by DBCP
(dibromo chloropropane). A range of chemicals have been implicated in the potential for
endocrine disruption and/or effects on reproduction such as phthalates, glycol ethers, and
organophosphates
Liver
● Hepatitis (e.g., toxic from some chemicals or viral e.g. in health care workers)
● Cancer (e.g., Vinyl chloride monomer causing angiosarcoma)
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 PAOMBONG HIGH SCHOOL, INC.
School Year 2022-2023

Workplace Stress

Stress can be associated with severe physical and/or psychological effects, such as sleep
disorders; fatigue; chronic aches and pains; depression; changes in sexual activity; conflict with
family, friends, and co-workers; weight gain or weight loss; greater susceptibility to injury; immune
system depression; and greater vulnerability to illness and disease.

This is a serious health and safety hazard that can have devastating effects. Stress occurs:
● when there is a poor match between workplace demands and a worker’s degree of control;
● as a result of demands that are placed upon mind and body;
● when employees are exposed to staff shortages, harassment, bullying, noise, and other
hazards;

Stress is largely caused by poor work organization factors such as

● lack of control and conflicting work demands;
● lack of decision-making participation;
● lack of training and direction; unclear work responsibilities;
● privatization, outsourcing, downsizing, mergers, staff cutbacks, and restructuring; and
● overwork and poor work shift schedules.

Cutbacks, privatization, and downsizing have contributed to a heightened sense of job insecurity. All
of these factors cause or compound workplace stress.

The Generalized Stress Response is the phrase used to describe a variety of physical reactions to
stress:

● increased metabolism;
● blood pressure;
● cholesterol and fatty acids in the bloodstream;
● decreased protein synthesis;
● faster blood clotting;
● increased production of stomach acids and blood sugar for energy;
● localized inflammation;
● tensed up muscles; and
● sweating to cool muscles.

Stress affects the physical and psychological health of a person. But it also spills out of the
workplace, negatively affecting members’ family lives. The cumulative effects of stress can be
devastating.

Major outcomes of stress are:

● Psychological disease and social behavioral changes (e.g., depression, anxiety, heart disease)
● Various physiological outcomes (e.g., headaches and migraines, impaired digestion, ulcers,
and diabetes)
● Personal and family life conflict
● Work-related musculoskeletal disorder.
● Burnout
● Synergetic (combined) effects of stress and other diseases (i.e., stress can make worse other
diseases and disorders
● Critical incident stress

OHS POLICIES
A health and safety policy is a written statement that sets out how an employer ensures that the
workplace is a safe environment to work in. This includes providing a safe place of work, safe access
to work, safe systems of work, safe equipment, safe and competent fellow workers, and protection
from risks of injury.
To control hazards and risks:
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 PAOMBONG HIGH SCHOOL, INC.
School Year 2022-2023
1. Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) procedures for controlling hazards/risks in the workplace
must be consistently followed
2. Procedures for dealing with workplace accidents, fire, and emergencies are followed in accordance
with organization OHS policies
3. Personal protective equipment (PPE)is correctly used in accordance with organization OHS
procedures and practices
4. Appropriate assistance is provided in the event of a workplace emergency in accordance with
established organization protocol

Maintain OHS awareness

1. Emergency-related drills and training are participated in as per established organization guidelines
and procedures
2. OHS personal records are completed and updated in accordance with workplace requirements

Staff Responsibilities and Involvement in OH & S

The OH & S Act places obligations on employees to take care of their own health and the health and
safety of others who may be affected by their acts or omissions at the workplace.
Staff will receive information, instruction, and ongoing supervision on likely hazards and stresses of
the job.

If a staff member is inexperienced in the use of a piece of equipment, training will be provided.

All staff are expected to:

- Practice safe working habits
- Report unsafe working conditions or equipment
- Keep their immediate work area in a safe and orderly condition
- Take care of others
- Cooperate with (NAME) in meeting the OH & S Act requirements
- Accord the health and safety of non-employees, visitors, etc. a high priority
- Immediately report any hazard or faulty equipment to the Team Manager/CEO

Safe Work Practices:

a. Guard the sharp edges of furniture to prevent personal injury.
b. Practice good housekeeping. Keep floors free of items that might cause tripping. Keep waste cans
out of the way; do not overfill them.
c. Prevent slipping accidents by cleaning up spills immediately.
d. Report all defects such as loose tiles, broken steps, railings, and doors immediately to the Health
and Safety Representative/Finance and Administration Manager Officer.
e. Keep razor blades, tacks, and other sharp objects in closed containers.
f. Use the proper tool for the job at hand (e.g., a staple remover to remove staples).
g. Do not overload electrical outlets. Do not plug a multiple outlet strip-- an extension cord with
multiple electrical receptacles--into a second multiple outlet strip.
h. Report immediately, any damaged electrical cord, broken switches, loose connections, or bare
wires to the Health and Safety Representative/Finance and Administration Managers Officer.
i. Unplug any office machine that smokes, sparks, or delivers an electrical shock. Have it inspected by
the appropriate repair personnel.
j. Avoid overloading the top drawers of filing cabinets to avoid the possible tipping of the cabinet when
the drawers are opened. Open one drawer of the file cabinet at a time to prevent tipping. File
cabinets should be placed where their use will not interfere with office traffic patterns.
k. Keep a file and desk drawers closed when not in use to help prevent tripping accidents.
l. Be sure to use proper lifting techniques. Make arrangements with personnel skilled in moving to
shift furniture and other heavy objects.
m. Use only safety step stools or ladders for climbing. Don't stand on swivel chairs or use them as
step stools.
n. Be careful with flammable liquids. Only the quantity needed for use should be in the workplace.
They should be kept and used in a ventilated area, away from excessive heat or ignition sources.
o. Office doors shall be free of obstructions at all times to permit exits in case of an emergency.
p. If it is necessary to run a cable or electrical cord across the floor, a cable cover must be used to
protect the wiring and prevent tripping.
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 PAOMBONG HIGH SCHOOL, INC.
School Year 2022-2023
q. Do not cover air vents or obstruct airflow from registers. Do not place furniture, equipment, or
materials in locations that will interfere with air movement around thermostats.
r. Report any observed pest control problems to the Health and Safety Representative Finance and
Administration Manager Officer.

Using personal protective equipment and clothing (PPE)

PPE can protect you from hazards associated with jobs such as handling chemicals or working
in a noisy environment. In food preparation, this is the cooking outfit that gives protection to the
worker against different hazards that may be encountered during cooking. These are the following:

● Hair covering/ hair net – prevents hair from falling into the food product
● Facial mask – barrier to airborne contamination during sneezing, coughing, and talking
● Aprons – reduce the risk of contamination and help maintain cleanliness.
● Gloves – reduce risks of contamination.
● Potholder – protects against burns when taking hot items on the stove.
Emergency Evacuation Drills

A fire drill is a practice event, where people leave a building. They are practicing what they would do
if there was a fire in the building. The event is started when a fire alarm is turned on.

Fire drills happen a couple of times a year. Even though they are drills, they are very important
because through practice you will learn what to do and how to behave in an emergency. Observe the
following:

1. Take the drill seriously.

2. Review the expectations before drill.
3. Know your escape route beforehand.
4. Remain calm.
5. Line up and stay in line.
6. Go quietly through the school to your destination.

Earthquake Drill Procedures

1. Once the drill is announced, conduct the DROP Procedure

(duck, cover and hold).
2. Leave quickly the building in an orderly manner.
3. Stay away directly under the corridors.
4. Walk away from the building then unto the escape route.
5. Once safe, help others go to safety.

Great! Now that you are done reading and understanding the information above, let’s check what you’ve
learned by answering the activity below.
Activity Time

You are now ready to take the assessment.

Apply what you have learned about the lesson by answering the
assessment provided. Write your answer in Activity Sheet 1 on page 7.
I knew you could do it!
Congratulations!
REFERENCES:
● K-12 Learning Module (Bread and Pastry Production – Grades 7 and 8)
● https://alertforce.com.au/why-do-you-need-health-and-safety-procedures-in-the-workplace/
● https://app.croneri.co.uk/topics/fire-safety-evacuation-procedures/fire-safety-policy
● https://www.uoguelph.ca/hr/hr-services/environmental-health-safety-ehs/ehs-policies/electrical-safety-
policy

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 PAOMBONG HIGH SCHOOL, INC.
School Year 2022-2023

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