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P&ID symbols are a graphical representation of physical equipment that installed on

the field.
There are few ISO and British standards available that provide symbols and best
practices to draw PFD and P&ID such as, ISA S5.1, BS 5070 and ISO 10628.

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The symbols for various types of rotary equipment such as a centrifugal pump,
vacuum pump and also positive displacement pumps such as gear and screw types.
Last two symbols are of vertical pump and turbine.

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The symbols for the compressor such as reciprocating, centrifugal, rotary, liquid ring
and turbine driven.

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These are the symbols for the heat exchanger. On drawing you can see both types of
symbols are used the one on the right-hand side are more frequent than the one on
the left-hand side.

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Static equipment are straightforward. Vessel, drum, tanks, and furnace. Here you can
see the symbols for dome roof tank, fixed roof tank, and internal floating roof tank.
In case of the tank is only floating roof than there will be no roof on this symbol.

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There are two types of the tower are shown here, one with column internal, and the
other is without internals. There are different types of internals are used in the
column and for that different symbols are used.
Here in the distillation tower, you can see the different types of internal, such mist
mat, pipe distributor, liquid spray distributor, vortex breaker, baffle plate, packing
bed and some other types of trays.

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Below image shows various lines and connections that used on PFD and P&ID.
Main process lines are shown as dark black line whereas minor lines are shown as
thin black lines.
You can see the symbols for pneumatic, hydraulic and capillary lines also.
Electric signals are shown as a dotted line, and Electromagnetic signals are shown as
a wave on the solid line.

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This is the trickiest part of reading P&ID and PFD. Here you can see the various types
of valve symbols. If you remember that I have mentioned that P&ID symbols vary
from company to company, valves symbols are the one that changes most of the
time. So, if you are moving from one company to other, don’t rely on your memory
and refer the lead sheets for symbols. Lead sheets are the one that contains all the
project or plant-specific symbols.

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This is the trickiest part of reading P&ID and PFD. Here you can see the various types
of valve symbols. If you remember that I have mentioned that P&ID symbols vary
from company to company, valves symbols are the one that changes most of the
time. So, if you are moving from one company to other, don’t rely on your memory
and refer the lead sheets for symbols. Lead sheets are the one that contains all the
project or plant-specific symbols.

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This is the trickiest part of reading P&ID and PFD. Here you can see the various types
of valve symbols. If you remember that I have mentioned that P&ID symbols vary
from company to company, valves symbols are the one that changes most of the
time. So, if you are moving from one company to other, don’t rely on your memory
and refer the lead sheets for symbols. Lead sheets are the one that contains all the
project or plant-specific symbols.

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Now back to our symbols. Here you can see the various instrument bubble. In a
process plant, more than 90 percent of instrument measured either pressure,
temperature, flow or level. You can see the small table on the side which shows the
first letter of the instrument. Now the function of these instruments are either
indicate, record, control or transmit the measured value.

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Here on this table, you can see the meaning of the first letter and subsequent
letters. You can hold the video to read all the letters and their meaning. In next slide,
I will tell you the meaning of the horizontal line on the instrument bubble.

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If there is a single horizontal line that means the instrument is located on the main
control panel and accessible to panel operator.
No horizontal line means the instrument is installed in the field, near the process
and it is accessible to field operator.
If there is a double horizontal line that means the instrument is installed on some
secondary satellite local panel in the field.
The last type is instrument bubble with a single dashed horizontal line. This symbol is
used for instruments that are inaccessible in field or hidden or password protected
on the control system.

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P&ID 2 How to read p&id (pipe & instrument drawings (DESIGN HUB)

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Reading P&ID is a difficult task for those who start their career in Oil &Gas and
similar Chemical Process Industries. Here, I have tried to explain P&ID and PEFS an
easy way.
P&ID is a graphical representation of the actual process plant using various symbols
that represent actual equipment. As said earlier it is complex than PFD. A single PFD
can have multiple P&ID. This means if some system is shown on single PFD, to show
the same system on P&ID, it may require multiple P&ID sheets.
It is one of the main deliverables of FEED. That is front-end engineering and design.
It is used during entire life-cycle of the plant. That means during pre-EPC, EPC and
operation.

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P&ID is a graphical representation of the actual process plant using various symbols
that represent actual equipment. As said earlier it is complex than PFD. A single PFD
can have multiple P&ID. This means if some system is shown on single PFD, to show
the same system on P&ID, it may require multiple P&ID sheets.
It is one of the main deliverables of FEED. That is front-end engineering and design.
It is used during entire life-cycle of the plant. That means during pre-EPC, EPC and
operation.

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P&ID is a graphical representation of the actual process plant using various symbols
that represent actual equipment. As said earlier it is complex than PFD. A single PFD
can have multiple P&ID. This means if some system is shown on single PFD, to show
the same system on P&ID, it may require multiple P&ID sheets.
It is one of the main deliverables of FEED. That is front-end engineering and design.
It is used during entire life-cycle of the plant. That means during pre-EPC, EPC and
operation.

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During EPC phase, P&ID is used to develop the individual unit layout. It used to
identify hazardous areas classification, preparing data sheets of equipment, valves,
and instrument.
P&ID are used to develop the piping layout and preparing bulk material take-off for
piping, electrical, instrumentation and civil. It is key documents for various review
such as HAZOP, SIL and operability review.
During Operation, you have to maintain P&ID in such a condition that it will show
actual plant conditions at any time. It should be updated when any physical change
is made so that the unit will remain compliant with codes, standards, and
specification, and can be operated safely under the defined process conditions.

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P&IDs are used to train operators and engineers before they start work in the plant.

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During EPC phase, P&ID is used to develop the individual unit layout. It used to
identify hazardous areas classification, preparing data sheets of equipment, valves,
and instrument.
P&ID are used to develop the piping layout and preparing bulk material take-off for
piping, electrical, instrumentation and civil. It is key documents for various review
such as HAZOP, SIL and operability review.
During Operation, you have to maintain P&ID in such a condition that it will show
actual plant conditions at any time. It should be updated when any physical change
is made so that the unit will remain compliant with codes, standards, and
specification, and can be operated safely under the defined process conditions.

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P&IDs are used to train operators and engineers before they start work in the plant.

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During EPC phase, P&ID is used to develop the individual unit layout. It used to
identify hazardous areas classification, preparing data sheets of equipment, valves,
and instrument.
P&ID are used to develop the piping layout and preparing bulk material take-off for
piping, electrical, instrumentation and civil. It is key documents for various review
such as HAZOP, SIL and operability review.
During Operation, you have to maintain P&ID in such a condition that it will show
actual plant conditions at any time. It should be updated when any physical change
is made so that the unit will remain compliant with codes, standards, and
specification, and can be operated safely under the defined process conditions.

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P&IDs are used to train operators and engineers before they start work in the plant.

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All the equipment, including installed spares, and associated piping including drain
and vent line.
Insulation or jacketing requirements.
Instrumentation
Heat tracing and insulation detail
Information about utilities
Piping components including their size, class and tag Number
Information required for design, construction, and operation such as
Slope of the line
Minimum and maximum distance from the equipment or instruments

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Minimum straight lengths after instruments

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All the equipment, including installed spares, and associated piping including drain
and vent line.
Insulation or jacketing requirements.
Instrumentation
Heat tracing and insulation detail
Information about utilities
Piping components including their size, class and tag Number
Information required for design, construction, and operation such as
Slope of the line
Minimum and maximum distance from the equipment or instruments

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Minimum straight lengths after instruments

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Process conditions and physical data
Operating conditions
Streamflow details
Equipment locations
Pipe routing, length, and fittings
Support and structural details are also not included in p&id
Ok, now you know what P&ID is and types of information you’re going to get from
the drawing. Let’s confirm this with the help of actual P&ID

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This is a PFD of the flushing oil system shows the entire system of pump seal flushing
oil. This is the simplest system with just one cone roof tank and two centrifugal
pumps. The pump used in a heavier product such as crude, fuel oil required flushing
oil to keep the pump seal clean. Here Ultra low sulfur diesel is used as flushing oil.
You can see here that ULSD is coming from diesel rundown line to the tank and with
the help of pump it is supplied to the various pump of ISBL and OSBL units’.
Hope the function of the system is clear to you. Now let’s move to P&ID.
There are two P&IDs for OSBL part of this system and may more for ISBL parts. I will
explain you the OSBL part of the system.
Reading P&ID is nothing but the reading of symbols. So, if you have not seen the

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earlier videos on P&ID symbols and how to read PFD, it will be difficult for you to
understand this drawing. You can watch these videos.

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Here ULSD is coming from DHT; you can see that. Remember the black head on the
arrow? You have learned this in how to read PFD video. It means Diesel is coming
from the different unit. Here you can see the line number. It is 150 mm diameter line
as per DN standard which is equivalent to 6” NPS.
The different company follows different terminology for the line number. But it
contains same information such as line size, unit number, commodity code that
identify fluid inside the line, circuit number, line sequence number, piping class that
gives all detail about piping components and their materials, insulation, and coating
requirement.

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Here ULSD is coming from DHT; you can see that. Remember the black head on the
arrow? You have learned this in how to read PFD video. It means Diesel is coming
from the different unit. Here you can see the line number. It is 150 mm diameter line
as per DN standard which is equivalent to 6” NPS.
The different company follows different terminology for the line number. But it
contains same information such as line size, unit number, commodity code that
identify fluid inside the line, circuit number, line sequence number, piping class that
gives all detail about piping components and their materials, insulation, and coating
requirement.

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But it contains same information such as line size, unit number, commodity code
that identify fluid inside the line, circuit number, line sequence number, piping class
that gives all detail about piping components and their materials, insulation, and
coating requirement.
Here N means there is no insulation.
If there is H than hot insulation, C is for cold insulation, A for acoustic reduction, P
for personal protection, F for fireproofing.
It also gives information about whether the line is steam trace or electric trace.

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Normally ET is used for electric tracing and ST is used for steam tracing.

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Inlet diesel line is divided into two stream.
follow this stream.
6” line is getting reduced to 4”.
Don’t get confused with reducer symbol; it is just indication of line size change.
In piping, it can be a reducing tee as it is 6” to 4” concentric reduction.

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that diesel line is divided into two stream.
follow this stream.
6” line is getting reduced to 4”.
Don’t get confused with reducer symbol; it is just indication of line size change.
In piping, it can be a reducing tee as it is 6” to 4” concentric reduction.

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Now, this triangle with line indicates a line break.
A line break is the demarcation of the line number change.
So, whenever this symbol is used it indicates that from that point onward line
number is different.

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This is the bypass loop for the flow transmitter.
You can see that venturi-type flow transmitter provided in between the two gate
valves.
Why did I say it is a venturi type flow transmitter? Letters VM indicates the type of
flow transmitter.
It gives flow indication on the control plane. You can see the connection shown
between FT and FI.

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Why is it a ventury type flow transmitter? Letters VM indicates the type of flow
transmitter.
It gives flow indication on the control plane.
see the connection shown between FT and FI.

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From the piping point of view, you can see that there is 25 mm drain valve is given in
between the two gate valves.
The letter D indicates that it is drain valve and if it is V than it is vent valve.
Offcourse if it is a vent, it shows on the topside, not on the bottom.

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The bypass valve is also a gate valve which will remain closed during normal
operation.
see the letters NC which indicates the same.

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Reading P&ID is nothing but reading P&ID symbols. So, if you are aware of symbols,
you can easily understand the P&ID.
Here you can see the motor-operated butterfly valve.
Lots of instruments are shown here. But it is not that complicated.
MOV, can be operated locally or from the control penal.
You can read AT VALVE label that means this instrument function is available on the

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valve itself.

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HS indicates hand switch, with these switches you can put MOV on manual control

or remote control that means on panel control.

You can also start or stop the valve from the field.

HS-O means open, and HS-C means close.

The data link indicates this valve is connected to the control panel.
The last two instrument bubbles show the potions of the valve. From field, you can
set and see the % of the valve opening.

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Next is drain valve that is located at the lowest point.

This is the spectacle blind with normally closed configuration.

If the dark ring is towards the valve, as in this case, it indicates that solid ring covers

and isolate the joint during normal operation.

If the only circle is towards the valve, as shown here, that means the hollow ring is

there, and the line is live during the normal operation.

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Below the drain valve, the funnel is shown.

So, when you drain ULSD it will go to COC system.

COC means continues oil contaminated that used to drain hydrocarbon.

The second type of drain is AOC that means accidentally oil contaminated system.

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After dike wall, there is pneumatically controlled globe valve is there.
You can see the pneumatic line symbol. Like MOV, the pneumatic valve also has
various switch to operate the valve locally and from the control panel.
You can also see the three-way valve connected to the pneumatic line to operate the
actuator.

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On the top of the P&ID, you can see the detail of the each of the equipment shown
in the drawing. Let see the detail of this tank.
You can see that there is a relief valve in bypass.
It used to protect the actuator from the surge.

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On the top of the P&ID, you can see the detail of the each of the equipment shown
in the drawing. Let see the detail of this tank.
Next is a tank.
First, I will explain mechanical parts and then instrumentation. As you can see, this is
a fixed roof tank.
On the drawing it is shown that The tank is 17.5 meter in height with 8.25-meter
diameter.

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You can also see the operating pressure and temperature of the tank.
The material of construction is carbon steel, and there is no insulation.
Now let go back to the tank.

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N1 to N17 are nozzle number.

P&ID don’t show the exact location of the nozzle, but it shows the size of the nozzle.

Manholes are shown as M1 to M3.

The broken line shows internal piping.

There is a vortex breaker with N8 nozzle connected to pump suction line with a

Normally Closed gate valve.

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This is because the main suction line is N2.

N8 will use only when you want to drain the tank completely.

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N1 to N17 are nozzle number.

P&ID don’t show the exact location of the nozzle, but it shows the size of the nozzle.

Manholes are shown as M1 to M3.

The broken line shows internal piping.

There is a vortex breaker with N8 nozzle connected to pump suction line with a

Normally Closed gate valve.

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This is because the main suction line is N2.

N8 will use only when you want to drain the tank completely.

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N1 to N17 are nozzle number.

P&ID don’t show the exact location of the nozzle, but it shows the size of the nozzle.

Manholes are shown as M1 to M3.

The broken line shows internal piping.

There is a vortex breaker with N8 nozzle connected to pump suction line with a

Normally Closed gate valve.

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This is because the main suction line is N2.

N8 will use only when you want to drain the tank completely.

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Now let’s check the instrumentation.

For safe operation of any equipment, monitor pressure, temperature, and level.

Here we can see the Pressure Transmitter near the tank bottom plate.

On the top of the roof, you can see the radar type level indicator and transmitter.

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Now let’s check the instrumentation.

For safe operation of any equipment, monitor pressure, temperature, and level.

Here we can see the Pressure Transmitter near the tank bottom plate.

On the top of the roof, you can see the radar type level indicator and transmitter.

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The temperature gauge is shown as TE that is temperature elements.

This arrangement shows multiple thermocouples installed at a different height of the

tank.

This will ensure that you will get an average temperature of the tank as the liquid

has a different temperature at a different level.

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LZT is level safety transmitter.

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LZT is level safety transmitter.
Here you can see the value for LLL, HLL and HHLL.
LLL means low liquid level, HLL means high liquid level and HHLL means high high
liquid level.
LLL protects your pump and when tank level reached to LLL, it gave the alarm in
control penal and based on the logic configuration it may trigger to switch off
command to the pump.

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HLL and HHLL will use to protect the tank from over filling.
When liquid level reached to the HLL it gives the alarm and when it reached to HHLL
it will trigger the safety logic and stop the fluid supply to the tank.
There is a breather valve on the tank.
It will protect the tank from the overpressure and vacuum.

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Now, these all instrument bubbles are sending the information to the local and main

control panel for the pressure, level and temperature instrument that I have

explained to you.

You may have noticed that there is tank gauging system which received the all input

signal from the instruments.

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Tank gauging system is used to calculate the quantity of the liquid stored in the tank

at any given time.

Based on the diameter, level, and temperature it will calculate the quantity of the

liquid stored in the tank.

QI is quantity indicator.

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In the last part of this video, let check what is going out of the tank.

ULSD from the tank is supplied to the pump with the help of 150 mm pipeline.

inside dike there is a manual gate valve with bypass arrangement.

There is safety relief valve on the bypass.

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In the last part of this video, let check what is going out of the tank.

ULSD from the tank is supplied to the pump with the help of 150 mm pipeline.

inside dike there is a manual gate valve with bypass arrangement.

There is safety relief valve on the bypass.

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Outside the dike, you can see the motor-operated butterfly valve.

This MOV has similar switches as I explained earlier to operate the valve locally and

from the control panel.

If you know the instrument legends and symbol, you can read and understand any

P&ID.

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