FINANCIAL SOURCES, PRODUCTIVITY, AND INCOME

UTILIZATION OF SELECT FISHERMEN

IN TALISAY CITY

A Thesis Presented
to the Faculty of the College of Business and Accountancy
University of Saint La Salle
Bacolod City

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Business Administration
Majors in Business Economics and Operations Management

Andrada, Runel D.
Carlson, Angel Mae V.
Dalaorao, Angel Grace B.
Panes, Jose Ryan N.
Sevilla, Martin Q.

October, 2017
 APPROVAL SHEET

The research entitled “FINANCIAL SOURCES, PRODUCTIVITY, AND

INCOME UTILIZATION OF SELECT FISHERMEN IN TALISAY CITY”
presented by Runel D. Andrada, Angel Mae V. Carlson, Angel Grace B. Dalaorao,
Jose Ryan N. Panes, and Martin Q. Sevilla in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
Special Topics in Business Economics – Research II (ECONEL5) of the University of
St. La Salle has been evaluated and approved by the panel of evaluators.

PANEL OF EVALUATORS

__________________________________
ROMEO G. TERUEL, PHD
Chairman

___________________________ ___________________________
JOSE MARIE T. BAYONA, LLB, PhD DIANA MAY A. PEÑA, MBA
Member Member

______________________________________
JEAN LEE C. PATINDOL, MBA
Research Adviser

____________________________
MERCEDES L. CAÑAL, PhD
Research Professor

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This research study would not have been made possible without the guidance and
the help of several individuals who in one way or another contributed and extended their
valuable assistance in the preparation and completion of this study.

First and foremost is our utmost gratitude to the Almighty God, who has given us
this life and has allowed us to be involved in this opportunity and once-in-a-lifetime
experience in college, specifically in ECONEl2: Economic Research and ECONEl5:
Special Topics in Economic Research II. We also owe our deepest gratitude to our
parents, who have been our inspiration as we hurdled through all the obstacles for the
completion of this study. They have supported us in the process by facilitating the things
we needed, helping us financially and also by comforting us in times of hardship and
sorrow.

Without the University of St. La Salle, we would not have experienced this type
of research that has tested our views on making a study about the financial Sources,
productivity and income utilization of select fishermen in Talisay City. We are all
grateful in learning and working with our research professor, Dr. Mercedes L. Cañal and
our thesis adviser, Ms. Jean Lee C. Patindol, MBA. Both have guided us through this
stressful subject and taught us many lessons and commentaries for the revision and
completion of our research study.

To our dear panelists, Dr. Jose Marie T. Bayona and Ms. Diana May Peña, for
giving corrections and clarifications. Dr. Romeo Teruel, our panel statistician, for guiding
us in using the SPSS properly and making correct and precise inferential conclusions. Mr.
Rene S. Sevilla, our external panelist, for helping us choose what part of the community
we should study. We are very grateful for your cooperation.

The researchers would also like to thank the USLS Library, for providing us with
the different studies that have served as our references in making our paper.

We are indebted to many of our relatives and colleagues who supported us. To
our college professors and to our families. THANK YOU! TO GOD BE THE GLORY!

iii
 DEDICATION

This research study is dedicated to the following:

Fishermen participants and their families in Zone 3, Talisay City, Negros Occidental.

Our thesis professor, Dr. Mercedes P. Cañal, for her patience, guidance and motivation to
make this research study possible.

Our thesis adviser, Ms. Jeanette Lee C. Patindol, for her guidance to make this study
successful.

Our family, to all the encouragement, support, love and prayers.

And lastly, to our Almighty God for guiding and giving us the courage not to give up
despite of the problems and circumstances we have faced. Everything was made possible
because of Him. All glory and honor belongs to Him alone.

iv
 ABSTRACT
Poverty incidence is common among Filipino fishermen. In connection with this
predicament, this research was tailored to determine and evaluate the financial sources,
productivity and income utilization of select fishermen in Talisay City, Negros
Occidental. A total of 53 fishermen with a mean of 22 years in fishing were surveyed. A
researcher-administered questionnaire was used for data collection. Descriptive statistics
and nonparametric tests such as Mann-Whitney U – 2 Independent Samples Test and
Kruskal-Wallis H Test were the statistical tools employed in the study. Results showed
that the majority’s main financial source is their personal contribution, suggesting a
financial autonomy among the great number of fishermen. In matters of productivity, the
average production of a boat consisting of 2 crew members can earn a gross income of
540 pesos per day with a capital of 211.32 pesos. This is influenced by their fishing
practices, majority of which are the following: pumpboat for the type of boat used, motor
and net for fishing gears, once for the normal frequency of trip per day, within the
vicinity of the fishing grounds of Zone 3 for the usual fishing place, around 5 AM for the
general time of departure and 8 hours for the regular hours spent in fishing. The mode of
selling utilized is through the public market. Also, statistical results showed that the null
hypothesis indicating that there is no significant difference among the fishermen’s
productivity when grouped according to type of boat used, number of trips per day,
location of fishing, time of departure, and cost per trip will be accepted while the
hypothesis that there is no significant difference among the fishermen’s productivity
when grouped according to gears used, number of crew members and actual hours spent
in fishing will be rejected. Meanwhile, the participants’ large chunk of fishing income
goes to domestic expenses, followed by working capital, repair and maintenance,
payment of debt, commission expense and savings and investment in descending order.
The proponents recommend that the LGU’s and BFAR offer alternative sources of
income for the fishermen in order to alleviate the prevalence of poverty among them;
since, majority of them admit that their only coping mechanism is to work hard or avail a
loan.

v
 Table of Contents
Page
TITLE PAGE i
APPROVAL SHEET ii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT iii
DEDICATION iv
ABSTRACT v
TABLE OF CONTENTS vi
LIST OF TABLES vii
LIST OF FIGURES ix
LIST OF APPENDICES x
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS xi

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study 1

Statement of the Problem 4
Hypothesis 6
Theoretical Framework 7
Conceptual Framework 9
Scope and Limitation of the Study 12
Significance of the Study 13
Definition of Key Terms 14
Review of Related Literature 15
Synthesis 20

METHODS
Research Design 23
Participants of the Study 24
Instrument 25
Validity 25
Data Gathering Procedure 26
Statistical Treatment 26
Ethical Considerations 27

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 28

CONCLUSIONS 65

RECOMMENDATIONS 67

REFERENCES 70

APPENDICES 75

vi
CURRICULUM VITAE 100

vii
 List of Tables

Number Title Page

1 Age of participants 28

2 Average peso earned per boat-day based on age 29

3 Highest educational attainment of participants 31

4 Household size of participants 32

5 Fishing income spent on domestic expenses 32

based on household size

6 Fishermen’s household monthly income 34

7 Number of years engaged in fishing 34

8 Other sources of income 35

9 Fishing gears used by the participants 37

10 Average peso earned per boat-day based on number of trips 38

per day

11 Number of crew members per trip 40

12 Time of departure to fish 41

13 Actual hours spent in fishing 41

14 Gross fishing income based on actual hours spent on fishing 42

15 Approximated cost per trip 43

16 Allocation of fishing income 48

17 Peso earned per boat/day based on Participants' main source of 51

capital

18 Prevailing interest rates 52

vii
19 Frequency of paying interest 53

20 Top 3 problems faced by fishermen 54

21 Top 3 coping mechanisms of fishermen 55

22 Kruskal-Wallis Test of fishermen’s productivity and type of 56

boat used

23 Kruskal-Wallis Test of fishermen’s productivity and gears 57

used

24 Peso earned per boat day based on gears used 58

25 Mann Whitney Test of fishermen’s productivity and number of 58

trips per day

26 Mann Whitney Test of fishermen’s productivity and location 59

of fishing

27 Kruskal-Wallis Test of fishermen’s productivity and number 60

of crews per trip

28 Kruskal-Wallis Test of fishermen’s productivity and time of 61

departure

29 Kruskal-Wallis Test of fishermen’s productivity and actual 63

hours spent in fishing

30 Kruskal-Wallis Test of fishermen’s productivity and 64

approximated cost per trip

List of Figures

viii
Number Title Page
1 Nurkse’s Vicious Cycle of Poverty 9
2 Schematic Diagram of Conceptual Framework 11
3 Sex of Participants 30
4 Number of boats owned 33
5 Types of fishing boat used 36
6 Number of trips per day 37
7 Fishing ground of the participants 39
8 Modes of selling fish 44
9 Main source of capital 49

List of Appendices

ix
Appendix Title Page
A Questionnaire 70
B Key-Informant Questions 74
C Free Prior Informed Consent 75
D Consent Form 84
E Summary of Good and Scates 80
F Coding Manual 82
G Others and Open-ended Questions Table 89
H Collapsed Data 91
I Documentation 94

List of Abbreviations and Acronyms

x
 Page
BFAR - Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources 1
GMA - Greater Manila Area 1
ABS-CBN - Alto Broadcasting System –
Chronicle Broadcasting Network 3
BBC – GCSE - British Broadcasting Corporation –
General Certificate of Secondary Education 14
GDP - Gross Domestic Product 16
USD - United States Dollar 16
FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization 19
APRACA - Asia-Pacific Rural and Agricultural
Credit Association 77

xi
 INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

(2014), the Philippines, with an island-dwelling population of more than 93 million and

more than 7,100 islands, is a major fishing nation and the world’s second largest

archipelagic state. In 2012, the Philippines ranked among the major fish producing

countries in the world with a total production of 3.1 million tonnes of fish, crustaceans,

mollusks and other aquatic animals. Aquaculture contributed 790,900 tonnes, or 25.4

percent, to the total fish production. Much of its production is consumed locally with per

caput fish consumption amounting to 32.7 kg in 2011. In addition, the Philippines is the

world’s third largest producer of farmed seaweeds with a production of 1.8 million tonnes

in 2012.The fisheries and aquaculture industry employed an estimated 1.5 million people

in 2010 nationwide; with fisheries accounting for more than 1 million. The fishing

industry contributes an estimated 1.8 percent (valued at 196 billion pesos) to the

country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at current prices, respectively in 2012. In 2013,

exports of fish and fishery products were valued at USD 1.2 billion. Tuna was the top

export commodity, followed by shrimp and prawns. In the same year, imports were worth

USD 264 million.

According to Benjamin F.S. Tabios, Jr., BFAR Assistant Director for

Administrative Services (February 2010) in his statement to GMA News Network,

fishermen are having a hard time to borrow money because some of them do not know

how to do so. Thus, an agreement on increasing finances for the sector was signed
 2

between Landbank of the Philippines and Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources in

order to divert fishermen away from loan sharks, who charge exorbitant interest rates.

Annabelle Cruz-Trinidad and Company (2002) in their study entitled Philippine

Fisheries in Crisis: A Prescription for Recovery, said that there is continuing decline in

fish catch that poses a grave threat to food security and results in greater poverty and

conflicts between commercial and municipal fishers. A result of declining fish catch and

increasing population is also a decline in per capita consumption of food fish. In 1988,

per capita consumption was about 40 kg/year (includes consumption of fresh, dried and

processed fish); ten years later, this figure had decreased to 36 kg/year and is continuing

to drop. The decline is much more pronounced in fishing communities that make

consumption of fish possible for urban consumers. This is because fishers tend to sell

most valuable fish for cash income as prices rise in the cities, thus leaving only small and

poorer quality fish for their own consumption.

If population growth continues at its current rapid pace and nothing is done to

arrest the overfishing and habitat destruction patterns prevalent in the country, it is

estimated that by the year 2010, only 10 kg of fish will be available per capita (Bernascek

1996). While the country has embarked on various food security programs, not enough

importance has been given to fish compared to rice, corn, chicken, and other livestock.

In a research study of Remelyn I. De Ramos, entitled “Assessing Vulnerability of

Fisheries in the Philippines to Climate Change Impacts” that was mentioned in Manila

Bulletin (August 2015), she said that the amount of fish caught around the country is

dwindling to dangerous levels which threatens the livelihood of 60 percent of the

population dependent on fishing. The study said the most pronounced impact is being
 3

experienced in the two provinces of the Negros Island Region. The only food item that

the region does not source from neighboring regions is fish, which can still be caught at

the Tanon Strait and the waters of Negros Occidental.

A statement of Secretary General Jose Ramon G. Albert, featured in ABS-CBN

News (April 2013), states that farmers and fishermen are among the least paid workers in

the Philippine economy with an average daily wage and salary of P156.8 and P178.43,

respectively in 2011. He said, noting their salaries are only higher than domestic

helpers. Given that the agriculture sector employs more than a third of the country's labor

force, Albert stressed the high incidence rate of poverty in the sector comes as no

surprise. Also, he said that poverty incidence among fishermen and farmers were at 41.4

percent and 36.7 percent, respectively, in 2009, above the whole country's 26.5 percent.

In connection to our study, according to Rene Sevilla who is in charge of the

aquaculture in the City of Talisay during our interview, the fishing livelihood is very

lucrative if managed properly. He has witnessed owners of small pump boats in the area

becoming business tycoons in the fishing industry. Likewise, he said that there are only

few fishermen who were able to survive and bloom out of this industry and sadly, the rest

were still struggling in making a profit in order to suffice their daily needs and pay off

their debts. In conjunction with the fishing industry, the lending corporations and loan

sharks employing the “5-6” system are also taking advantage of the situation of these

fisher folks who do not have the capital or fund that they need in order to set sail through

the seas and get a haul for the day. In the researchers’ visit to the city, there were able to

interact with fisher folks who were willing to avail a loan at an expense of ten percent

interest per week. With this harsh situation, the group would like to find out and help
 4

these people by knowing the following scenarios. What are the socioeconomic conditions

of these fisherfolks in Talisay City? Where do the fishermen get their capital? How can

these fishermen improve their operations to the point that they will no longer indulge in

high-interest bearing credits? How do they utilize their income? How can the

government help these kinds of people?

The proponents of the study decided to study the financial sources, productivity,

and income utilization of the fishermen in Talisay City, specifically the Barangay 3,

locally known as “Catabla”, the main source of aquacultural resources for the city. The

reason for this is that they want to help the fisherfolks in maximizing their productivity,

thus resulting to a better income utilization and avoidance of loan sharks. There is also a

convenient access to the data related to the study from the local government. These

reasons paved way for the choice of the researcher’s topic and respondents.

Statement of the Problem

This study is conducted to determine the financial sources, productivity, and

income utilization of select fishermen in Talisay City, Negros Occidental.

Specifically, it aims to answer the following questions:

1. What is the socioeconomic profile of the participants in Zone 3, Talisay City in

terms of:

a) Age;

b) Sex;

c) Highest educational attainment;

 5

d) Household size;

e) Household’s actual monthly income;

f) Number of boats owned;

g) Number of years fishing; and

h) Other sources of income?

2. How productive are the fishermen in terms of catch per unit effort (Peso

earned/Boat-day)?

3. What are the practices employed by the participants in terms of:

a) Type of boat used;

b) Gears used;

c) Frequency of trip;

d) Location of fishing;

e) Number of crew members per trip;

f) Time of departure;

g) Actual Fishing Time;

h) Cost per trip; and

i) Mode of selling?

4. How do the fishermen utilize their income from fishing?

5. What are the participants financial or capital sources?

6. Is there a significant difference between fishermen’s productivity (pesos earned

per boat-day) when grouped according to:

a) Type of boat used;

b) Gears used;
 6

c) Frequency of Trip;

d) Location of Fishing;

e) Number of crew members per trip;

f) Time of Departure;

g) Actual Fishing Time; and

h) Cost per Trip

7. What are the top three (3) pressing problems faced by the participants in relation

to fishing?

8. What are the coping mechanisms of the fishermen?

Hypothesis

There is no significant difference in fishermen’s productivity when grouped

according to the following:

a. Type of boat used;

b. Gears used;

c. Frequency of trip;

d. Location of fishing;

e. Number of crew members per trip;

f. Time of departure;

g. Actual fishing time; and

h. Cost per trip

 7

Theoretical Framework

The study is anchored on Garrett Hardin’s The Tragedy of the Commons, Milton

Friedman’s Permanent Income Hypothesis and Ragnar Nurkse’s Vicious Cycle of

Poverty.

The Tragedy of the Commons

The concept and name originate in an essay written in 1833 by the Victorian

economist William Forster Lloyd. In 1968, ecologist Garrett Hardin explored this social

dilemma in his article “The Tragedy of the Commons”, published in the journal Science.

It states that individual users act independently according to their own self-interest and

behave contrary to the common good of all users by depleting or spoiling the resource

through their collective action (Hardin G. 1968).

In the study, the decrease in the production of the fishermen can be linked to this

dilemma. Given that the fishstock is shared by many fishermen, those who have more

equipments or gears will likely be more productive than those who have few, like the

small-time fisherfolks.

Permanent Income Hypothesis

A hypothesis first developed by Milton Friedman, which supposes that a person’s

consumption at a point in time is determined not just by their current income but also by

their expected income in future years – their permanent income (Meghir C., 2004).
 8

Income consists of a permanent (anticipated and planned) component and a

transitory (windfall gain/unexpected) component. In the permanent income hypothesis

model, the key determinant of consumption is an individual's lifetime income, not his

current income. Permanent income is defined as expected long-term average income

(Meghir C., 2004).

With regards to the study, the sea wherein the livelihood of the fishermen depends

is very volatile. Weather can be their friend or enemy. Without other sources of income,

soon they’ll find themselves scrimping for food, capital, and other basic needs, eventually

they’ll have no more allocation for savings and emergency funds. They’ll survive in

subsistence if luck is on their side and we’ll never have a taste of living a better life and

condition.

Vicious Cycle of Poverty

This phenomenon was observed by Ragnar Nurkse in societies. It expresses a

circular relationship that afflict both the demand and the supply side of the problem of

capital formation. According to him, a society with low income has both low levels of

savings and consumption. The low level of savings means low investment, while the low

levels of consumption means not enough market to induce investments – that is, even if

the capital for investment were available. This low investment in turn means little ability

of the society to expand its productive capacity or transform the quality of the productive

forces as a whole.
 9

Figure 1. Nurkse’s Vicious Cycle of Poverty

According to Nurkse, the only way out of this circle is to enlarge the market and

for this to happen, there must be an application of capital. In relation to the study, there

must be an external intervention from the government and concerned organizations. They

are the institutions most capable of providing investments in the form of projects that

provide up-to-date gears and training programs for fishing which can increase the

production capacity of the fishermen, leading to a better matching of supply and demand

in the fish market and alleviation of their poverty.

Conceptual Framework

This study is intended to determine and evaluate the factors affecting the financial

sources, productivity, and income utilization, of select fishermen in Talisay City. The
 10

variables involved are socio-economic profile, practices, productivity, income utilization

and coping mechanisms of the fishermen.

The socio-economic profile will serve as the independent variable. This includes

age (expressed in number of years), sex (male or female), highest educational attainment

(no grade completed, elementary undergraduate and below, elementary graduate, high

school undergraduate, high school graduate, college undergraduate, college graduate and

other attainments not mentioned), household size (expressed in number of individuals

sharing in the same house), household income (aggregate monthly income of the

members of the household), actual number of boats owned, actual number of years

fishing ,other sources of income (sari-sari store, construction work, pedicab, tricycle,

porter, and other sources not mentioned) and financial sources ( loan, personal expense,

borrowed from a relative and other sources not mentioned). The intervening variable are

the practices employed by the participants such as type of boat used, gears used,

frequency of trip per day, territory or location of fishing, number of crew members per

trip, time of departure, actual fishing time, cost per trip, and the mode of selling. The

dependent variables are the fishermen’s productivity (measured in terms of pesos earned

per boat-day), and utilization of income from fishing ( measured by allotting a percentage

to the following: household expenses, payment of debt, working capital, repair and

maintenance, commission expense, savings and investment and other activities not

mentioned) and their coping mechanisms.

Improvements in the socio-economic profile and practices of the participants will

lead to an increase in productivity, effective and efficient income utilization and suitable

coping mechanisms in order to alleviate their quality of life which is reflected in their
 11

socio-economic profile; conversely, a diminishment in their socio-economic profile and

malpractice will lead to a decrease in productivity, ineffective and inefficient income

utilization and inadequate coping mechanisms, causing a more regressive socio-economic

profile. . Also by incorporating the theories of Hardin, Friedman, and Nurkse, it all boils

down to this – there’s a need of external intervention from the government and concerned

organizations in the form of capital grants and training in order that the struggle of the

poor fishermen in Talisay City will be addressed with win-win solutions for both the

participants and proponents. Thus, there’s a need for a better and accessible technology

and innovation and more effective government regulation.

Socio-economic Profile
A.Age Productivity
Practices
B.Sex
A.Type of Boat Used
C.Highest Educational
B.Gears Used Income
Attainment
C.Frequency of trip Utilization
D.Household Size
D.Location of Fishing
E.Household’s Actual
E.Number of Crew Members per
Monthly Income
Trip
F.Number of Boats Owned
F.Time of Departure Coping
G.Number of Years Fishing
G.Actual Fishing Time Mechanism
H. Other Sources of Income
H.Cost per Trip
I.Financial Sources
I.Mode of Selling

Figure 2. Schematic Diagram of Conceptual Framework

 12

Scope and Limitations of the Study

The study had the intention of determining the financial sources, productivity, and

income utilization of the population of fishermen in Zone 3, Talisay City, Negros

Occidental. But, in order to employ the use of inferential statistics, the proponents of the

study only focused on the population of the fishermen in Zone 3, as the sample

population for Talisay City. The reason for this is that the number of fishermen in other

parts of Talisay city are few and fishing is not their main livelihood, and they are difficult

to reach considering the hectic schedule of the proponents. The participants of the study

were all the fishermen owning a boat or more, living in Zone 3, Talisay City. The

research was conducted for a time frame of 11 months.

The issues inquired into were their socioeconomic profiles in terms of age, sex,

highest educational attainment, household size and monthly income, number of boats

owned, number of years fishing and other sources of income. Also, factors that may

affect the productivity of fishermen were probed such as the type of boat used, frequency

of trip, location of fishing, number of crew members per trip, time of departure, actual

fishing time, cost per trip and mode of selling. In matters of income utilization, the

researchers did not ask for the specific amount but screened the data by instructing the

participants to answer in terms of percentage.

 13

Significance of the Study

This study is significant to the following users:

Talisay City’s Planning and Development Council. The results of this

study can be a basis for the local government unit to devise plans that can help the

fishermen.

Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources. This government unit may

have more data and information with regards to the conditions of the fishermen.

The results of this study can help them come up with plans and programs that can

help the fisher folks.

Microfinance Institution. Through the data gathered in this study,

microfinance institutions can assess the capacity of fishermen in paying loans, and

offer them an affordable financial service

Capitalist. The capitalists of the fishing industry in Talisay City will have

a better understanding in propagating profitable livelihood for their workers. They

will be able to formulate or adapt new methods in improving their operations so

that they can maximize their profit.

Community of Fishermen. The community of fishermen in Talisay City

will have a deeper understanding of their socioeconomic conditions. Also, the

results of this study can help them in their daily-decision making in order to

alleviate their standards of living.

 14

Future Researchers. This study can help in providing information to the

future researchers in matters of the fishing industry. In addition, they can also

establish and expand this study by not only focusing to the socioeconomic profile

of the fishermen but also to the different aspects of the topic as well. They can use

this as a reference for their research.

Definition of Key Terms

The following terms are used in this study. Hence, they are defined

conceptually and/or operationally:

Catch per Unit Effort. According to Food and Agriculture Organization

(1999), catch per unit effort is the ratio of fisheries input over catch.

Operationally, CPUE is the peso earned per boat-day and measure of productivity.

Coping Mechanism. Susan Folkman and Richard Lazarus (1984) defined

coping mechanism as ways to which external or internal stress is managed,

adapted or acted upon.

Operationally, it is the solution of the fishermen to their top 3 problems.

Financial Sources. An internal or external entity where monetary

resources can be borrowed for short-term or long-term purposes (BBC – GCSE,

2014)

Operationally, it is the sources of income of the participants.

 15

Fishermen. The Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998 defines fishermen as

the people directly or personally engaged in taking and/or culturing and

processing fishery and/or aquatic resources.

Operationally, fishermen are people owning a boat or more and either directly or

indirectly involved in fishing.

Frequency. According to Kenney, J. F.; Keeping, E. S (1962), frequency

is defined as the number of times the event occurred in an experiment or study.

It is operationally defined as the number of times fishermen depart to catch fishes.

Income. According to Economic Discussions (2015), income is defined as

the flow of money or goods within an individual or a group in a specific time

period.

It is operationally defined as the gross money earned by the fisherman per trip or

by a household daily.

Productivity. According to Lawlor (1985), productivity is the relationship

between goods produced and sold or service provided – the output, and the

resources consumed in doing it.

Operationally, it is measured through the catch per unit effort.

Review of Related Literature

This section contains both related literature and studies that are significant to the

problem of the research. It seeks to find support from the works of other researchers
 16

which can be used as reference in interpreting the data gathered with regards to the

financial sources, productivity, and income utilization, of fishermen in Zone 3, Talisay

City. It also contains a synthesis that corresponds to all literature reviews.

Socio-economic Profile. In the study of Ferrer (2005), municipal fishers basically

fish for sustenance; any income earned from the surplus is barely enough for family

survival. Also, it was noted that more young people are entering the industry and majority

are males. The small-scale commercial fishers have low chances of fishing farther

offshore because they lack the necessary equipment (such as geographic positioning

device) and that their boats are too small and poorly constructed (made of wood); thus,

they are limited to shallow fishing only. The crew members have low educational

attainment and lack employable skills, preventing them from moving into other

employment. The general profile of the fishermen are the following: age (mean) is 47.22

years; highest educational attainment is highschool graduate; household size (mean) is

6.33; and number of years in fishing (mean) is 24.62 years.

The Philippine Statistics Authority (2015) released its annual per capita poverty

threshold for Region VI at an amount of P21, 070. This means that with an average

household size of 6 for the fishermen, they must have atleast P126, 420 in order to reach

the threshold of poverty. Also, according to the National Wages and Productivity

Commission (2016), the daily minimum wage for non-plantation agricultural workers is

P271.50.

Productivity. According to Cultural Survival (1987), marine fishing in the

Philippines is more than an industry; it is a way of life. Over a million of Filipinos are

engaged in marine fishing and an estimate of 800,000 are small scale fishermen using
 17

tradition, low cost techniques, notably net fishing from small boats and the fish corral.

Traditionally, these techniques have provided small scale fisherman and their families

with a means of subsistence. With the advancement in fishing equipment and the rise of

large scale fishing companies, productivity for small scale fishermen have been unstable

and quite a big challenge.

Previous studies have lamented the unsustainability of most Philippine fisheries

(Sadovy, 2005; Stobutzki et al., 2006; Muallil et al., 2014b). Once exploitation rate

exceeds a certain threshold, the number of collapsed species increase, and declines in

total fish catch, fish stock biomass, and mean fish body size follow (Worm et al., 2009).

Our analysis suggests that Philippine fisheries may indeed be overexploited; fish catch

has not increased overtime (and in fact, has decreased for several provinces), despite

continuously increasing fishing effort in the country (Briones, 2007), and the increasing

number of registered municipal and commercial fishers in the Philippines (according to

BFAR's annual Fisheries Profile publications 1980–2012). Evidence in other studies also

point to Philippine fisheries' unsustainability, with most authors citing overfishing as a

major factor in the declines of Catch Per Unit Effort (CPUE), catch biomass, diversity,

and shifts in fish community structure observed in Philippine waters ( Stobutzki et al.,

2006; Muallil et al., 2014a; ).

Advancement in fishing equipment have been rapid especially in the 21st century

where technology plays a big role in the society. It brings big impact to the productivity

of fishermen may it be small scale or large scale fishermen. According to Food and

Agriculture Organization (n.d.), technical advances have generally led to more efficient

and economical fishing operations, reduction of the physical labor required per unit of
 18

output and improved access to resources. This is a testament to the growing production of

fishing in the country with the Fisheries GDP in 2003 reaching up to USD 1,832 million

and still growing to USD 4,714 billion in Fisheries GDP 2013 (FAO Fishery and

Aquaculture Statistics, 2012).

According to Green and Company (2004), hooks and lines are the traditional

gears used by the fishermen in Central Visayas, they require low investment and have

low catch rates. Also, the fishermen are starting to innovate their gears such as traps and

pots which were made with bamboo initially but are now modified and replaced with

plastic nets, steel screens and steel pipes.

According to Al Jabri and Company (2013), fishermen in Oman’s Batinah Coast

having high engine power (modernized gears), longer boat length, and more frequency of

trips in a week have higher income compared to those having traditional gears, small

boats and seasonal fishermen. Also, those having higher fishing cost, number of crew

members and struggling in getting ice have lower income compared to those who have a

moderate fishing cost, number of crew members and have access to ice.

Income Utilization. National Statistical Coordination Board Secretary General

Jose G. Albert said that “Farmers and fishermen are among the least paid workers in the

Philippine economy with an average daily wage and salary of P156.8 and P178.43,

respectively.” He also pointed out that “Agriculture [in the Philippines] receives the

lowest average daily basic wage and salary compared to non-agriculture sectors.” Poverty

incidence among fishermen are at 41.4 percent (Albert, 2013). With this small amount of

income, what they earn is not solely allocated to their food and other basic necessities.

According to Masahiro (2011), most fishermen spend “30-50% of their income is

 19

designated for their internal expenditures such as daily food and education while 50-70%

is spent on external expenditures like social donation, cultural ceremony, and religious

ceremony.” Some of them prioritizes their food and basic needs but there are also others

who sets aside more than half of their income to be used for the trip the day after.

Financial Sources. According to Dickson (n.d.), the Philippine Government

development policy aims to increase productivity, profitability and income, and to

improve the socio-economic conditions of the Philippine people. The Department of

Agriculture pursues the following objectives in fisheries development: improved income

and standard of living for rural fishing families; self-sufficiency in fisheries; improved

utilization and productive capacity of fisheries and other aquatic resources, and increased

exports of fish and fishery products. Also, the Local Government Code of 1991 places

resource management under the jurisdiction of the local government; also devolves to

governments the provision of aquaculture support services and operation of fish ports;

and Fisheries Code of 1998 reserves aquatic resources in Philippine waters for the sole

use of Filipino citizens and defines strategies to develop further the fisheries sector

including small-scale fishermen. This only shows that the local government has the

responsibility of supporting the fishermen of Talisay City.

In Tangthirasunan’s study (2008), credit was deemed necessary to complete the

package of support services for the sustained development of the small fisheries sector;

and microfinance was viewed as a practical solution to the growing demand for financial

services by the poor because most banks normally have a business culture that is not

geared to serve the poor and low-income rural households. Also, there was an empirical
 20

evidence that microfinance enables the poor to smoothen their consumption, manage their

risks, build their assets gradually, enhance their income earning and improve their quality

of life. But, despite the continued efforts by government to find ways of making credit for

small fishers adequate, timely and sustainable, marginal fishermen continue to have

limited access to credit; the ratio of fishery production loans to total bank loans granted

declined from 7% in 1986 to 4.0% in 1997 and dropped further to 0.9% in 2000 and

improved slightly to 1.1% in 2006.

Pressing Problems and Coping Mechanisms. According to Green and Company

(2004), the main issues raised by the municipal fishermen in Central Visayas are

intrusion of commercial fishing boats; illegal fishing activities such as spearfishing with

the use of compressor, use of obnoxious substances in catching or collecting fishes, and

blast fishing; and reduction of catch due to increase in boats and fishers and due to

excessive fishing in general. Their coping mechanisms include banning of synthetic

materials which are not biologically degradable and pushing for the enforcement of

fishery laws and regulations more consistently.

Synthesis

Based on the literatures presented, it was determined that the socio-economic

profile of small-scale fishermen is that they fish for sustenance, suggesting a low income

bracket for their group. Also, their boats and gears are not sufficient to enable them to go

to farther locations to fish, their crew members have low educational attainment and lack

employable skills, preventing them from moving into other employment and leaving

them with limited choices for other sources of income. Their general profiles are the
 21

following: sex is dominated by males; age (mean) is 47.22 years; highest educational

attainment is highschool graduate; household size (mean) is 6.33; and number of years in

fishing (mean) is 24.62 years. There was no data specifying their household’s actual

monthly income, but the latest annual per capital poverty threshold is P21, 070 and the

daily minimum wage for non-plantation agricultural workers is P271.50 as of March 16,

2017. Also, the proponents were not able to locate literatures determining the number of

boats owned by the fishermen in the Philippines, specifically in Region VI nor about their

other sources of income.

In matters relating to productivity, numerous studies suggest that there is a decline

in the production of fishing and that there is a rapid advancement in fishing equipments

which have big impact on the productivity of fishermen. Those who are still engaging in

traditional fishing with the use of out of date gears have low catch rates; thus, there is a

need for innovation through the modification of the materials. Also, it was determined

that those having high engine power (modernized gears), longer boat length, and more

frequency of trips in a week have higher income compared to those having traditional

gears, small boats and seasonal fishermen. In addition, high fishing cost, increase in crew

members and struggle in access to ice was attributed to lower income compared to those

having a moderate fishing cost, minimal number of crew members and easy access to ice.

There were no specific data in relation to the peso earned per boat-day, the type of boat

used, frequency of trip, location of fishing, number of crew members per trip, time of

departure, actual fishing time, cost per trip and mode of selling.

When it comes to income utilization, fishermen are deemed to be low income

earners; thus most of their expenses go to domestic concerns and savings were not
 22

mentioned. Specifically, the priority are food and basic needs; and materials needed to

continue their operations.

In the context of financial sources, studies and related literature give utmost

emphasis on the role of government in providing financial support and proper regulation

to the fishermen. Also, microfinance was considered as a practical solution to alleviate

their plight in regards to financial concerns.

The common pressing problems enumerated by the fishermen in the literature are

illegal fishing practices and decrease in catch rate. Their coping mechanisms include the

pursuance of a better law implementation and consistent policies to counter the unlawful

practices and banning of illegal materials that contribute to the pollution of the sea in the

long-run in order to sustain the aquatic resources.

The synthesis of the results have given a substantial reference and a halfway

picture of the existing scenarios involving the small-scale fishermen which will be

utilized in meeting the objectives. Also, the data gaps will be filled with the inputs

coming from the participants of the study.

 METHODS

Research Design

The main purpose of the study is to determine and evaluate the financial sources,

productivity, and income utilization of select fishermen in Talisay City. Considering the

purpose, the most appropriate research design to be used is descriptive research.

According to Glass and Hopkins (1948), descriptive research can be either quantitative or

qualitative. It can involve collections of quantitative information that can be tabulated

along a continuum in numerical form, such as scores on a test or the number of times a

person chooses to use a-certain feature of a multimedia program, or it can describe

categories of information such as gender or patterns of interaction when using technology

in a group situation. In addition, descriptive studies are aimed at finding out "what is," so

observational and survey methods are frequently used to collect descriptive data (Borg &

Gall, 1989). Moreover, descriptive research involves gathering data that describe events

and then organizes, tabulates, depicts, and describes the data collection. It often uses

visual aids such as graphs and charts to aid the reader in understanding the data

distribution (Glass and Hopkins 1948).

Descriptive research is unique in the number of variables employed. Like other

types of research, descriptive research can include multiple variables for analysis, yet

unlike other methods, it requires only one variable (Borg & Gall, 1989). Descriptive

statistics utilize data collection and analysis techniques that yield reports concerning the

measures of central tendency variation, and correlation. Moreover, this kind of research
 24

design aims to describe, explain, and validate findings (The Association for Education

Communications and Technology, 2001). Also, this kind of research design aims to

describe, explain, and validate findings (The Association for Education Communications

and Technology, 2001). As applied to this study, it was used to identify and describe the

socioeconomic profile of the participants, the productivity of fishermen, the way

fishermen utilize their income from fishing, the sources used by fishermen to obtain their

capital and the recommendations maybe offered to improve their welfare.

Participants of the Study

The participants of the study are the 53 fishermen living in Zone 3, Talisay City.

Anyone who is involved in fishing, may it be part-time or full time and owned a boat or

more were the qualified partakers of the inquiry. But if they were not present nor

available, the other qualified household members would be the participants of the study.

There population is composed of 53 fishermen based on the 2014 Fisherfolks Registry of

the Talisay City Agriculture Office. The proponents used the total population sampling or

total enumeration. According to Laerd Dissertation (2012), total population sampling is a

type of purposive sampling technique where you choose to examine the entire

population (i.e., the total population) that have a particular set of characteristics.

 25

Instrument

Data for this study were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire. The

development of the survey instrument began with the intent to know several information

needed in order to assess the financial sources, productivity, and income utilization of

select fishermen in Talisay City. The researchers developed a set of questions that would

measure all the research questions of this research study.

The questionnaire was divided into four blocks. The first one is the

socioeconomic profile which includes matters about age, sex, highest educational

attainment, household size, household’s monthly income, number of years fishing, and

other sources of income. Second is the productivity block consisting the volume of fish

caught measured in peso earned per boat-day, type of boat used, variation of catch,

frequency of trip per day, fishing area, number of crew members per trip, time of

departure, approximated cost per trip, and mode of selling. Income utilization block

includes percentage of income that goes to debt, repair and maintenance, working capital,

savings and investment, and domestic expenses. The last part is the financial sourcing

block consisting of main source of their capital, and the prevailing interest rate and

frequency of payment for those who loan money.

Validity

The researcher’s questionnaire went through validity tests with the help of the

College of Business and Accountancy Faculty members. They analyzed and critiqued the

content of the questionnaire that were related to the research objectives with the use of
 26

Carter V. Good and Douglas F. Scates rating scale. The computed scores of their

evaluation, the aggregate mean score of the validity test was 4.3 indicating that the

questionnaire is valid.

Data Gathering Procedure

The implementation stage started on the months of April 2017 to May 2017. The

researchers visited the chosen site which is Zone 3, Talisay city and interviewed the

selected fishermen. The researchers were guided by the Aquacultural Technician

incharged for the Barangay. They also coordinated with the President of the Fisher’s

Association in order to locate the selected participants.

For the data processing stage, initial sorting and input were conducted in

Microsoft Excel. The data were then transferred in Statistical Package for Social Science

(SPSS) Program for tallying, classifying, and analysis.

Statistical Treatment

This study used descriptive and inferential statistics to test the objectives and

hypotheses. Descriptive statistics help describe and understand the features of a specific

data set, by giving short summaries about the sample and measures of the data

(Investopedia, 2007). On the other hand, inferential statistics are techniques that allow us

to use these samples to make generalizations about the populations from which the

samples were drawn (Laerd Statistics, 2013).

 27

For the objectives 1, 2 and 3, descriptive statistics were used in order to identify

and measure the following variables such as the socio-economic profile of the

participants, productivity of fishermen in terms of catch per unit effort and the

participants fishing practices. For the objectives 4, 5, 7, and 8, descriptive statistics were

also applied in order to determine how the fishermen utilize its income, identify their

financial sources, and determine their pressing problems and coping mechanisms.

For the objective 6, inferential statistics were applied in order to test if there is a

significant difference among the fishermen’s productivity when grouped according to the

different related variables. The nonparametric tests were employed because of a small

sample size, specifically these are the Mann-Whitney U – 2 Independent Samples Test

and Kruskal-Wallis H Test.

Ethical Considerations

In the survey, participants that were willing to partake the study were given a free

prior informed consent form. Those who are were not willing to join the research were

not forced nor unduly influenced. The proponents before conducting the survey made

sure that the participants are aware of the agreements and content of the consent form.

Since, we are accompanied by known fishermen during the gathering, the proponents did

not have any trouble convincing the participants in sharing their time and input for our

study. Through the encouragement of our local guides, the fishermen agreed in sharing

their time and inputs for our study.

 28

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This section presents and discusses the tables and figures containing the results

generated from the data gathered during the study. It also includes the interpretation and

analysis based on the findings presented with the aid of existing related literatures and

direct observations by the researchers.

Socio-economic profile of the participants

Table 1 shows that majority (86.8%) of the fishermen in Talisay City are between

the ages of 30-59 years old. This is followed by 9.43 % aging between 15-29 years old

and 3.77% with an age along 60 – 74 years old. The scenario is somewhat similar with

what is presented in the literature, which says that the general age of fishermen in

Visayas is 47.22 years old (mean).

Age (years) f %

15-29 5 9.43

2
30-44 43.40
3

2
45-59 43.40
3

60-74 2 3.77

5
Total 100.00
3

Table 1: Age of participants

 29

The cross tabulation of age and peso earned per boat-day of the fishermen in

Table 2 shows that the most productive group are the ages of 45-59 with an average

income of 607.83 pesos, the group of ages 60 -74 having the least income is

understandable because of their age, which is a significant factor that can affect their

capability in fishing. The group of 45-59 years old have the highest income, this can be

attributed to the right mix of experience and vitality brought by age, followed by in a

decreasing order in age by 30-44 and 15-29 years old. The average peso earned per boat-

day by the 53 participants is P540.00 which is higher than the current daily minimum

wage of non-plantation agricultural workers in Region VI as of March 16, 2017, the

amount is P271.50.

Table 2: Average peso earned per boat-day based on age

Age (years) Average peso per boat-day

15-29 412.00

30-44 529.57

45-59 607.83

60-74 225.00
 30

Grand Mean 540.00

Fishing is predominated by male. According to Food and Agriculture

Organization (2008), capturing fish in coastal and deep-sea waters is almost always a

male domain, and carries with it high occupational health and safety risks. Women in

fishing households do perform preparatory work, such as mending nets, although their

contribution is often informal and rarely remunerated. From the data gathered, 98.10% of

the total population of the participants were identified as male. While a 1.90% of the

population is composed of female as shown in Figure 3.

The data affirms the predominance of male among our fisherfolks. The presence

of a female is an outlier to the norm in the Philippines. These results can be attributed to

the nature of work, which requires heavy or big amount of exertion and the risks involved

making it most suitable for male.

 31

Male

Female
1.90 %

98.10 %

Figure 3: Sex of participants

The educational attainment of the participants can offer them a varied choices

when it comes to occupation and career. Table 3 shows that the highest educational

attainment of the participants is undergraduate of college. According to United Nations

Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO, 2014), self-employment is

consistently more common among those with lower levels of education. This is affirmed

by the data gathered to which most of the participants only attained a diploma in

elementary (30.20%), followed by undergraduate in elementary (22.60%), high school

graduate (20.80%), high school undergraduate (17%), college undergraduate (7.50%) and

the least having no grade completed (1.90%). Fishing is a self-employment career and

can be pursued by anyone regardless of their educational attainment, as long as they have

the skills and capital necessary to sustain the operations.

Table 3: Highest educational attainment of participants

Educational attainments f %
 32

No Grade Completed 1 1.90

Elementary Undergraduate 12 22.60

Elementary Graduate 16 30.20

High School Undergraduate 9 17.00

High School Graduate 11 20.80

College Undergraduate 4 7.50

Total 53 100.00

The sizes of the household can significantly influence the income utilization of

the participants. Table 4 shows that majority of the participants (58.49%) have around 4-

6 members in their household, followed by 18.87% having 7-9 members, 16.98% having

only 1-3 members and the least (5.66%) having the most at around 10 – 12 people.

Table 4: Household size of participants

Household size f %

1-3 9 16.98

4-6 31 58.49

7-9 10 18.87
 33

10-12 3 5.66

Total 53 100.00

The cross tabulation of household size and percentage of income spent on

domestic expenses in Table 5 showed an increasing trend in the average percentage of

income as the size of the household increases. These results affirm the findings of The

World Bank (2010) that in developing countries like the Philippines, the higher the

household size the higher the domestic consumption.

Table 5: Fishing income spent on domestic expenses based on household size

Household size Average percentage of income

1-3 51.67

4-6 67.00

7-9 66.00

10-12 68.33

Figure 4 shows that there is only a small-scale of fishing in Zone 3, Talisay City.

According to Committee on Fisheries of Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO,2002),

small-scale fisheries usually require only small capital investment, use low technology

gear and vessels and catch fish for subsistence or local markets. Majority of the

participants (84.90%) only owned 1 boat and 15.10% owned two boats. This number of

boats owned is very small compared to commercial fishing. As to the present, quality
 34

boats ranged from P120, 000 – P250, 000 each. The reason for this is that there is only a

small-scale fishing in Zone 3, Talisay City.

1
2
15.10%

84.90%

Figure 4: Number of boats owned

Table 6 indicates that there is poverty among the majority of the fishermen.

According to the Philippine Statistics Authority (2012), the poorest household monthly

income is 6,000 pesos in the Philippines. Majority earns P6000 or less, while the

remaining earns more than P8,000 and P30,000 at most.

Monthly income (pesos) f %

Less than or equal to 1-8,000 32 60.38

8,001-16,000 9 16.98

16,001-24,000 11 20.75

24,001-32,000 1 1.89

Total 53 100.00

Table 6: Fishermen’s household monthly income

 35

Table 7 shows that most (35.85%) of the participants are engaged in fishing for

almost 21-30 years, followed by 11-20 years of experience, 1-10 years, 31-40 years and

the least of the working group have been fishing for almost 4-5 decades. The findings

suggest that fishing is indeed a major source of livelihood in Zone 3, Talisay City and

that most of the participants started fishing at an early age knowing that the average age

of all the participants is 43.96 years old.

Years f %

1-10 8 15.09

11-20 17 32.08

21-30 19 35.85

31-40 7 13.21

41-50 2 3.77

Total 53 100.00

Table 7: Number of years engaged in fishing

 36

The other sources of income of participants is part of the study and only 38% of

the participants have their other source of income that can help augment their fishing

income in sustaining their needs. On the other hand, 62% of the participants depend on

fishing alone. Out of the 20 participants having other sources of income, 45% of them

own a sari-sari store .The remaining engages in craft, pedicab, construction work and

tricycle as either their substitute or other source of income.

Table 8: Other sources of income

Sources f %

Sari-sari Store 9 45.00

Craft 3 15.00

Pedicab 3 15.00

Construction Work 2 10.00

Tricycle 2 10.00

E-commerce 1 5.00

Subtotal 20

Not Applicable 33

Total 53 100.00
 37

Fishing practices of the participants

Figure 5 shows that the primary fishing vessel used by the majority of the

participants (70%) is a pumpboat, followed by 28 % who are still using the traditional

rowboat and 2% using a sailboat. The graph indicates that there is only a small-scale

fishing in Zone 3, Talisay compared to big-scale fishing which uses seiners, longliners

and trawlers.

Motor: Pumpboat
Non-motor: Sailboat
Non-motor: Rowboat

28%

2%
70%

Figure 5: Types of fishing boat used

 38

There are different gears used by the fishermen but most of them are using the

motor, 58.49% of the total number of participants. The second most used by the

participants is the net, which is equivalent to the 56.60% of the total number of

participants. Whereas, the paddle, rod, hook, and longline gears have that 30.19%,

26.42%, 15.09%, and 11.32% respectively. Knowing that majority of the boats used is a

pumpboat, it is a given that the most used is a motor which is needed for the engine of the

boat, the net or technically known as gillnet is also widely used in other provinces by

small-scale fishermen (Brown, 2016). The gears used also affirms that there is only a

small-scale fishing in Zone 3, Talisay City.

Table 9: Fishing gears used by the participants

Gears f %

Motor 31 58.49

Net 30 56.60

Paddle 16 30.19

Rod 14 26.42

Hook 8 15.09

Long line 6 11.32

Figure 6 conveys that majority of the fishermen engage in 0-2 trips per day, while

the remaining participants conduct 3-5 trips per day. In order to give more light to this

0-2 Trips
3-5 Trips
4%
 96%
39

data, a cross tabulation was made in Table 9, comparing the peso earned per boat day

based on the number of trips per day.

Figure 6: Number of trips per day

Table 10 reveals that the group of fishermen engaging only to a maximum of 2

trips per day earns 353.33 pesos more compared to those having 3-5 trips per day. In

further analysis of the data gathered, it was revealed that those engaged in catching crab

are the ones having 3-5 trips per day. The reason for this is that they must constantly

monitor their baits because of prevalence of theft and uncontrollable factors. Also, the

gasoline needed to make each trip augments the cost, leaving the fishermen with lower

earnings compared to the other group.

Table 10: Average peso earned per boat-day based on number of trips per day

Number of
Average peso per boat-day
trips

0-2 553.33

3-5 200.00

Total 753.33
 40

Figure 7 shows that majority of the fishermen in Talisay city only fish near Zone

3 while the remaining 9% explores the other parts of Talisay City. The reason for this

according to the key-informant is that it is risky to sail far from zone 3, considering that

their boats are small and that it is costly in matters of gasoline and a big catch is not a

guarantee. For the group that explores the other parts of Talisay city, this is because they

cannot compete with the majority, so they have no choice but to take risks and explore

other fishing grounds.

Near Zone 3
9%
Other parts of Tal-
isay City

91%

Figure 7: Fishing ground of the participants

 41

Table 11 shows the number of crew a boat has per trip. The results showed that

the majority, 56.60% have at least 2 crews per trip. The biggest number of crew members

in a trip is 5 (3.80%) which is 2 out of 53 participants, followed by 4 crews trips and 3

crews per trips with 5.70% and 11.30% respectively. Participants who usually have two

crews per trip are accompanied by relatives or family members and divide their earnings

among the crew as observed by the researchers. On the other hand, 22.60% of the

participants fish alone so that they do not need to divide the earnings per trip among the

crew members and they can take home the whole cash.

Table 11: Number of crew members per trip

Number of crews f %

1 12 22.60

2 30 56.60

3 6 11.30

4 3 5.70

5 2 3.80

Total 53 100.0
 42

Table 12 shows that most of the participants leave at around 4:00 AM – 7:59 AM,

followed by 30.19% at 12:00 AM – 3:59 AM, 9.43% at 8:00 AM – 11:59 AM, 7.55% at

12:00 PM – 3:59 PM and the least leaving at around 8:00 PM – 11:59 PM. According to

the comments of the participants while they are interviewed, most of them leave in the

morning in order to match the arrival of buyers in the market at around noon. Also

according to Trittipo (2016) fish like to feed in the early morning and evening hours

because the sun isn’t so harsh. And also because their prey become active. This is the

main reason why participants are more likely to start fishing early in the morning because

it is the time where fish are searching for food.

Time f %

12:00 AM - 3:59 AM 16 30.19

4:00 AM - 7:59 AM 27 50.94

8:00 AM - 11:59 AM 5 9.43

12:00 PM - 3:59 PM 4 7.55

8:00 PM - 11:59 PM 1 1.89

Total 53 100.00

Table 12: Time of departure to fish

 43

Table 13 presents the actual hours spent in fishing by the participants. Most of

them spend around 8-10 hours in fishing, followed by 26.42% allotting 5-7 hours,

20.75% apportioning 2-4 hours, and 3.77% consuming 11-13 hours while the least

spending most of his day at around 14-17 hours.

Table 13: Actual hours spent in fishing

Hours f %

2-4 11 20.75

5-7 14 26.42

8-10 25 47.17

11-13 2 3.77

14-17 1 1.89

Total 53 100.00

Based on cross tabulation, participants (30.77%) who fish for 5 to 7 hours earn Php

100.00 to Php 600.00 while participants (28.85%) who fish for 8 to 10 hours still earn

Php 100.00 to Php 600.00 per trip. Lastly, majority of the participants who catch fish

(66.67%) take 8 to 10 hours of fishing while majority of the participants (51.85%) who
 44

catch crustaceans (crab, shrimp, shells) take 5 to 7 hours of fishing. According to the one

who is in charge of the aquaculture in the City of Talisay, participants who catch fish go

farther from the shore to deeper waters that is why they take more hours in fishing

compared to those who catch crustaceans.

Table 14: Gross fishing income based on actual hours spent on fishing

Actual Hours Spent Fishing Total

Gross Fishing Income 2-4 5-7 8-10 11-13 5

100-600 8 16 15 2 1 42

601-1200 0 1 3 0 0 4

1201-1800 0 0 3 0 0 3

1801-2400 0 0 3 0 0 3

Total 8 17 24 2 1 52

Table 15 shows the approximated cost per trip of each participant. Majority of the

participants which is 81.10% have an approximate cost per trip ranging from Php 100.00

to Php 250.00 per trip. On the other hand, only 1.90% of the participants have an

approximate cost per trip of Php 451.00 to Php 550.00 per trip.
 45

Table 15: Approximated cost per trip

Cost f %

100-
44 83.00
250

251-
6 11.30
350

351-
3 5.70
450

451-
1 1.90
550

Total 53 100.00

Mean 211.32

The pie chart shows the different modes on how participants sell their catch. The

chart illustrates that the fish caught is either sold directly to the market or sold through a

middleman or commission. Majority of the participants (75.47%), sell their fish directly

to the public market. On the other hand, 24.53% sell their fish caught through middlemen

or commission. Some fishermen buy gears and pay for them later, since they have a debt

to pay to that person, they use their fish caught as payment of the gears used.
 46

Public Market
25%
Middleman

75%

Figure 8: Modes of selling fish

Income utilization of the participants

Table 16 displays how the participants allocate their income from fishing. Data

shows that all of the participants allocate a portion of their income to household expenses

and 18.87% allocate at least 41 to 50 percent for it.

Out of the 53 participants, 20 of them set aside money for payment of debt and

majority allocate at least 1 to 10 percent of their income to pay debts. On the other hand,

more than half of the participants make sure they allocate some income as their working

capital. The 31.71% of participants allocate 11 to 20 percent for their working capital

which includes gasoline, new gears, and the like. Also, half of the participants use at least

10 to 20 percent of their fishing income for repair and maintenance of the boat’s motor,

fishing gears, and fishing containers. The 13 participants who allocate income for

commission expense usually pay this for the gears they bought in exchange of payment

from their daily fishing income. Only 11.32% said that they still have money for savings
 47

and investment. The low percentage of participants shows that due to budget constraints

and various expenses, it is rare for them to have money left for saving or for investment.

Household expenses take up most of the participants’ allocation. It includes food,

housing, water, electricity, gas, and other fuels. Among families in the bottom 30 percent

per capita income group, expenses on food accounted for 62.3% of the total household

expenditures, followed by expenditure on housing, water, electricity, gas, and other fuels

at 15.3 percent which gives a total of 77.6% allocation of income to household

expenditures based on 2012 statistics, (Ericta, 2012).

At present, it is evident in the study of the fishermen because 16.98% of the total

number of participants said that they allocate 71 to 80 percent of their daily income to

household expenses following the top response of 18.87% of the participants who

allocate 41 to 50 percent of their income on household expenditures.

Payment of debts is also one of the expenses that is being allocated by the

participants in this study with a portion of their income. Out of the 20 responses, 65%

have indicated an allocation of at least 1 to 10 percent of their income to pay debts. These

debts include borrowed money from family, relatives, or friends and informal lenders or

“loan sharks”. This indicates that due to the minimal income that some of the fishermen

earn, they avail of different debts to sustain their daily needs and other expenses.

However, these debts incur them an expense to be paid in the next income that they earn.

Since the participants are fishing every day, they need a certain amount of capital

to be used for the next day. A percentage of 77.36% of the participants have indicated

they allocate a certain percentage of their income to spend for the next trip. The top
 48

response having 31.71 percent said that they allocate 11 to 20 percent of their income to

buy gasoline and at times, new fishing gears due to breakage, loss, and theft. The least

number of responses, both tied at 4.88%, indicated they spend 31 to 40 percent and 41 to

50 percent to working capital. This means that there are fishermen who spend a big

portion of their income to spend on gasoline and fishing gears but this does not mean they

do it every day. They may spend a large portion for their working capital on a certain day

that is good for several days and be able to save also a large portion of the income for the

following days.

A good number of 31 participants or 58.49% said they allocate a part of their

income to repair and maintenance expenses. This includes repair of boat, boat motors,

maintenance of fishing gears, and rust-removing of metal parts. Majority of 64.52%

indicated a 1 to 10 percent spending on repair and maintenance. It simply means that the

twenty participants allocate a small portion of their income to address the maintenance

needs of their boat and gears. A small percentage of 3.23% have declared a range of 21 to

30 percent spending on repair and maintenance. This is a result of a major spending on a

major damage but only occurs once or twice in a while.

Few participants allocate their daily income on both commission and savings.

Only 24.53% of them said that a portion of their money earned is spent on commission.

In the study, commission is a way of part paying the gears they have acquired for use. A

majority of 69.23% said that they allocate 1 to 10 percent of their income to pay for

commission. This means that the gears they have acquired are paid in a small amount on

a day-to-day basis so as to not burden them with the total amount.

 49

Tied at 15.38%, minority of the participants said that their income allocation to

commission expenses ranges 11 to 20 percent and 21 to 30 percent. It implies that some

fishermen are paying higher amounts than those who only allocate 10% and less due to

differences in the quality and quantity of the gears acquired. Savings, on the other hand,

has the least number of participants’ responses resulting to only 11.32% of the total

number. A majority of 83.33% have indicated that they put 1 to 10 percent of their

income to savings whereas the other 16.67% spend 21 to 30 percent. The results show

that a number of fishermen in Zone 3 of Talisay City are actually saving a certain portion

of their daily minimal income. This number of participants include those who do not

want to engage in debts to suffice their capital for the next fishing trip or those who have

acquired their gears in cash thus, not having to allocate a portion for the commission.

Families in the poorest decile had expenses exceeding their income, (Ericta,

2012). However, results of this study show that the participants are able to allocate their

minimal income from fishing on their different day-to-day expenses. Some survive

because they have other sources of income that helps them cope up with their financial

needs. The others, who do not have yet the opportunity to access or have not discovered

possible other sources of income, have already gotten used as to how they properly

allocate their fishing income without compromising the other expenses.

Table 16: Allocation of fishing income

Payment Working Repair and Commission Savings/

Expenses Household
of Debt Capital Maintenance Expense Investment
 50

% % % % % %
Mean 66.55 4.91 16.7 7.17 3.26 1.42

Financial sources of the participants

Capital is indeed one of the most vital aspects in starting any kind of

business. In this study, the main sources of capital of the participants were asked to know

the common sources that the fishermen in their community have.

Figure 9 shows the result of the researchers’ attempt to gain knowledge of the

participants’ main sources of capital. Majority having 70% of the responses said that their

main source of capital is from their personal contribution. More than a quarter or 28% of

the total number have disclosed that they have gotten their capital from lenders, which

means their capital comes from debts. Only 2% of the totality said that his/her main

source of capital was borrowed from his/her relatives.

While it is true that the cost of living in the Philippines is high and that the basic

salary of Filipino workers are low, not every Filipino is in debt or wants to engage in

debts. That is why, most of the Filipinos are thrifty and practical when it comes to

handling money, (Genete, 2017).

In the study, it is evident that majority of the participants are not indebted and

source their capital from their personal contributions. This means that they chose to spend

a good amount of money from their savings or their on-hand cash for their starting capital

rather than applying for a loan or borrowing money from friends and relatives which will

result to incurring more expenses because there is an interest needed to be paid. However,
 51

there are still Filipinos who would choose to borrow money from banks and lenders even

though the interest rates are sometimes unreasonable.

Borrowing money is so common that it has, in fact, become a tradition of some

sort. Filipinos have the habit of borrowing money because a lot of us are just naturally

reckless and impulsive when it comes to spending and when payday comes, we pay our

monthly bills and then blow off the rest on food, clothes, entertainment, travel and

whatever else we fancy, (Mayol, 2017). In the study, the fishermen borrowed money not

for their leisure nor to pay bills, but to finance their fishing capital which is one of the

most important factors in this industry.

Personal Contribu-
tion
2%
Lending
28%
Borrowed from
70% Relatives

Figure 9: Main sources of capital

Based on cross tabulation, Table 17 shows that majority or 54.72% of the

participants got their capital from their personal contributions and they earn an average of
314.52 pesos per boat day. The 5.66% of the participants that earns a range of 601 to
 52

1,200 pesos also capitalized from their own money. Another 5.66% said they make 1,201
to 1,800 pesos every day. A percentage of 3.77% obtains 1,801 to 2,400 pesos with their
personal capital. On the other hand, 22.64% of the participants that engages in lending
are earning an amount of 100 to 600 pesos per boat day. Two or 3.77% of the debtors are
earning 601 to 1,200 pesos every day. A small percentage of the debtors with 1.89%
attains a range of 1,801 to 2,400 pesos per day. Lastly, 1.89% of the total participants
earns a range of 100 to 600 pesos daily income which capital was borrowed from his/her
relatives. The participants that answered “Lending” when the researchers inquired about
the main source of their capital were asked how much their prevailing interest rates with
regards to their different loans are. Based on the results to the previous question, only
28.3% of the total participants are engaged in lending. Table 17 shows the different
frequencies and percentages of the results to this area based on the totality but on the later
parts, it will be analyzed based on the 15 participants.
Majority of the participants told the researchers that their interest rates ranges
from 6% to 10% having 86.7% of the responses. This means that the larger number of
participants who engage in lending pay a minimum of 6% or a maximum of 10% based
on the amount of money he/she borrowed from the lender. The other two participants,
which comprises the other 13.33% that answered lending as their main source of capital,
have stated that they were not aware of their interest rates that they pay.
Given that fishermen live by the sea and goes to the sea every day to catch fish
and sell it to directly or to middlemen, clearly, they do not have time to loan money from
commercial banks. That is why microfinance lending and “five-six” loans are widespread
along their area.

Table 17: Peso earned per boat/day based on Participants' main source of capital

Borrowed
Personal
Peso earned per boat/day Lending from Total
Contribution
Relatives
100 - 600 29 12 1 42
601 - 1200 3 2 0 5
 53

1201 - 1800 3 0 0 3
1801 - 2400 2 1 0 3
Total 37 15 1 53

Esquire Philippines explained that the “five-six” loans entail the payment of six
pesos for every five pesos lent out usually after 30 days, implying an interest rate of 20
percent a month or 240 percent a year. In contrast, the results only show a range of 6 to
10 percent of interest rates per month which means that these fishermen do not avail
loans from Indians, but rather to micro-lenders.
Micro-lending is a type of business financing that better thrives during recession;
it focuses on small loans to help small businesses and new entrepreneurs in establishing
or advancing their business, (Pinoybisnes, 2017). However, according to the researchers’
observation, the micro-lenders in the area of the community do not aim to help the
fishermen advance in their business, rather, they try to make good money out of the
fishermen’s debts by charging high interest rates. “If the parties have agreed on the
amount of interest payable on the loan, that agreement is binding on them. In the absence
of such agreement, the interest due is 6 percent per year which is included in the range of
rates of the top response,” (Palabrica, 2013).
The only thing that is worst in micro-lending is that, these fishermen will just
agree as to what the lenders would tell them regarding the payment of the interest
because they do not have enough choices. It is either they agree to engage in a high-
paying interest rate loan or do nothing and watch their family suffer of hunger and lack of
basic needs. The participants who are not aware as to how much or what percentage of
interest are they paying do not mind to know or do not even bother to ask about the
transaction they are entering. They just agree whatever the lender says and pay as much
as the lender dictates. These participants are subject to exploitation. They do not have the
idea or the knowledge that they are being tricked or treated unfairly against their benefit.

Table 18: Prevailing interest rates

Rates f %
 54

6% to 10% 13 86.7

Not Aware 2 13.3

Subtotal 15 100.00

Not Applicable (non-lenders) 38

Total 53

After getting the results of the common prevailing interest rates of the participants
who engage in loans and credit, the researchers also asked about how frequent they pay
these rates. Table 19 shows the different frequencies of interest payments that the
participants have responded.
Out of the 15 participants, 20% said that the frequency of their interest payments
is weekly. Majority tells us, as seen in the Table 19, that 80% has their interest being paid
semi-monthly or every 15 days. The results of the study show that most of the
participants are paying their interest based on a semi-monthly basis. These participants
allocate a certain portion of their income in order to cover their interest expenses per 15
days. If the money borrowed is amounting to ₱5,000.00 and the interest rate for acquiring
this loan is 10% for 6 months, the participant will pay an amount of ₱458.33 every fifteen
days. This amount is huge enough as compared to some of the participants’ accumulated
daily income allocated to their interest expenses. Here in the Philippines, most loans
acquired in commercial banks have yearly interest payments ranging from 1.3% to 4.8%
for short term loans (refer to debt instruments with maturity period of one year and
below). This is in contrast with the result of the study wherein there is only weekly or
semi-monthly as frequencies of the participants’ interest payments.

Table 19: Frequency of paying interest

Frequency f %
 55

Weekly 3 20.0

Semi-monthly 12 80.0

Subtotal 15 100.0

Not Applicable 38

Total 53

Problems faced and coping mechanisms of the participants

The top three problems of the participants with regards to fishing were asked by
the researchers to be able to know the common difficulties and challenges they face on a
day-to-day basis. Table 20 shows below shows that 79.25% of the participants responded
“Environmental” as their top problem. Environmental issues comprise pollution, and
unstable weather and ocean conditions brought about by climate change. It covers a large
percentage having 79.25% of the totality. The next problem chosen by the participants is
the Insufficient Working Capital with an equivalent of 54.72%. This problem covers
capital, insufficient money, maintenance, finance for maintenance, boat, capital for
fishing, equipment, and saving 10% for capital, loans, budgets, and poverty. The last
response of the participants was No More Problems with a percentage of 39.62%
meaning, these participants do not have any more concerns about their fishing practices.
 56

Results show that most fishermen in Zone 3, Talisay City have a lot of
environmental problems with regards to their source of living. “Philippine fisheries are
about to collapse and these resources appear to have been abused to the point of
exhaustion. Despite the country’s vast marine resources – 220 million hectares of coastal
and oceanic territorial water area – the Philippines is now experiencing a shortfall in fish
supply,” (Tacio, 2009). This phenomenon is caused by several environmental problems
that our country is experiencing up to the present time. Water pollution, global warming,
overpopulation, natural resources depletion, and garbage waste disposal are the top 5
environmental problems cited by Sheryl Ann Datukon in PSST Ph. Evident during the
interview of the participants was water pollution and garbage waste disposal of the
people in the community. Trash are seen everywhere and those are not just pieces, but a
big pile which covers the half of the seaside and serves as the path of walking by the
people. This does not just concern the aquatic resources but also the health of the people
in the community which is very important than any other factors. The other
environmental problem mentioned by the participants are the uncontrollable weather
conditions. It somehow affects their productivity because when it is too sunny, the heat is
unbearable which causes the participants’ energy to decline. In contrast, when it is rainy,
it may cause high tides and strong ocean waves that may cause harm to the fishermen and
this may affect their fishing practices. However, these problems are not man-made and is
usually hard to combat.

Table 20: Top 3 problems faced by fishermen

(Multiple responses, N = 53)

Problems f %

Top 1 Environmental 42 79.25

Top 2 Insufficient Working Capital 29 54.72

Top 3 No More Problems 21 39.62

 57

The top three coping mechanisms that the participants observe were also asked by
the researchers to gain knowledge on how they respond to the problems that they
encounter in their community with regards to fishing. A majority of 71.70% responded
that they still did not think of a solution to their problems. Second coping mechanism is
hard work having 37.74%. Hard work includes working hard, hardships, sacrifice,
patience, and endure. Minority or 18.87% said that they see acquiring additional assets as
a solution. These results show that most of the participants have not yet comprehended
what they are going to do with the problems that they encounter in the context of their
livelihood.

The top result showed that the participants have not yet thought of solutions to the
problems they encounter in fishing. Some are still in the process of thinking of the
possible ways they could combat the problems and some are unwilling to find
alternatives and just live the fishing practices they do because they are already used to it.

Table 21: Top 3 coping mechanisms of fishermen

(Multiple Response, N = 53)

  Coping Mechanisms f %

Top 1 No Solution (still in the process of thinking) 38 71.70

Top 2 Hard Work 20 37.74

Top 3 Acquire Asset 10 18.87

 58

Nonparametric tests

The proponents employed the use of nonparametric tests which are distribution-

free tests. The consideration was the small number of participants in the study which is

only 53. Also, the distribution is not normal because of certain outliers.

Table 22 shows that there is no significant difference between the fishermen’s

productivity (peso per boat-day) and the type of boat (pumpboat, sailboat, or rowboat)

they are using. The p-value of 0.535 is greater than the significance level of 0.05; thus,

the null hypothesis of the study is accepted. Boats are also gears directly used in fishing

but they are constrained because of the limited ground of fishing which is just within the

vicinity of the waters of Zone 3 and other parts of Talisay. This is why no matter what

type of boat the fishermen used, there was no significant difference among their

productivity.

Table 22: Kruskal-Wallis Test of fishermen’s productivity and type of boat used

Dependent
Mean F p-value
Variable

Pumpboat Sailboat Rowboat

Type of boat
Peso per boat-day
used
26.66 44.00 26.70 1.251 0.535

As shown in Table 23, there is a significant difference between the fishermen’s

productivity when grouped according to gears used: P-N-R stands for paddle, net and rod;

M-H-L stands for motor, hook and longline; M-N stands for motor and net; and M-N-H

stands for motor, net and hook. The p-value is 0.000 which is less than the significance
 59

level of 0.05; therefore the null hypothesis will be rejected. In order to substantiate the

significant differences, the researchers used crosstabs which can be seen in Table 24.

Table 23: Kruskal-Wallis Test of fishermen’s productivity and gears used

p-
Dependent Variable Mean F
value

P-N-R M-H-L M-N M-N-H

Peso per boat-day Gears used

26.09 49.25 21.53 46.75 19.657 0.000

Table 24 shows that the group of fishermen using motor, hook and longline earned

the most with an average of 1, 593.33 pesos per boat-day, followed by motor, net and

hook with a mean of 1, 175.00 pesos per boat-day, paddle, net and rod group earned an

average of 375.00 pesos per boat-day and the last is the group of motor and net with a

mean of 369. 31 pesos per boat day. The significant gap among the groups can be

explained by the type of aquatic resources they are catching, the groups that uses motor-

hook-longline and motor-net-hook does not only focus on fish but also includes crabs,
 60

squids and shrimp. While the motor and net only focuses on crabs. Meanwhile the

traditional fishing, which uses paddle-net-rod is understandable because it is not efficient

due to the lack of proper gears.

Table 24: Peso earned per boat day based on gears used

Gears Average peso per boat-day

M-H-L 1,593.33

M-N-H 1,175.00

P-N-R 375.00

M-N 369.31

Table 25 supports the acceptance of the null hypothesis that there is no significant

difference between fishermen’s productivity when grouped according to the number of

trips they make per day. The p-value of .205 is greater than 0.05, the value for significant

difference indicator. This means that regardless of the number of trips they make out to

the sea, there will be no significant difference between their incomes per boat-day. Table

10 shows that there is a 353.33-peso difference between the groups. Also, only 3.8% of
 61

the population of Zone 3 which happens to focus only on crabs are the ones engaging in

3-5 trips per day that is why there is no significant difference.

Table 25: Mann Whitney Test of fishermen’s productivity and number of trips per day

Dependent Variable Mean p-value

0-2 3-5

Peso per boat-day Number of Trips

27.53 13.50 .205

According to Table 26, there is no significant difference in productivity when

fishermen are grouped according to their locations of fishing. The p-value is .842 which

is higher than 0.05 which is the standard value to reject the null. Hence, the null

hypothesis will be accepted. The table also infers that regardless where the fishermen will

situate their boat to catch marine resources, this will not cause a significant increase to

their productivity. Also, the fact that the fishing in Zone 3 is just a small-scale is also the

possible reason on why there is no significant differences, especially that the territory

they cover is just limited within the fishing grounds of Talisay City.

Table 26: Mann Whitney Test of fishermen’s productivity and location of fishing

Dependent
Mean p-value
Variable
 62

Near Zone Other Parts of Talisay

3 City
Peso per boat-day Location

.842
26.86 28.30

Table 27 shows that there is a significant difference in productivity when

fishermen are grouped according to the number of crews they have per trip. The p-value

of 0.023 is the indicator that the null hypothesis must be rejected. Using cross tabulation,

it was shown that those with 2 people in their crew earned the most with an average of

655.00 pesos per boat-day, followed by 4 people, with a mean of 583.33 pesos per boat-

day, 3 people with an average of 408.33 pesos per boat-day, second to the last is 5 people

with an average of 350 pesos per boat-day, and last is those with only one person

manning the boat per trip with an average of 339.17 pesos per boat-day. The table

suggests that the right mix of number of people in the crew in order to be more

productive is 4. It is understandable that the one with the least income per boat-day is

those with only one-man team because of the theory of productivity, that the higher the

input, the higher the output. But, this theory does not hold true for the case of fishermen

with 5 people in their crew because they were bested by those with only 4 and 3 in their

crew. We should also consider the concept of diminishing marginal returns which states

that while increasing one input and keeping other inputs at the same level may initially

increase output, further increases in that input will have a limited effect, and eventually

no effect or a negative effect, on output. Thus, those with a 4-man crew is the most
 63

productive, while those with a 1-man team is the least productive and that the null

hypothesis will be rejected.

Table 27: Kruskal-Wallis Test of fishermen’s productivity and number of crews per trip

Dependent p-
Mean F
Variable value

Number

of 1 2 3 4 5
Peso per
people
boat-day
in the 14.46 30.77 28.92 37.50 24.25 11.383 0.023

crew

According to Table 28, there is no significant difference in productivity when

fishermen are grouped according to time of departure (1 = 12:00 AM – 3:59 AM, 2 =

4:00 AM – 7:59 AM, 3 = 8:00 AM – 11:59 AM, 4 = 12:00 PM – 3:59 PM, 5 = 8:00 PM –

11:59 PM). The p-value is 0.072 which is higher than 0.05, therefore the null hypothesis

will be accepted. This means that regardless of the time the fishermen set sail there will

be no significant differences among their productivity. This is still attributable to the

constraint of the territory of fishing, the volume of fish that they are competing for are

congested in a small area that is why there is no significant differences among their peso

earned per boat-day regardless of the time they leave.

Table 28: Kruskal-Wallis Test of fishermen’s productivity and time of departure

 64

Dependent p-
Mean F
Variable value

1 2 3 4 5
Peso per Time of

boat-day departure
28.69 29.11 29.20 9.25 3.00 8.603 0.072

Table 29 presents that there is a significant difference between participants’

productivity when grouped according to actual hours spent in fishing. The p-value is

0.030 which is less than 0.05, the standard basis for significant difference. Using

crosstabs it is revealed that those investing 9 hours in fishing were the most productive

with an average of 1,476.67 pesos per boat-day, while the least productive were those

who spent around 2 hours with a mean of 160 pesos per boat day. This finding is

supported by the theory of production and diminishing marginal returns. The theory of

production states that the higher the input, the higher the output, meanwhile diminishing

marginal returns states that while increasing one input and keeping other inputs at the

same level may initially increase output, further increases in that input will have a limited

effect, and eventually no effect or a negative effect, on output. The theory of production
 65

is true for the case of those spending 9 hours while those who spend around 10 hours or

more showed a decrease in productivity which is supported by the diminishing marginal

returns (10 hours = 1, 166. 67 pesos per boat-day, 12 hours = 300.00 pesos per boat-day,

13 hours = 480.00 pesos per boat-day, and 14 hours = 500.00 pesos per boat day, 8 hours

and below = 323.41 pesos per boat-day, see appendix for further details). Therefore,

fishermen spending 9 actual hours in fishing are the most productive, while those who

spend 2 actual hours are the least productive and the null hypothesis is rejected.

Table 29: Kruskal-Wallis Test of fishermen’s productivity and actual hours spent in fishing

Dependent p-
  Mean F
Variable value

Peso per boat- Actual hours spent

 
day in fishing 21.33
0.03
3

2-4 17.90

5-7 19.60

8-10 33.27

11-13 31.22

14-16 31.00
 66

Table 30 indicates that there is no significant difference between fishermen’s

productivity when grouped according to approximated cost per trip. The p-value is 0.589

which is greater than 0.05 the threshold for judging the significance of the difference.

Therefore, regardless of the amount of money invested as working capital in preparation

for the trip, this will not cause a significant difference amongst the productivity of the

participants and the null hypothesis is accepted. This is still attributable to the limited

fishing ground that the fishermen can explore. Therefore, even if their capital is big, but

the volume of fish they can catch is constrained by the area, they’ll end up having no

significant differences to their earnings.

Table 30: Kruskal-Wallis Test of fishermen’s productivity and approximated cost per trip

Dependen Mea p-
F
t Variable n value

Equal
1 2 3 4
variance
Peso per Approximate
s
boat-day d cost per trip 25.9 28.3 33.8 43.0 1.92 0.58
are
7 3 3 0 2 9
assumed
 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This section contains the conclusions to the statement of problems established in

the introduction of the study. Also, it contains the recommendations of the proponents

that were tailored to address the problems that surfaced in this research.

Conclusions

Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions were derived:

For objective number 1, the participants were predominated by adult males aging

between 30 – 59 years old. Their highest educational attainment is at undergraduate

college level; their average household size is 5 and their household’s average monthly

income 9, 405.66 pesos. This is an indication of the prevalence of poverty among the

fishermen in Zone 3, Talisay City. Inspite of this plight, majority of the participants

owned atleast one boat, the most of which is two boats. The average year of fishing

experience is 22 years, showing that fishing is a main livelihood among the residents of

Zone 3, Talisay City. In the case of other sources of income, majority of the fishermen do

not have other sources of income, with only some of them relying on part-time blue-

collar jobs.

In response to objective number 2, the fishermen in Zone 3, Talisay are

productive on a daily basis. Their catch per unit effort was measured in terms of peso

earned per boat day, and their average gross earning is 540.00 pesos with an average
 66

capital of 211.32 pesos. For every peso of capital, they are earning 2.56 pesos daily,

ceteris paribus.

For objective number 3, the participants use pumpboat, rowboat and sailboat, but

the majority of them prefer the use of pumpboats. The gears that they are usually using in

fishing are motor, net, paddle, rod, hook and long line. Majority of the participants set

sail atleast once and at most thrice in a day. Their usual fishing spot is on the other parts

of Talisay City, but on the fishing grounds of Zone 3. The average number of crew per

trip is 2, and most of them leave to fish early in the morning. They actually spend an

average of 8 hours in fishing, and an average of 211.32 pesos per trip as a working

capital. Majority of them directly sell their fish in the public market, while the others

employ middlemen to broker for them.

With regards to objective number 4, the fishermen of Zone 3, Talisay City, spend

most of their fishing income for domestic expenses, averaging at around 66.55%. The

next area that occupies a big chunk of their fishing income is the working capital with an

average of 16.70%, followed by repairs and maintenance, 7.17%, payment of debt,

4.91%, commission expense, 3.26% and the least is 1.42% which goes to their savings.

For objective number 5, the participants’ main financial source is their personal

contribution. Only a few of them engage in borrowing from private corporations,

relatives and other sources of loan.

In response to objective number 6, there are significant differences between the

pesos earned per boat-day of fishermen when grouped according to gears used, number of

crews per trip, and actual hours spent in fishing. Meanwhile, there is no significant
 67

difference when they are grouped according to type of boat used, frequency of trip,

location of fishing, time of departure, and cost per trip.

For objective number 7, the top pressing problems faced by the fishermen are

environmental and insufficient working capital.

With regards to objective number 8, majority of the participants are still on the

process of thinking for solutions to their problems, while the others rely on hard work as

the coping mechanism for their problems and the least responded acquiring assets

through loans or grants from the government.

Therefore, the study concludes that the majority of the fishermen in Zone 3,

Talisay City are financially autonomous and productive; but are still in poverty and in

need of help from government and concerned organizations through capital grants,

trainings and other forms of poverty alleviation programs.

Recommendations

Based on the findings of the study, the following recommendations are formulated:

To the Talisay City’s Planning and Development Council and Bureau of Fisheries

and Aquatic Resources

Since, majority of the participants are still on the process of thinking for solutions,

they can collaborate with each other, in order to reach out to the community of fishermen

in Zone 3, Talisay City and hold an open forum to tackle the issues that are pressing the
 68

concerned in the area especially the issues concerning the environment and working

capital.

To the microfinance institutions and capitalists.

They must develop a program in relation to capital grants or loans that can cater

to the needs and capacity of the fishermen in Zone 3. Also, they must be responsible in

abiding by-laws and avoid usurious practices, to which the participants of the study are

vulnerable.

To the community of fishermen

There must be cooperation with the government and strengthening of their group

through a renewed commitment to attend to the affairs of their organization so that they

can properly raise their needs to the local government who have jurisdiction over them.

Also, they should try inculcating the practices that were discovered to contribute to

higher productivity such as the use of pumpboat; motor, hook and longline for the main

gears to be used; limit frequency of trip to only 1-2 trips per day; remain near Zone 3,

since there is no significant difference in productivity if they go to other parts of Talisay

City; limit the number of crew members to 3; invest atleast 8 hours a day in fishing; and

cut costs as long as possible.

In matters of income utilization, they should not only depend on government

grants but persevere to have other sources of income; so that they can allocate higher

percentage for investment and savings, which are vital in the long-term run. They can

also attend the seminars of local government units and other concerned organizations

relating to livelihood activities in order to have some ideas.

 69

To future researchers

They can study further the alternatives for fishing and the practices of the

fishermen that affect the environment. Also, they can delve deeper to the system of public

market and on how the system could help the furtherance of the fishing industry. Also,

they can study the poverty incidence among the fishermen and the effects of the

modernization of equipments.
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 APPENDICES

Appendix A

Questionnaire

Financial Sources, Productivity, and Income Utilization, and

of Fishermen in Zone 3, Talisay City
University of St. La Salle
Bacolod City

CONFIDENTIAL
Dear Participant,

Greetings! We are presently conducting a study on the Financial Sources, Productivity, and Income Utilization
of Fishermen in Zone 3, Talisay City. Results of this study will serve as inputs for planning and development of
the fishing livelihood for your city. As one of the identified participants of this study, you are requested to kindly
answer the items as honestly as you can and CHECK THE BEST ANSWER ONLY UNLESS SPECIFIED.
Please be assured that whatever information you will share will be treated with utmost confidentiality and will be
used for research purposes only. Thank you very much.
Sincerely,
Martin Q. Sevilla & Company

I: Socioeconomic Profile

1. Age as of last birthday ___________________ 2. Sex □ Female □ Male

3. Highest Educational Attainment

□ No grade completed □ Elementary undergraduate and below

□ Elementary Graduate □ High School Undergraduate

□ High School Graduate □ College Undergraduate

□ College Graduate □ Others (Please specify)__________________

 76

4. How many are you in your household? _____________________________________

5. How many boats do you own? ______________________________

6. How much is your household’s actual monthly income? _______________________

7. How many years have you been engaging in fishing? _________________________

8. What are your other sources of income aside from fishing (Check all Applicable)

□ Sari-sari Store □ Construction Work □ Pedicab □ Tricycle □ Porter

□ Others (Please specify) _______________________________

II. Productivity

9. What is the type of boat that you are currently using?

□ Motor: Pumpboat □ Non-motor: Sailboat □ Non-motor: Rowboat

□ Others (Please specify) ____________________________________

10. What are the fishing gears used by your crew? (Check All Possible)

□ Paddle □ Motor □ Net □ Rod

□ Others (Please specify) _______________________________

11. What is the approximated frequency of your trip per day?

□0–2 □3–5 □6–8 □ 9 and up
12. Where do you usually go to fish?
□ Near Zone 3 □ Other parts of Talisay City □ Bacolod City □ Silay City
□ Others (Please specify) ____________________________________
13. How many crews are there per trip? (Please specify): ____________________
14. What time do you usually leave in order to fish? (Please specify):
____________________
15. How many hours do you usually spend in fishing? (Please specify):
________________
 77

16. How much is your approximated cost per trip? (Please specify) :
______________________
17. How do you sell the fish you’ve caught?
□ Direct: Public Market □ Middleman/Commission □ Through Peddling □ Not
sold
□ Others (Please specify) ____________________________________

18. What type of aquatic resources are caught during your fishing trips? (Answer all
applicable)
Aquatic Resources Volume (Peso earned/Boat-day)
Fish
Shell
Crab
Shrimp
Squid
Others( Please specify)

III. Income Utilization

19. What percent of your fishing income goes to the following?
Expenses Percentage
Household Expenses
Payment of Debt
Working Capital
Repair and Maintenance
Commission Expense
Savings/Investment
Others(Please specify)
 78

Total

IV. Financial Sources

20. What is your main source of capital?
□ Personal Contribution □ Lending □ Borrowed from Relatives
□ Others (Please specify) ____________________________________

*For participants availing loan only

21. What is the prevailing monthly interest rate in the place where you borrow money?
□ 2.5% □ 5% □ 10% □ Not aware
□ Others (Please specify) ____________________________________
22. How frequent do you pay the interest of your loan?
□ Daily □ Weekly □ Semi-monthly □ Monthly
□ Others (Please specify) ____________________________________

V. Problems
23. What are your top 3 pressing problems faced in relation to fishing and what are your

coping

mechanism to deal with these hardships? (1 – hardest, 2 –harder, 3 – hard)

Problem Coping Mechanism

1.
2.
3.

Thank you for your cooperation! END

 79

Appendix B

Key-Informant Questions

1. Why do you think that there is no significant difference among fishermen’s

peso earned per boat-day when grouped according to the boat they use?

2. Why do you think that the group of fishermen using motor, hook and long line

earned a higher average compared to those only using motor and net?

3. Why do you think that there is no significant difference among fishermen’s

peso earned per boat-day when grouped according to frequency of trip?

4. Why do you think that there is no significant difference among fishermen’s

peso earned per boat-day when grouped according to location of fishing?

5. Why do you think that there is no significant difference among fishermen’s

peso earned per boat-day when grouped according to time of departure?

6. Why do you think that there is no significant difference among the fishermen’s

earning when grouped according to their approximated cost per trip?

7. Why is it that some fishermen conduct 3-5 trips per day?

8. Why do most of the fishermen only fish near Zone 3?

 80

Appendix C

Free Prior Informed Consent/ Consent Form

Title of the study

Financial Sources, Productivity, and Income Utilization, of Fishermen in Zone 3, Talisay

City

Invitation paragraph

Gina-imbitar ka namon nga magapartisipar sa ini nga pagtuon. Antis ka maghatag sang

imo nga desisyon kung maintra ka ukon indi, maayo gid nga imo maintyindihan kung

ngaa ang ini nga pagtuon ginahiwat kag kung ano nga mga bagay ang masakop sini.

Palihog maghatag sang gamay nga oras para basahon ang mga impormasyon nga

nagadason.

Purpose of the study

Ang ini nga pagtuon ginahiwat para makabulig sa pagpamayo sang inyo nga pagpangisda

sa paagi sang pagkuha sang mga importante nga impormasyon parehos sang inyo

operasyon sa pagpangisda, pagdumala sang kinitaan, ginakwaan sang kapital, kag iban

pa nga may labot sa inyo panginanglanon. Ang resulta sang ini nga pagtuon amon ipasa

kag ihatag sa local nga gobyerno para sila man makahatag sang nagakadapat nga

atensiyon kag solusyon sa inyo mga problema sa pagpangisda.

Why have I been invited to participate?

Ikaw gina-imbitahan sa ini nga pagtuon tungod ikaw may ara sing kaalam kag

eksperyensya sa ini nga ubra.

 81

Do I have to take part?

Ara sa imo ang desisyon kung ikaw maga-intra ukon indi. Kung ikaw maga-desisyon nga

mag-intra sa ini nga pagtuon, ikaw hatagan sang ini nga papel para himuon nga hawid

kag ikaw tagaan man sang consent form. Kung ikaw maga-desisyon nga mag-intra, ikaw

may ikinatuhay nga mag-untat kag indi magpadayon biskan wala sing rason. Ang resulta

sang ini nga pagtuon indi gid maga-apekto sa imo nga pagpangabuhian sa miski ano pa

nga paagi.

What will happen to me if I take part?

Ang mga nagapamuno sang ini nga pagtuon maga-hatag sang papel nga naga-unod sing

mga pamangkot nga makabulig hatag impormasyon sa ini nga pagtuon kag imo ini sabton

sa pamaagi sang pag check sa mga box tupad sang imo nga sabat. Gina pangabay namon

nga ikaw makahatag sing kinse tubtob baynte ka minutos para sa ini nga aktibidades.

What are the possible disadvantages and risks of taking part?

Posible nga ang pag-intra sa ini nga pagtuon maga-hatag disturbo sa imo sa kinse tubtob

baynte ka minutos kay ini nagakinahanlan sang oras para matigayon.

What are the possible benefits of taking part?

Kung ikaw maga-intra sa ini nga pagtuon, maka-benepisyo ini sa imo sa paagi sang

paghibalo sang mga kinanglanon mo bilang isa ka mangingisda sang inyo barangay

apang mahambal kag mapresentar ini namon sa gobyerno para ila mahatagan atensyon kg

solusyunan sa miski ano nga paagi ila masarangan.

 82

Will what I say in this study be kept confidential?

Ang tanan nga impormasyon nga amon makuha sa imo masigurado gid namon nga

pribado kag indi maga-apekto sa imo nga pinangabuhian.

What should I do if I want to take part?

Kung ikaw gusto nga mag-intra sa ini nga pagtuon, ikaw magasabat sang mga pamangkot

nga ginhanda sang mga nagapamuno sang pagtuon sa pamaagi nga pagkurit ukon pag

check sa mga box nga magaayon sa imo nga impormasyon.

What will happen to the results of the research study?

Ang mga resulta nga makuha sa ini nga pagtuon gamiton sa thesis sang mga estudyante

sa ikatatlo nga tuig sang kolehiyo sa USLS para sa Bachelor of Science in Business

Administration nga degree. Ila ini dayon ipasa sa University Research Center apang ma

lantaw kag mausisa kung intsakto man gid bala.

Who is organizing and funding the research?

Kami nga mga estudyante sang Department of Business Economics sa College of

Business and Accountancy sang University of St. La Salle-Bacolod ang nagapasimuno

sang ini nga pagtuon. Ang pundo magahalin mismo sa amon nga mga personal nga bulsa.

Who has reviewed the study?

Ang ini nga pagtuon nag-agi kag gin aprubahan sang University of St. La Salle-Bacolod

Social Research Ethics Committee.

 83

Contact for further information:

Kung ikaw may ara pa sang mga dugang nga pamangkot ukon mga kabalaka parte sa ini

nga pagtuon, palihog email sang Chair of the University Research Ethics Committee sa

m.canal@usls.edu.ph.

Thankyou note:

Madamo gid nga salamat sa imo paghatag sing gamay nga oras para basahon ang ini nga

papel nga naga-unod sang impormasyon parte sa pagtuon.

Date:

February 24, 2017

 84

Appendix D
Consent Form

CONSENT FORM

Full title of Project:

Name, position and contact address of Researcher:

Please initial box

Yes No

1. I confirm that the study was fully explained to me or I have read

and understand the information sheet for the above study and
have had the opportunity to ask questions. .

2. I understand that my participation is voluntary and that I am free

to withdraw at any time, without giving reason.

3. I agree to take part in the above study.

Name of Participant Date Signature

Name of Researcher Date Signature

 85

Appendix E
Summary of Good and Scates

Research Instrument Evaluation Form

Direction: Kindly rate or evaluate the research instrument using the rating scale
according to the following criteria set forth by Calter V. Good and Douglas F. Scates.
Please encircle your rating using the scale below:

1 – Poor 2 – Fair 3 – Good 4 – Very Good 5 -- Excellent

Criteria for Evaluation

1. The questionnaire is short enough such that the
respondent will not reject it because it will not
drain much of his precious time. 1 2 3 4 5

2. The questionnaire has face appeal such that the

respondent will be inclined to accomplish it fully. 1 2 3 4 5

3. The questionnaire can obtain some depth to the

responses & avoid superficial answers or
information. 1 2 3 4 5

4. The items and their alternative responses are not too

suggestive. 1 2 3 4 5

5. The questionnaire can elicit response which are definite

but not mechanically forced. 1 2 3 4 5
 86

6. The items are stated in such a way that the responses

will not be embarrassing to the person concerned. 1 2 3 4 5

7. Items are framed in such a manner as to allay suspicion

on the part of the respondent concerning hidden
purposes in the questionnaire. 1 2 3 4 5

8. The questionnaire is not too narrow, not restricted

or limited in its scope or philosophy. 1 2 3 4 5

9. The responses to the questionnaire, when taken as a

whole, could answer the basic purpose for which the
questionnaire is designed and therefore considered
valid. 1 2 3 4 5

Total Score: ___38.67__

Average Score: ____4.3___
 87

Appendix F

Coding Manual

Financial Sources, Productivity, and Income Utilization of

Fishermen in Zone 3, Talisay City

Coding Manual

Question

Item Variable Name Description Codes Categories

Number

1 Age Age as of last birthday Actual Actual

2 Sex Sex of Participant 1 Male

2 Female

Highest Educational No grade

3 HEduc 1
Attainment completed

Elementary

2 undergraduate

and below

Elementary
3
Graduate

High School
4
Undergraduate

5 High School
 88

Graduate

College
6
Undergraduate

7 College Graduate

8 Others

Number of members in
4 QHousehold Actual Actual
a household

5 QBoats Number of boats owned Actual Actual

Household’s Actual
6 QIncome Actual Actual
Monthly Income

Number of years
7 YFishing Actual Actual
engaged in fishing

Other sources of

income aside from

8 SIncome 1 Sari-sari Store
fishing (Check all

Applicable)

Construction
2
Worker

3 Pedicab

4 Tricycle

5 Porter

6 Others

9 TBoat Type of boat currently 1 Motor: Pumpboat

 89

used

Non-motor:
2
Sailboat

Non motor:
3
Rowboat

4 Others

Approximated

10 ATFrequency frequency of trip per 1 0 -2

day

2 3.-5

3 6.-8

4 9 and up

11 Lfish Location of fishing 1 Near Zone 3

Other parts of
2
Talisay City

3 Bacolod City

4 Silay City

5 Others

Number of crews per

12 QCrew Actual Actual
trip

Actual time of
13 DepartureTime Actual Actual
departure

14 QFHours Actual hours spent in Actual Actual

 90

fishing

Approximated cost per

15 ACost 1 P1-5,000
trip

2 P5,001-10,000

3 P10,001-15,000

P15,001 and
4
above

16 SFish Mode of selling 1 Direct: Market

Middleman/
2
Commission

Through
3
Peddling

4 Not Sold

5 Others

Actual Volume
Type of Aquatic
TAquaResource (Peso
17 resources caught Fish
A earned/Boat-
(Answer all Possible)
day)

Actual Volume

TAquaResource (Peso
Shell
B earned/Boat-

day)

TAquaResource Actual Volume Crab

 91

(Peso

C earned/Boat-

day)

Actual Volume

TAquaResource (Peso
Shrimp
D earned/Boat-

day)

Actual Volume

TAquaResource (Peso
Squid
E earned/Boat-

day)

Actual Volume

TAquaResource (Peso
Others
F earned/Boat-

day)

Actual Household
18 PFIncomeA Percentage Allocated
Percentage Expenses

Actual
PFIncomeB Payment of Debt
Percentage

Actual
PFIncomeC Working Capital
Percentage

Actual Repair and

PFIncomeD
Percentage Maintenance
 92

Actual Commission
PFIncomeE
Percentage Expense

Actual Savings/
PFIncomeF
Percentage Investment

Actual
PFIncomeG Others
Percentage

Personal
19 Scapital Main Source of Capital 1
Contribution

2 Lending

borrowed from
3
Relatives

4 Others

Prevailing Monthly
20 MonthlyIR 1 2.5%
Interest

2 5%

3 10%

4 Not Aware

5 Others

Frequency of payment
21 FPayL 1 Daily
of interest

2 Weekly

3 Semi-monthly

4 Monthly
 93

5 Others

22 PProblem1 Pressing Problem Actual Actual

PProblem 2 Actual Actual

PProblem 3 Actual Actual

CMechanism1 Coping Mechanism Actual Actual

CMechanism2 Actual Actual

CMechanism3 Actual Actual

Appendix G

Others and Open-ended Questions Table

 94

Variables Categories

 Labada
 Load
 Manicure
Other sources of income  Piso Net
 Latero
 Tankalan
 Panahi
 Carpentry
Other gears used  Hook
 Long Line
 11.6 %
Other prevailing monthly interest  20 %
 2%
 16 %
 Weather
 Finance for
Maintenance
 Manipulation of Price
 Capital
 Insufficient Money
 Maintenance
 Equipment
 Pollution
 Engagement in Illegal
Fishing
Participants’ pressing problems faced with regards  Theft
 Ocean Conditions
to fishing
 Safety
 Poverty
 Boat
 Capital for Fishing
 Save 10% for capital
 Loans
 Health
 Competition
 Pricing
 Illegal Competition
 Budgets
 Rent
Participants’ coping mechanisms employed to deal  Repair
 Loan
with these problems  Commission
 95

 Continue Fishing
 Buy/Loan new
equipment
 Prayer
 Use excess money for
capital
 Hard work
 Sacrifice
 Hardships
 Allot budget
 Sari-sari store
 Endure
 Medicine
 Other sources of income
 Patience
 Flexibility
 Goodwill
 Mercy
 Report
 Rest
 Tricycle
 Connections

Appendix H

Collapsed Data
 96

Q8. WHAT ARE YOUR OTHER SOURCES OF INCOME ASIDE FROM

FISHING? (Others, please specify)

6 - E-commerce
a. Piso-net
b. Load

7 - Craft
a. Panahi
b. Manicure

8 - Others
a. Labada
b. Tankalan

Q10. WHAT ARE THE FISHING GEARS USED BY YOUR CREW? (Others,
please specify)

5 - Hook

6 - Long Line

Q21. WHAT IS THE PREVAILING MONTHLY INTEREST RATE IN THE

PLACE WHER YOU BORROW MONEY? (Others, please specify)

1 - 5% and below

2 - 6-10%

3 - 11-15%

4 - 16-20%

5 - 21% and above

6 - Not aware
Q23.1. WHAT ARE YOUR TOP 3 PROBLEMS FACED IN RELATION TO
FISHING?

1 - Environmental
a. Pollution
 97

b. Weather Conditions
c. Ocean Conditions

2 - Pricing
a. Pricing
b. Manipulation of Price

3 - Insufficient Working Capital

a. Capital
b. Insufficient Money
c. Maintenance
d. Finance for Maintenance
e. Boat
f. Capital for Fishing
g. Equipment
h. Save 10% for Capital
i. Poverty
j. Loans
k. Budgets

4 - Illegal Activities
a. Illegal Fishing Practices
b. Losses due to Theft
c. Going beyond territorial boundary at work

5 - Safety

6 - Health Conditions

7 - Competition

8 - Rent

Q23.2. WHAT ARE YOUR COPING MECHANISMS TO DEAL WITH THIS

HARDSHIPS?

1 - Repair

2 - Acquire asset
a. Loan
b. Buy/Loan new equipment

3 - Commission
 98

4 - Continue fishing

5 - Trust in Divine Providence

a. Prayer
b. Mercy

6 - Use excess money for capital

7 - Hard work
a. Hard work
b. Hardships
c. Sacrifice
d. Patience
e. Endure

8 - Allot budget

9 - Medicine

10 - Engage in other sources of Income

a. Other sources of income
b. Sari-Sari store
c. Tricycle

11- Flexibility

12 - Networking
a. Goodwill
b. Connections

13 - Report

14 - Rest

Appendix I
 99

Documentation

Proponents going to the houses of

the participants

Proponents interviewing
participants

Proponents interviewing Proponents going to the houses of

participants the participants
 RUNEL D. ANDRADA

Address: #1226 Magsaysay St., Gonzaga Subdivision, Brgy. Villamonte

Bacolod City, Negros Occidental

Philippines, 6100

Mobile : +639153537490

E-mail : nelandrada33@gmail.com

OBJECTIVE

To develop my skills and gain more experience as a student intern. To be able to apply the skills
and knowledge that I have acquired throughout my stay in La Salle. To be equipped with
experiences that I can use to face any challenges in the real world.

PERSONAL DATA

Date of Birth : February 25, 1997

Place of Birth : Bacolod City, Philippines

Age : 20

Gender : Male

Nationality : Filipino

Civil Status : Single

Religion : Roman Catholic

Height : 5’8’’

Weight : 150 lbs.

Resume: Andrada, Runel D.

ACADEMIC BACKGROUND

Tertiary: University of St. La Salle

Bachelor of Science in Business Administration Major in Business

Economics and Bachelor of Science in Business Administration Major in
Operations Management

2014 – Present

Dean’s Lister for 2 years

Secondary: St. Joseph School – La Salle

2014

Elementary: Education and Training Center School II

2010

With Honors

QUALIFICATIONS

 Can communicate well with other people, and easy to get along with.
 Can work with computer related programs and flexible in all activities.
 Wants quality results in every task or activity.
 An open – minded person.
 Respectful to authorities.
 Socially Responsible Christian.

Resume: Andrada, Runel D.

SEMINARS and WORKSHOPS

 Banko Sentral ng Pilipinas Forum

MM Audi A, University of St. La Salle

February 22, 2017

 Young Economist Convention

University of San Carlos, Cebu City

December 2016

CAMPUS AND COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT

 Sports Committee Head of Junior Philippine Economics Society (official club of Business
Economics)
 Former Aspirant – Vocations Ministry Office
 Student Assistant – USLS Yearbook
 Volunteer – St. Brother Miguel Academy

CHARACTER REFERENCES

Bro. Antolin Alcudia III, FSC Joseph Ian Donasco

De La Salle Brother Faculty

+639176046897 St. Joseph School – La Salle

+639339423562

Resume: Andrada, Runel D.

 ANGEL MAE V. CARLSON

Address:

#55 Aquarius Street, Suntal Village Phase 1, Brgy. Taculing,

Bacolod City, Negros Occidental, Philippines, 6100

Mobile : +639274216296

E-mail : amcarlson30@gmail.com

OBJECTIVE

To gain experience and knowledge from activities that will challenge and harness my skills so
that I can increase my awareness of the atmosphere in the real corporate world and for my
future career goals.

PERSONAL DATA

Date of Birth : May 10, 1997

Place of Birth : San Carlos City, Negros Occidental, Philippines

Age : 20

Gender : Female

Civil Status : Single

Resume: CARLSON, Angel Mae V.

ACADEMIC BACKGROUND

Tertiary: University of St. La Salle- Bacolod (2014- 2018)

Business Administration double major in Business Economics and

Operations Management

Deans’ List 2014-2015

Deans’ List 2015-2016

Deans’ List 2016-2017

Corps d’ Elite Nominee as Young Lasallian Animator 2017

Secondary: Colegio de Sto. Tomas-Recoletos (2010-2014)

Service Award (CAT)

Loyalty Award (CAT)

Elementary: Vallehermoso Central School (2004-2010)

First Honorable Mention

QUALIFICATIONS

Able to multi-task, prioritize, meet deadlines and consistently produce high quality work; fast
learner with great verbal and non-verbal communication skills; and highly dedicated and
consistently motivated in doing work.

SEMINARS and WORKSHOPS

E- Commerce-Participant

Santuario- La Salle, August 2015

Statistics Seminar-Organizer & Participant

Resume: CARLSON, Angel Mae V.

 Moot Court- LaSalle, August 2017, September 2016

Dr. Romy Teruel

BSP Seminar-Organizer

MM Audi B- La Salle, October 2017

Forex “Learn to Trade” Seminar Participant

L’Fisher, November 2016

Young Economist’s Convention -Participant

USC- Cebu, December 2016

JPES Economic Summit 2017- Organizer

Santuario-La Salle, January 2017

Dr. Romy Teruel

Philippine Stock Seminar-Organizer

Mm Audi and CSL USLS

LLTS: LaSallian Leadership Training Seminar-Participant

Granada Ecopark, July 2017

Nestle Mile Seminar and Workshop

MM Audi, September 2017

Coca Cola FEMSA Phils. Inc.

Internship March- May 2017

CAMPUS AND COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT

 College of Business and Accountancy Council Batch Council 2016-2017

 Theo Plan A Volunteer 2015-2016
 Decision Makers Incorporated Member 2016-2018
 Junior Philippine Economic Society Member 2016-2017
Secretary 2017-2018

 St. Brother Miguel Academy Volunteer 2015-2016

Vice Principal 2016-2017

Volunteer 2017-2018

Resume: CARLSON, Angel Mae V.

CHARACTER REFERENCES

Br. Antolin Alcudia, FSC Mr. Jed Arteza

ILAF HR Supervisor

Coca-Cola FEMSA Phils. Inc.

University of St. La Salle- Bacolod
+63952163917865
+639176046897
Mrs. Diana May Peña
Business Economics, Department Chair
+639232569004

Resume: CARLSON, Angel Mae V.

 ANGEL GRACE B. DALAORAO

Address : Block 19, Lot 30, East Homes 4 Subdivision,

Barangay Mansilingan, Bacolod City, Negros Island
Region, Philippines, 6100

Mobile : +639569175541

E-mail : eijichan21@gmail.com

PERSONAL DATA

Date of Birth : March 24, 1997

Place of Birth : Bacolod City, Philippines

Age : 20

Gender : Female

Nationality : Filipino

Civil Status : Single

Religion : Roman Catholic

Height : 5”4

Weight : 62kg

ACADEMIC BACKGROUND
Tertiary: University of Saint La Salle

Bachelor of Science in Business Administration major in Business

Economics

Bachelor of Science in Business Administration major in Operations

Management

2014-2018

Secondary: Kabankalan Catholic College

2014

Salutatorian

Elementary: Carlos A. Hilado Memorial State College

2010

Valedictorian

EXPERIENCE

2017 Intern at Coca Cola FEMSA Philippines, Inc. - Bacolod Plant

SEMINARS and WORKSHOPS

Facilitator: Career Development Seminar

University of St. La Salle, Bacolod City (2017)

Project Organizing Member: Stock Market Seminar: An Analytical Approach

University of St. La Salle, Bacolod City (2017)

Facilitator: Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas Forum

University of La Salle, Bacolod City (2017)

Facilitator: JPES Economic Summit

Santuario de La Salle, Bacolod City (2017)

Participant: Young Economists’ Convention

University of San Carlos, Cebu City (2016)

Participant: Career Development Seminar on Banking, Research, Securities and Investment

and Real Estate

University of St. La Salle, Bacolod City (2016-2017)

Participant: Statistical Software Seminar

University of La Salle, Bacolod City (2016)

Participant: Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas Forum

University of La Salle, Bacolod City (2016)

CAMPUS AND COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT

 Junior Philippine Economics Society officer A.Y. 2017-2018

 Junior Philippine Economics Society member A.Y. 2016-2017
 BALAYAN volunteer A.Y. 2016-2017
 Saint Brother Miguel Academy volunteer A.Y. 2016-2017

CHARACTER REFERENCES

RICA MARIE TOLENTINO

Plant Information Analyst

Coca Cola FEMSA Philippines, Inc.

Murcia Rd., Brgy. Mansilingan, Bacolod City

rica.tolentino@coca-cola.com.ph

VEENA BIÑAS

Plant Production Head

Coca Cola FEMSA Philippines, Inc.

Murcia Rd., Brgy. Mansilingan, Bacolod City

veena.sulita@coca-cola.com.ph

PAOLO VALLADAREZ, MBA, Ll.B

University Registrar

University of St. La Salle

Bacolod City

+63 922 837 3996

JOSE RYAN N. PANES
0037 Espinos II Circumferential Road Brgy. Taculing,

Bacolod City Negros Occidental 6100

ryanpanes1997@gmail.com

+639952262016

OBJECTIVE

To acquire experience through trainings and working with professionals, apply the learnings and
skills that have been obtained in class. To build camaraderie with the other employees and staffs
while contributing to the company.

PERSONAL DATA

Date of Birth : November 11, 1997

Place of Birth : Bacolod City, Philippines

Age : 19

Gender : Male

Nationality : Filipino

Civil Status : Single

Religion : Roman Catholic

ACADEMIC BACKGROUND

Tertiary: University of Saint La Salle

Bachelor of Science in Business Administration

 Major in Operations Management

Bachelor of Science in Business Administration

Major in Business Economics

A.Y. 2014-2018

Secondary: Dr. Arcadio Santos National High School

A.Y. 2010-2014

Elementary: Antonio L. Jayme Elementary School

A.Y. 2004-2010

QUALIFICATIONS

 Good communication skills

 Highly meet deadlines
 Attended various seminars
 Dedicated and hard-worker

SEMINARS and WORKSHOP

Financial Management Seminar

“How to Invest for Long-term Growth”

19th Day of September 2015

BSP Seminar

2016
Statistical Software in Research Seminar

2016

JPES Economic Summit Seminar

“The Economics of the of environment”

8th Day of January 2017

CAMPUS AND COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT

Decision Makers Incorporated

Member

2016

Junior Philippine Economic Society

Member

2016

Dear Ramon: “Loving at the right time”

Entertainment Head

September 24, 2016

CHARACTER REFERENCES

Romeo Teruel, PhD Michael Baylosis, CPA, MBA

Vice Chancellor for Research Professor, College of Business and Accountancy

University of St. La Salle University of Saint La Salle

+63 928 521 3148 +63 917 558 8445

MARTIN Q. SEVILLA

Address: Block 31, Lot 4, Fatima Heights,

Barangay 12-A, Talisay City,

Negros Occidental, Philippines, 6115

Mobile : (+63)9087225474

E-mail : martinquidtasevilla@yahoo.com

OBJECTIVE

To gain relevant experiences, apply the skills I have acquired in school and contribute significant
outputs and ideas to the company.

PERSONAL DATA

Date of Birth : June 10, 1997

Place of Birth : Bacolod City, Philippines

Age : 20 years old

Gender : Male

Nationality : Filipino

Civil Status : Single

Religion : Christianity

Height : 5’10

Weight : 68 Kg
ACADEMIC BACKGROUND

Tertiary: University of St. La Salle - Bacolod

Bachelor of Science in Business Administration Major in Business

Economics and Operations Management

Academic Year 2014 - 2018

Secondary: Carlos Hilado Memorial State College – Laboratory School

2010 - 2014

Valedictorian

Elementary: Carlos Hilado Memorial State College – Laboratory School

2004 - 2010

8th Honorable Mentioned

QUALIFICATIONS

 Well-versed in Public Speaking

 Proactive Leadership
 Teachable Spirit
 Organized a good number of events
 Knows basic knowledge of Statistical Package for the Social Sciences

LEADERSHIP EXPERIENCES

January 2016-Dec. 2016 Christians in Action - President

  Oversees the operations of the organization.
 Spearheads program like community service.
 Provides leadership seminars for the youth.
 Collaborates with other organization to come up with
big events.
 Generates relationships that lead to sponsorships.

Children of God Ministry – Adviser

 Responsible for the monitoring of the youth officers.

 Generates reports for the progress of the ministry.
 Responsible for giving counsel to troubled youths.
 Responsible for supplementing learnings through
activities.
 Responsible for organizing seminars.
 Responsible for equipping the youth of spiritual
matters.
 Generates relationships relevant to the operations of
the ministry.

Judiciary Branch
University of St. La Salle - Associate Judge

 Provides decision in office concerns.

 Handles issues and concerns among the student body.
 Provides extraordinary service through school-related
activities.

June 2010-March 2014 Carlos Hilado Memorial State College

Class Mayor and SSG Governor
(June 2014-March 2014)

 Spearheads the activities of the class.

 Represents the class in Student Government’s
planning
 Assigns the right classmate for the right job.
CHARACTER REFERENCE

Lowella F. Anapi
Homeroom Teacher
Rafael B. Lacson Memorial High School
09087155304

Jeanette Lee C. Patindol, MBA

Professor
University of St. La Salle – Bacolod
09228707206

Pacquito A. Padilla
Senior Pastor
City Church of Christ Talisay
09291837567