Report

Latch

A latch is a type of digital logic circuit that can store and

retain a binary state, based on the input signals it
receives. It is a basic sequential logic element that can
be used to store data and hold it until a new input is
provided to update its state. A latch operates as a
bistable multivibrator, which means it can be in one of
two stable states, often referred to as the "SET"
and "RESET" states.

Active high SR latch (NOR GATE)

Active low SR latch (NAND GATE)

What is Flip-Flop?
In digital electronics, a flip-flop is a type of sequential
logic circuit that can store and hold a binary state, which
can be either a 0 or a 1, until it is triggered by an
external clock signal or other input. Flip-flops are
fundamental building blocks in digital circuits and are
commonly used for storing and manipulating binary
data, as well as for controlling the timing and
sequencing of digital signals.

Flip – flops are edge sensitive or edge triggered devices

i.e. they are sensitive to the transition rather than the
duration or width of the clock signal.

Types of Flip-Flop?

 SR Flip Flop
 JK Flip Flop
 D Flip Flop
 T Flip Flop

SR Flip Flop
Working
 Set (S) Input: When the "S" input is asserted (high), it
sets the flip-flop to the "set" state. This means that
the "Q" output goes to logic level 1, while the "Q̄ "
output goes to logic level 0. This state is maintained
as long as the "S" input remains asserted, even if the
input changes.
 Reset (R) Input: When the "R" input is asserted (high),
it resets the flip-flop to the "reset" state. This means
that the "Q" output goes to logic level 0, while the
"Q̄ " output goes to logic level 1. This state is
maintained as long as the "R" input remains asserted,
even if the input changes.
 Forbidden State: If both the "S" and "R" inputs are
asserted at the same time (i.e., "S" and "R" are both
high), it results in a forbidden state, and the outputs
"Q" and "Q̄ " become unpredictable. This state should
be avoided in practical designs.
 Asynchronous Operation: SR flip-flops are
asynchronous, which means that their outputs can
change as soon as the inputs change, without the
need for a clock signal. This can make them more
susceptible to glitches and can cause race conditions
if not properly designed.

Circuit Diagram
Truth Table

JK Flip Flop
Working
 Set (J) Input: When the "J" input is asserted (high) while the
clock input is transitioning from low to high (a rising edge), it
sets the flip-flop to the "set" state if the "K" input is not asserted
(low). This means that the "Q" output goes to logic level 1, while
the "Q̄ " output goes to logic level 0. If the "K" input is also
asserted (high), the output state remains unchanged.
 Reset (K) Input: When the "K" input is asserted (high) while the
clock input is transitioning from low to high (a rising edge), it
resets the flip-flop to the "reset" state if the "J" input is not
asserted (low). This means that the "Q" output goes to logic
level 0, while the "Q̄ " output goes to logic level 1. If the "J" input
is also asserted (high), the output state remains unchanged.
 Toggle Operation: If both the "J" and "K" inputs are asserted
(high) while the clock input is transitioning from low to high (a
rising edge), the JK flip-flop toggles its output state. This means
that if "Q" was at logic level 1, it will go to logic level 0, and vice
versa. This provides the JK flip-flop with a toggle or "flip-flop"
behavior, which can be useful in various applications.
 Asynchronous and Synchronous Operation: JK flip-flops can
operate both asynchronously and synchronously.
Asynchronously means that the outputs can change as soon as
the inputs change, without waiting for a clock signal.
Synchronously means that the outputs change only when a
clock signal is applied and the clock input transitions from low to
high (rising edge) or high to low (falling edge). The clock input
determines when the inputs "J" and "K" are sampled and when
the outputs "Q" and "Q̄ " are updated, allowing for synchronous
operation and data synchronization.

Circuit Diagram
Truth Table

D Flip Flop
Working
 Data (D) Input: The state of the flip-flop is determined by
the "D" input. When the "D" input is asserted (high) while
the clock input is transitioning from low to high (a rising
edge) or from high to low (a falling edge), the flip-flop's
output state is updated to match the state of the "D" input.
This means that the "Q" output will follow the state of the
"D" input. If the "D" input is not asserted (low), the output
state remains unchanged.
 Clock (CLK) Input: The "CLK" input is a clock signal that
determines when the flip-flop responds to changes in the
"D" input. The flip-flop only updates its output state when a
transition occurs on the clock input, either from low to high
(a rising edge) or from high to low (a falling edge),
depending on the specific implementation of the D flip-flop.
This allows for synchronous operation, where the output
state changes only at specific points in time determined by
the clock signal.
 Asynchronous and Synchronous Operation: D flip-flops can
operate both asynchronously and synchronously.
Asynchronously means that the output can change as soon
as the input changes, without waiting for a clock signal.
Synchronously means that the output changes only when a
clock signal is applied and the clock input transitions from
low to high (rising edge) or high to low (falling edge). The
clock input determines when the input "D" is sampled and
when the output "Q" is updated, allowing for synchronous
operation and data synchronization.
Circuit Diagram

Truth Table
T Flip Flop
Working
 When T=0 and the clock input changes from
low to high (rising edge), the output Q
remains unchanged, and Q' remains
unchanged as well.
 When T=1 and the clock input changes from
low to high (rising edge), the output Q
toggles (changes its state), and Q' toggles as
well.
 In other words, when a T flip-flop is
triggered by a rising edge of the clock signal
and T=1, its output toggles. This makes the
T flip-flop useful in various applications
such as counters, frequency dividers, and
frequency synthesizers.

Circuit Diagram
Truth Table

Applications
 Memory elements: Flip-flops are used to store digital
information as bits in digital memory elements. They
can be used as registers or latches to store data in
 digital systems, such as in computer memory, cache
memory, or register files.

 State machines: Flip-flops are used in sequential logic

circuits to implement state machines, which are used
to control the behavior of digital systems. State
machines are widely used in applications such as
digital controllers, processors, and communication
systems.

 Clock dividers and counters: Flip-flops can be used to

implement clock dividers and counters, which are
used to generate clock signals with different
frequencies or to count events. They are commonly
used in digital clocks, timers, and frequency
synthesizers.

 Data synchronization: Flip-flops are used in digital

systems to synchronize data signals with clock signals
to ensure reliable and stable data transfer. They are
used in applications such as data communication,
serial-to-parallel or parallel-to-serial data conversion,
and data storage.

 Control and timing circuits: Flip-flops are used in

digital systems as control and timing elements to
generate control signals, enable/disable functions,
 and synchronize operations. They are used in
applications such as microprocessors,
microcontrollers, and digital signal processors.

 Error detection and correction: Flip-flops are used in

error detection and correction circuits to detect and
correct errors in digital data. They are used in
applications such as error-correcting codes, error
checking and correction in communication systems,
and memory storage systems.

 Digital logic design: Flip-flops are used in digital logic

circuits to implement various digital functions, such
as edge detection, pulse generation, and event
synchronization. They are used in applications such as
digital filters, digital signal processing, and digital
control systems.

Conclusion

In summary, flip flops have had a

significant impact on technology,
enabling digital memory, digital logic
and computing, clocking and
synchronization, digital
communications, and digital control
systems. They are fundamental
building blocks in modern digital
electronics and have revolutionized
various industries.

Rion Sutradhar
Pratibh Sinha
Rajdeep Haldar
Ritambhar Das