People's Democratic Republic of Algeria

École Supérieure des Sciences Appliquées d'Alger

2nd cycle department
1st year organic process
By :DAOUDI Ines

Papermaking

2021/ 2022
Introduction :
Paper is the basic material used for written communication and the
dissemination of information. In addition, paper and paperboard
provide materials for hundreds of other uses, such as wrapping,
packaging, toweling, insulating, and photography.

The word paper is derived from the name of the reedy plant papyrus,
which grows abundantly along the Nile River in Egypt. In ancient times,
the fibrous layers within the stem of this plant were removed, placed
side by side, and crossed at right angles with another set of layers
similarly arranged. The sheet so formed was dampened and pressed.
Upon drying, the gluelike sap of the plant, acting as an adhesive,
cemented the layers together. Complete defibring, an indispensable
element in modern papermaking, did not occur in the preparation of
papyrus sheets. Papyrus was the most widely used writing material in
ancient times, and many papyrus records still survive.
The papermaking process :

Historical development :

Papermaking can be traced to about AD 105, when Ts’ai Lun, an

official attached to the Imperial court of China, created a sheet of paper
using mulberry and other bast fibres along with fishnets, old rags, and
hemp waste. In its slow travel
westward, the art of papermaking
reached Samarkand, in Central Asia, in
751; and in 793 the first paper was
made in Baghdad during the time of
Hārūn ar-Rashīd, with the golden age of
Islāmic culture that brought
papermaking to the frontiers of Europe.

By the 14th century a number of paper mills existed in Europe,

particularly in Spain, Italy, France, and Germany. The invention of
printing in the 1450s brought a vastly increased demand for paper.
Through the 18th century the papermaking process remained essentially
unchanged, with linen and cotton rags furnishing the basic raw
materials. Paper mills were increasingly plagued by shortages; in the
18th century they even advertised and solicited publicly for rags. It was
evident that a process for utilizing a more abundant material was
needed.
How is Paper Made ?

Step 1: Pulp and paper process

Paper for recycling is mixed with processed water and then stirred in a
giant stainless steel vat, called a pulper, to make a fibre suspension.
Impurities are removed using a series of screens, to ensure that we only
produce high-quality paper that can be used to make high-performance
packaging.

The pulp and paper process is important to reduce waste. Pulp is a by-
product of papermaking, and our process produces high-quality results
without being detrimental to the environment .

Step 2: Diluting paper fibres

Paper machines remove water from the

fibre solution. At the start of the
papermaking process, the solution
comprises of roughly 1% fibre and 99%
water. Diluting the paper fibres this way
allows to make thin, uniform paper.

Step 3: Wire section

At the wet end of the paper machine sits

the headbox, which distributes a uniform
jet of watery stock.

The liquid falls onto the wire or forming

fabric. Beneath the wire, foils (short for
hydrofoils) remove water and improve fibre uniformity, ensuring that
the fibres weave together in a tight mat.

The wire passes over suction boxes that vacuum out the water, leaving
a soft mat of pulp that forms the paper sheet, also known as the paper
web. In a couple of seconds, the water content has dropped to 75-80%,
and the web has lost its wet sheen .

Step 4: Press section

The next stage of water removal

consists of passing the paper web
through a series of nip rollers that
squeeze the water out of the pulp
mat. This pressure also
compresses the fibres so they
intertwine to form a dense,
smooth sheet. At this stage, the water content has reduced to between
45 and 55%.

Step 5: How the paper is dried ?

The paper web travels through an

enclosed space containing a number of
steam-heated drying cylinders. They are
warmed up to 130ºC using steam heat to
ensure that the paper 80 to 85% dry.
Wet sizing solution applied to the
paper in order to add a thin layer of
starch to the surface. Starch
contributes to stiffness and the
bonding of the fibres within the sheet
of paper.

After the sizing is applied, the paper passes through another set of
heated drying cylinders. In all, the paper web may travel 400 meters
through the dry end. In the process, it will lose roughly 93% of its water.

Step 6: Paper finishing

To give the containerboard a smooth and glossy surface to optimise it

for printing, the paper passes
through a set of smooth rollers,
which can be hard or soft, that
press the paper, embossing a
smooth face on the paper
surface.

Step 7: Real-time quality control

Producing high-quality paper

depends on maintaining
extremely fine control over the
variables in the manufacturing
process. The sheet of paper
inspected by an automated measuring device that detects imperfections.
Step 8: Paper winding

After completing its 500-metre journey, the paper exits from the paper
machine and is automatically wound
onto a jumbo reel, which can weigh
60 tonnes and be over seven metres
long.

The jumbo reel is lifted by crane to a

nearby winder, where the paper is
unwound and cut into smaller rolls as ordered by the customer, then
labelled for shipment.

Step 9: Paper testing

On a regular basis, samples of

containerboard are taken to
Quality Control laboratories, to
ensure that our paper is the
highest quality possible.

Remark :

This method of making paper is taken from the company of DS Smith.

DS Smith is a leading provider of sustainable packaging solutions,

paper products and recycling services worldwide .
conclusion :
there are many other process to make the paper but I chose this method.
I tried to choose the most important point .

Thank you for reading