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Course No.

: EEE 1102
Course Title: Electrical Circuit I Sessional
Credit: 1.5

SI. No. Name of Experiment Remarks


1 Verification of Ohm’s Law.
2 Study of Ammeter, Voltmeter and Wattmeter connection in a Resistive
Circuit.
3 Verification of Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law.
4 Verification of Kirchhoff’s Current Law.
5 Verification of Superposition Theorem.
6 Verification of Reciprocity Theorem.
7 Verification of Thevenin’s Theorem.
8 Verification of Maximum Power Transfer Theorem.
9 Measurement of Capacitance using Ammeter, Voltmeter and Wattmeter.
10 Measurement of Self-inductance of a coil using Ammeter, Voltmeter and
Wattmeter.
11 Verification of Mesh and Nodal analysis.
12 Transient response of RL and RC circuits for DC input.
Experiment No.: 01
Name of the Experiment: Verification of Ohm’s Law.

Objective: To verify Ohm’s law.

Theory: Ohm’s law states that at constant temperature the voltage across a resistor is directly
proportional to the current flowing through the resistor.
If the voltage across a resistor is V and the current flowing through the resistor is I, then
according to Ohm’s law,
VI
V = IR …………………. (1)
Where, R is a proportional constant and is called the resistance of the conductor. The resistance
denotes its ability to resist the flow of current.
Eq. (1) can be written as
V
R= =K
I
Where, K remains constant at constant temperature.

Required Apparatus:
1. Ammeter ( 1 piece; 0-5A )
2. Voltmeter ( 1 piece; 0-300 V )
3. Resistance ( 2 pieces; 108 , 370 )
4. DC voltage source ( 100 V)
5. Connecting wires

Circuit Diagram:

Voltmeter

Ammeter

108 

Source,
Vs 370 

Procedure:
• Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
• Switch on the voltage source.
• Take the readings of ammeter and voltmeter.
• Disconnect the supply. Change the variable resistance, connect the circuit as above again and
take the new readings of the ammeter and the voltmeter. Repeat the process at least ten (10)
times.
• Find the value of the resistance from the values of the reading of the ammeter and the
voltmeter. Compare the value with the value of test resistance.
• Plot a graph putting voltage values on X-axis and current values on Y-axis on a graph paper.
• The Slope of the graph gives the resistance value.
• Ohm’s law is verified by calculating the value of resistance and comparing with the value of test
resistance .
Data Table:

Sl. No. Supply Test Voltage, Current, Calculated Average


Voltage, Resistance, V I Resistance, Resistance,
𝐕𝐒 𝐑 𝐓𝐞𝐬𝐭 (V) (A) 𝐕 𝐑 𝐀𝐯
𝐑 𝐂𝐚𝐥𝐜 =
(V) () 𝐈 ()
()
1 100 108

2 100 108
3 100 108
4 100 108
5 100 108
6 100 108
7 100 108
8 100 108
9 100 108
10 100 108

Calculation & Analysis:


Sum of all calculated resistances
Average Resistance, R Av = = _____ 
Total number of readings
Plot I-V characteristic curve on a graph by putting those experimental data.
Current, I (A)

1 ∆I
Slope = 𝑅 = ∆V

Voltage, V (V)
Report:
Prepare a report including objective, theory, required apparatus, circuit diagram, data table,
calculations & analysis, result and discussion on the experiment and experimental data.

Questions:
1. Why I-V plot is drawn instead of V-I plot in case of Ohm’s law.
Ans.: A linear resistor maintains a linear relationship between cause and effect. In
electric circuits, the voltage V is the cause, the effect is to establish the flow of current I,
and the opposition is the resistance R. So, V remains on X-axis and I on Y-axis.
Cause
Opposition =
Effect
That’s why I-V plot is drawn instead of V-I plot.

2. What is the limitation of Ohm’s law?


Ans.: A resistor that obeys Ohm’s law is known as a linear resistor. It has a constant
resistance and thus its I-V characteristic curve is a straight line passing through the
origin. Practically all resistors are not linear. A nonlinear resistor does not obey Ohm’s
law. With the change of temperature its resistance varies.
3. Why the calculated resistance is not equal to the test resistance?
4. Upon which factor the accuracy of the calculation of the resistance depends?
5. Is the graph yield the straight line? If not, why?

Experiment No.: 02
Name of the Experiment: Study of Ammeter, Voltmeter and Wattmeter
connection in a Resistive Circuit.

Objective: To connect and take readings of Ammeter, Voltmeter and Wattmeter in a resistive
circuit.
Theory: In any resistive circuit the power of the circuit can be measured by using a wattmeter
directly. Again the power can be measured through the reading of the ammeter and the voltmeter
since since
Power = Voltage × Current
P=V×I
Required Apparatus:
1. Ammeter ( 1 piece; 0-10A )
2. Voltmeter ( 1 piece; 0-600 V )
3. Wattmeter ( 1 piece; 0-3000 W)
4. Resistance ( 1 piece; 370 )
5. DC voltage source ( 100 V)
6. Connecting wires

Circuit Diagram:

Ammeter
A 2 A 5 A 240 V
Voltmeter

Source, +_ V 120 V
Vs Wattmeter 370 

Procedure:
• Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
• Switch on the voltage source.
• Take the readings of the ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter.
• Disconnect the supply. Change the variable resistance, connect the circuit as above again and
take the new readings of the ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter. Repeat the process at least ten
(10) times.
• Find the value of the power from the values of the reading of the ammeter and the
voltmeter. Compare the value with the value of the power measured by the wattmeter.
• Determine the error between the measured and the calculated power.
Data Table:
Sl. No. Supply Measured Voltage, Current, Calculated Error,
Voltage, Power, V I Power, 𝐏𝐦𝐞𝐚𝐬 −𝐏𝐜𝐚𝐥𝐜
𝒆=| | × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝐕𝐒 𝐏𝐦𝐞𝐚𝐬 (V) (A) 𝐏𝐜𝐚𝐥𝐜 = 𝐕 × 𝐈 𝐏𝐦𝐞𝐚𝐬

(V) (W) (W) ()


1 100
2 100
3 100
4 100
5 100
6 100
7 100
8 100
9 100
10 100

Report:
Prepare a report including objective, theory, required apparatus, circuit diagram, data table,
calculations, result and discussion on the experiment and experimental data.

Questions:
1. How much the range of wattmeter which you have used in the laboratory?
2. Write name of two coils of wattmeter.
3. How average power is measured by wattmeter?
Experiment No.: 03
Name of the Experiment: Verification of Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law.

Objective: To verify Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law.

Theory: Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) states that the algebraic sum of voltage rises and
voltage drops around a closed path or loop is zero. In other words, the algebraic sum of voltage rises
equals the algebraic sum of voltage drops.
V1 _ V2 _
+ +
R1 R2
+
V3
R3
V _

R4
_
+
V4

From the above figure it can be written according to Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law is
V = V1 + V2 + V3 + V4

∑V = 0
Required Apparatus:
1. Voltmeter ( 1 piece; 0-300 V )
2. Resistance ( 2 pieces; 37 , 370 )
3. DC voltage source ( 100 V)
4. Connecting wires

Circuit Diagram:

V1

R1 = 37 
Source,
V2
Vs
R2 = 370 

Procedure:
• Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
• Switch on the voltage source.
• Take the readings of the voltmeter.
• Disconnect the supply. Change the variable resistance, connect the circuit as above again and
take the new readings of the voltmeter. Repeat the process at least ten (10) times.
• The addition of the voltage drops across the resistances must equal to the source voltage to
verify the law.
Data Table:
Sl. No. Supply Voltage, Voltage, Voltage, Voltage, Error,
Voltage, 𝐕𝐒 𝐕𝟏 𝐕𝟐 𝐕 = 𝐕𝟏 + 𝐕𝟐 𝐕𝐬 −𝐕
𝒆 = | 𝐕 | × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝐕𝐒 (V) (V) (V) (V) 𝐬

(V) ()
1 100
2 100
3 100
4 100
5 100
6 100
7 100
8 100
9 100
10 100

Report:
Prepare a report including objective, theory, required apparatus, circuit diagram, data table,
calculations, result and discussion on the experiment and experimental data.

Questions:
1. Why voltmeter is connected in parallel with the load in the laboratory?
2. How much the range of voltmeter which you have used in the laboratory?
Experiment No.: 04
Name of the Experiment: Verification of Kirchhoff’s Current Law.

Objective: To verify Kirchhoff’s Current Law.

Theory: Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL) states that the algebraic sum of currents entering and
leaving a node or a junction or a system is zero. In other words, the algebraic sum of currents
entering a node of a network equals the algebraic sum of currents leaving the node of that network.
I1

I2

From the above figure it can be written according to Kirchhoff’s Current Law is
I = I1 + I2

Required Apparatus:
1. Ammeter ( 3 pieces; 0-3A )
2. Resistance ( 3 pieces; 37 , 108 , 370 )
3. DC voltage source ( 100 V)
4. Connecting wires

Circuit Diagram:

37 

I
108  370 
Source
Vs

I1 I2

Procedure:
• Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
• Switch on the voltage source.
• Take the readings of the ammeters.
• Disconnect the supply. Change the variable resistance, connect the circuit as above again and
take the new readings of the ammeters. Repeat the process for at least ten (10) times.
• The addition of the currents entering must equal to the currents leaving to verify the law.
Data Table:

Sl. No. Current, Current, Current, Current, Error,


I 𝐈𝟏 𝐈𝟐 𝐈𝐜 = 𝐈𝟏 + 𝐈𝟐 𝐈−𝐈
𝒆 = | 𝐈 𝐜 | × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
(A) (A) (A) (A)
()
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Report:
Prepare a report including objective, theory, required apparatus, circuit diagram, data table,
calculations, result and discussion on the experiment and experimental data.

Questions:
1. Why ammeter is connected in series with the load in the laboratory?
2. How much the range of ammeter which you have used in the laboratory?
Experiment No.: 05
Name of the Experiment: Verification of Superposition Theorem.

Objective: To verify the superposition theorem and determine the current following through the
load resistance.

Theory: The superposition theorem states that the voltage across or current through an element
in a linear bilateral network is equal to the algebraic sum of the currents or voltages produced
independently by each source.
When applying the theorem it is possible to consider the effect of two sources at the same time
and reduced number that have to be analyzed but in general,
Number of networks to be analyzed = Number of independent sources
So in general it can be said that the total power delivered to a resistive element must be
determined using the total current through or the total voltage across the element and cannot be
determined by a simple sum of the power levels established by each source.

Required Apparatus:
1. Ammeter ( 1 piece; 0-3A )
2. Resistance ( 3 pieces; 37 , 108 , 370 )
3. DC voltage source ( 100 V)
4. Connecting wires

Circuit Diagram:
370  108 

37 

100 V 100 V

I Ammeter

Fig. 1
370  108  370  108 

37  37 

100 V 100 V

I2 Ammeter
I1 Ammeter

Fig. 3
Fig. 2

Procedure:
• Connections are made as per circuit diagram of Fig. 1.
• Switch on the voltage source and take the reading of the ammeter for total current I.
• Disconnect the supply. Now change the circuit diagram according to Fig. 2.
• Switch on the voltage source and take the reading of the ammeter for current I1 .
• Disconnect the supply. Lastly change the circuit diagram according to Fig. 3.
• Switch on the voltage source and take the reading of the ammeter for current I2 .
• Repeat the process for at least ten (10) times.

Data Table:

Sl. No. Total Current, Current, Calculated Error,


Current, 𝐈𝟏 𝐈𝟐 Current, 𝐈−𝐈
𝒆 = | 𝐈 𝐜 | × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
I (A) (A) 𝐈𝐜 = 𝐈𝟏 + 𝐈𝟐
(A) (A) ()
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Report:
Prepare a report including objective, theory, required apparatus, circuit diagram, data table,
calculations, result and discussion on the experiment and experimental data.

Questions:
1. Why superposition theorem is not applicable to the effect on power due to each source?
2. What is linear bilateral network?
Experiment No.: 06
Name of the Experiment: Verification of Reciprocity Theorem.

Objective: To verify Reciprocity theorem and to determine the current flow through the load
resistance.

Theory: The Reciprocity theorem states that the current I in any branch of a network due to a
single voltage source E anywhere else in the network, will equal to the current through the
branch in which the source was originally located if the source is placed in the branch in which
current I was originally measured.

R1 R3 R1 R3
a a

E +
_ R4 R4
R2 I R2
c c
I +
E _
b b
d d

Fig. 1 Fig. 2

Required Apparatus:
1. Ammeter ( 1 piece; 0-3A )
2. Voltmeter ( 1 piece; 0-600V )
3. Resistance ( 3 pieces; 37 , 108 , 370 )
4. DC voltage source ( Variac)
5. Connecting wires

Circuit Diagram:

370  108  370  108 


a a
c c

37  I2
+_ Vs A 37 

A I1 +_ Vs

b b
d d
Fig. 1 Fig. 2

Procedure:
• Connections are made as per circuit diagram of Fig. 1.
• Switch on the voltage source and take the reading of the ammeter for current I1 .
• Disconnect the supply. Now change the circuit diagram according to Fig. 2.
• Switch on the voltage source and take the reading of the ammeter for current I2 .
• Repeat the process for at least ten (10) times.
Data Table:

Sl. No. Voltage, Current, Current, Error,


(V) 𝐈𝟏 𝐈𝟐 𝐈𝟏 −𝐈𝟐
𝒆 = | 𝐈 | × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
(A) (A) 𝟏
()
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Report:
Prepare a report including objective, theory, required apparatus, circuit diagram, data table,
calculations, result and discussion on the experiment and experimental data.
Experiment No.: 07
Name of the Experiment: Verification of Thevenin’s Theorem.

Objective: To verify Thevenin’s theorem and to find the current flowing through the load
resistance.

Theory: Thevenin’s theorem states that a linear two-terminal circuit can be replaced by an
equivalent circuit consisting of a voltage source VTh in series with a resistor R Th , where VTh is
the open-circuit voltage at the terminals and R Th is the input or equivalent resistance at the
terminals when the independent sources are turned off.

Required Apparatus:
1. Ammeter ( 1 piece; 0-10A )
2. Voltmeter ( 1 piece; 0-600 V )
3. Resistance ( 3 pieces; 37 , 108 , 370 )
4. DC voltage source ( 100 V)
5. Connecting wires

Circuit Diagram:
370  I
A
Source,
Vs +
_ V V
108  37  I

Fig. 1
370  370  Is
A

Source, +
_ VTh
V +
_ Vs V
Vs 108  108 

Fig. 2 Fig. 3

RTh Ic
A

+
_ V Vc
VTh 37  Ic

Fig. 4
Procedure:
• Connections are made as per circuit diagram of Fig. 1.
• Switch on the voltage source and take the readings of the ammeter for current I and the
voltmeter for voltage V.
• Disconnect the supply. Now change the circuit diagram according to Fig. 2.
• Switch on the voltage source and take the reading of the voltmeter for VTh .
• Disconnect the supply. Then change the circuit diagram according to Fig. 3.
• Switch on the voltage source and take the readings of the ammeter for current Is and the
voltmeter for voltage Vs .
• Disconnect the supply. Lastly change the circuit diagram according to Fig. 4.
• Switch on the voltage source and take the readings of the ammeter for current Ic and the
voltmeter for voltage Vc .
• Repeat the process for at least five (5) times.

Data Table:
Sl. Voltage, Current, Voltage, Voltage, Current, Resistance, Voltage, Current, 𝐕𝐄𝐫𝐫𝐨𝐫 = 𝐈𝐄𝐫𝐫𝐨𝐫 =
𝐕−𝐕𝐜 𝐈−𝐈𝐜
No. 𝐕 I 𝐕𝐓𝐡 𝐕𝐬 𝐈𝐬 Type equation here.
𝐕𝐜 𝐈𝐜 |
𝐕
| × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 |
𝐈
| × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
(volt) (Amp) (volt) (volt) (Amp) 𝐕𝐬 (volt) (Amp) () ()
𝐑 𝐓𝐡 =
𝐈𝐬
()
1 100
2 100
3 100
4 100
5 100

Calculations:

Theoretical:
VTh =
R Th =
I37 =

Practical:
VTh =
R Th =
I37 =

Result: Thus the Thevenin’s theorem was verified.

Report:
Prepare a report including objective, theory, required apparatus, circuit diagram, data table,
calculations, result and discussion on the experiment and experimental data.
Experiment No.: 08
Name of the Experiment: Verification of Maximum Power Transfer Theorem.

Objective: To find the value of resistance R L in which maximum power is transferred to the load
resistance.

Theory: The maximum power transfer theorem states that a load will receive maximum power
from a linear bilateral dc network when its resistance is exactly equal to the Thevenin’s
resistance of the network.

RTh

E RL

Fig. 1
From the Fig. 1 it can be said that maximum power will be delivered to the load when
R L = R Th
Required Apparatus:
1. Ammeter ( 1 piece; 0-10A )
2. Voltmeter ( 1 piece; 0-600 V )
3. Wattmeter ( 1 piece; 0-3000 W)
4. Resistance ( 2 pieces; 108 , 370 )
5. Voltage source ( 100 V)
6. Connecting wires

Circuit Diagram:
Wattmeter Ammeter
A 2 A 5 A 240 V
108 
_ V 120 V
Voltmeter

+
370 
Source,
VS

Procedure:
• Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
• Switch on the voltage source.
• Take the readings of the ammeter for current I, the voltmeter for voltage V and the wattmeter
for power P.
• Disconnect the supply. Change the variable resistance, connect the circuit as above again and
take the new readings of the ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter.
• Repeat the process at least ten (10) times.
Data Table:
Sl. No. Supply Thevenin’s Voltage, Current, Load Power,
Voltage, resistance, V I Resistance, 𝐏
𝐕𝐒 𝐑 𝐓𝐡 (V) (A) 𝐕 (W)
𝐑𝐋 =
(V) () 𝐈
()
1 100 108
2 100 108
3 100 108
4 100 108
5 100 108
6 100 108
7 100 108
8 100 108
9 100 108
10 100 108

Report:
Prepare a report including objective, theory, required apparatus, circuit diagram, data table,
calculations, result and discussion on the experiment and experimental data.
Experiment No.: 09
Name of the Experiment: Measurement of Capacitance using Ammeter,
Voltmeter and Wattmeter.

Objective: To measure capacitance using Ammeter, Voltmeter and Wattmeter.

Theory: The element constructed simply of two parallel conducting plates separated by an
insulating material (or dielectric) is called a capacitor. Capacitance is a measure of a capacitor’s
ability to store charge on it’s plates. Mathematically,
1
C= ------------(1)
2πfXc
Where, Xc is the capacitive reactance. It is clear from eq. (1) that by finding Xc and f, C can be
determined.

Required Apparatus:
1. Ammeter ( 1 piece; 0-2.5A )
2. Voltmeter ( 1 piece; 0-300 V )
3. Wattmeter ( 1 piece; 0-3000 W)
4. Capacitance ( 16-128MFD )
5. Voltage source
6. Connecting wires

Circuit Diagram:
Wattmeter

A
A
V
V
Source Capacitor
AC

Procedure:
• Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
• Switch on the voltage source.
• Take the readings of the ammeter for current I, the voltmeter for voltage V and the wattmeter
for power P.
• Disconnect the supply. Change the capacitor value, connect the circuit as above again and
take the new readings of the ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter.
• Repeat the process at least ten (10) times.
Data Table:
Sl. Voltage, Current, Power, Impedance, Resistance, Capacitive 𝟏
C=
No. V I 𝐏 𝐕 𝐖 reactance, 𝟐𝝅𝒇𝐗 𝐜
𝐙= 𝐑= 𝟐 (F)
(volt) (Amp) (Watt) 𝐈 𝐈 𝐗 𝐜 = √𝐙 𝟐 − 𝐑𝟐
() ()
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Report:
Prepare a report including objective, theory, required apparatus, circuit diagram, data table,
calculations, result and discussion on the experiment and experimental data.

Questions:
1. Which factors determine the value of capacitance?
2. Why capacitor is called storage elements?
3. How does a capacitor act as an open circuit to dc?
4. Why the voltage across a capacitor cannot change instantaneously?
Experiment No.: 10
Name of the Experiment: Measurement of Self inductance of a coil using
Ammeter, Voltmeter and Wattmeter.

Objective: To determine the value of self inductance of a coil using Ammeter, Voltmeter
and Wattmeter.
Theory: An inductor is a passive element that consists of a coil of conducting wire. Inductance is
the property whereby an inductor exhibits opposition to the change of current flowing through it.
Mathematically,
XL
L= ------------(1)
2πf
Where, XL is the inductive reactance. It is clear from eq. (1) that by finding XL and f, L can be
determined.
Required Apparatus:
1. Ammeter ( 1 piece; 0-5A )
2. Voltmeter ( 1 piece; 0-600 V )
3. Wattmeter ( 1 piece; 0-3000 W)
4. Inductance
5. Voltage source
6. Connecting wires

Circuit Diagram:
Wattmeter

A
A
V
V
Source
AC
Inductor

Procedure:
• Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
• Switch on the voltage source.
• Take the readings of the ammeter for current I, the voltmeter for voltage V and the wattmeter
for power P.
• Disconnect the supply. Change the inductor value, connect the circuit as above again and
take the new readings of the ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter.
• Repeat the process at least ten (10) times.
Data Table:
Sl. Voltage, Current, Power, Impedance, Resistance, Capacitive 𝐗𝐋
L=
No. V I 𝐏 𝐕 𝐖 reactance, 𝟐𝝅𝒇
𝐙= 𝐑= 𝟐 (H)
(volt) (Amp) (Watt) 𝐈 𝐈 𝐗 𝐋 = √𝐙 𝟐 − 𝐑𝟐
() ()
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Report:
Prepare a report including objective, theory, required apparatus, circuit diagram, data table,
calculations, result and discussion on the experiment and experimental data.

Questions:
1. Which factors determine the value of inductance?
2. Why inductor is called storage elements?
3. How does an inductor act like a short circuit to dc?
4. Why the current through an inductor cannot change instantaneously?
Experiment No.: 11
Name of the Experiment: Verification of Mesh and Nodal analysis.

Objective: To Verify Mesh & nodal analysis for a given electrical network.

Theory: Mesh is defined as a loop which does not contain any other loops within it. It is a
basic important technique to find solutions in a network. If network has large number of voltage
sources, it is useful to use mesh analysis.
Node is defined as a point where two or more elements meet together .But only nodes with three
or more elements are considered. If the circuit consists of N nodes including the reference node,
then (N-1) nodal equations are obtained.
To apply Mesh analysis:
1. Select mesh currents.
2. Write the mesh equation using KVL.
3. Solve the equation to find the mesh currents

To apply nodal analysis:


1. Identify & mark the node, assign node voltages.
2. Write the KCL equations in terms of unknowns.
3. Solve them to find the node voltages.

Required Apparatus:
1. Ammeter ( 2 pieces; 0-10A )
2. Voltmeter ( 1 piece; 0-600 V )
3. Resistance ( 3 pieces; 37  108 , 370 )
4. DC voltage source ( 100 V)
5. Connecting wires

Circuit Diagram:

108  370 
I1
A

Source, I1 37  I2 A
VS I2

Fig.1: Circuit diagram for mesh analysis


370  108  370 
V1 V2

Source,
VS 37  37 
V V

Fig.2: Circuit diagram for nodal analysis


Procedure:
• Connections are made as per the circuit diagram of Fig.1. Switch on the voltage source.
• Take readings of ammeter for currents I1 and I2 .
• Disconnect the supply. Change the variable resistance, connect the circuit as above again and
take new readings of ammeter. Repeat the process at least five (5) times.
• Connections are made as per the circuit diagram of Fig.2. Switch on the voltage source.
• Take readings of voltmeter for voltagess V1 and V2 .
• Disconnect the supply. Change the variable resistance, connect the circuit as above again and
take new readings of voltmeter. Repeat the process at least five (5) times.

Data Table:
Table 1: Mesh analysis
Sl. Supply Mesh current Error, Mesh current Error,
No. Voltage, Theoretical Measured 𝒆= Theoretical Measured 𝒆=
𝐕𝐒 Current, Current, | 𝟏,𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐨 𝟏,𝐌𝐞𝐚𝐬| × Current,
𝐈 −𝐈 Current, | 𝟐,𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐨 −𝐈𝟐,𝐌𝐞𝐚𝐬| ×
𝐈
(V) 𝐈𝟏 𝐈𝟏 𝐈𝟏,𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐨 𝐈𝟐 𝐈𝟐 𝐈𝟐,𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐨
(A) (A) 𝟏𝟎𝟎 (A) (A) 𝟏𝟎𝟎
( %) ( %)
1 100
2 100
3 100
4 100
5 100

Table 2: Nodal analysis


Sl. Supply Nodal voltage Error, Nodal voltage Error,
No. Voltage, Theoretical Measured 𝒆= Theoretical Measured 𝒆=
𝐕𝐒 Voltage, Voltage, | 𝟏,𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐨 𝟏,𝐌𝐞𝐚𝐬| × Voltage,
𝐕 −𝐕 Voltage, | 𝟐,𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐨 −𝐕𝟐,𝐌𝐞𝐚𝐬| ×
𝐕
(V) 𝐕𝟏 𝐕𝟏 𝐕𝟏,𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐨 𝐕𝟐 𝐕𝟐 𝐕𝟐,𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐨
(V) (V) 𝟏𝟎𝟎 (V) (V) 𝟏𝟎𝟎
( %) ( %)
1 100
2 100
3 100
4 100
5 100

Report:
Prepare a report including objective, theory, required apparatus, circuit diagram, data table,
calculations, result and discussion on the experiment and experimental data.
Experiment No.: 12
Name of the Experiment: Transient response of RL and RC circuits for DC
input.

Objective: To construct RL & RC transient circuit and to draw the transient curves.

Theory: Electrical devices are controlled by switches which are closed to connect supply to the
device, or opened in order to disconnect the supply to the device. The switching operation will
change the current and voltage in the device. The purely resistive devices will allow
instantaneous change in current and voltage.
An inductive device will not allow sudden change in current and capacitance device will not
allow sudden change in voltage. Hence when switching operation is performed in inductive and
capacitive devices, the current & voltage in device will take a certain time to change from pre
switching value to steady state value after switching. This phenomenon is known as transient.
The study of switching condition in the circuit is called transient analysis. The state of the circuit
from instant of switching to attainment of steady state is called transient state. The time duration
from the instant of switching till the steady state is called transient period. The current & voltage
of circuit elements during transient period is called transient response.
Time constant of RC circuit,  = RC
Required Apparatus:
1. Ammeter ( 1 piece; 0-10A )
2. Voltmeter ( 1 piece; 0-600 V )
3. Resistance ( 1 piece; 370 )
4. Inductor ( 1 piece; 0.1 mH )
5. Capacitor ( 1 piece; 1000 µF )
6. DC voltage source ( 100 V)
7. Connecting wires

Circuit Diagram:
370 

Source,
VS

Fig.1: RL circuit diagram

1 370 
A
Switch R
2
Source,
C V
VS

Fig.2: RC circuit diagram


Procedure:
• Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
• Before switching ON the power supply the switch S should be in off position.
• Now switch ON the power supply and change the switch to ON position.
• The voltage is gradually increased and note down the reading of ammeter and voltmeter for each
time duration in RC. In RL circuit measure the Ammeter reading.
• Tabulate the readings and draw the graph of Vc (t) Versus t.

Data Table:
Table 1: RL circuit during charging and discharging of inductor
Sl. No. Time, Charging Current, Discharging Current,
t I I
(ms) (A) (A)
1
2
3
4
5

Table 2: RC circuit during charging of capacitor


Sl. No. Time, Voltage across capacitor, Current through capacitor,
t 𝐕𝐜 I
(ms) (volts) (mA)

1
2
3
4
5

Table 3: RC circuit during discharging of capacitor


Sl. No. Time, Voltage across capacitor, Current through capacitor,
t 𝐕𝐜 I
(ms) (volts) (mA)

1
2
3
4
5
Analysis:

Fig.3: Response of RL circuit

(a) Charging (b) Discharging

Fig.4: Response of RC circuit during charging and discharging


Plot Vc(t) Versus t curve on a graph by putting those experimental data.

Result: Thus the transient response of RL & RC circuit for DC input was verified.

Report:
Prepare a report including objective, theory, required apparatus, circuit diagram, data table,
calculations, result and discussion on the experiment and experimental data.

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